Ana Maria Carvalho

Interests

Teaching

Sociolinguistics, Languages in contact, Portuguese Linguistics, Hispanic Linguistics

Research

Sociolinguistics, Languages in contact, Language Variation and Change, Second Language and Dialect Acquisition

Courses

Scholarly Contributions

Books

• Carvalho, A. M. (2015). Subject Personal Pronouns in Spanish: a cross-dialectal perspective. .. Washington D.C.:: Georgetown University Press.
• Carvalho, A. M., & Amaral, P. (2014). Portuguese Spanish Interfaces. John Benjamins.
• Carvalho, A. M., & Beaudrie, S. (2013). Portuguese/Spanish Interfaces. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Press.
• Olarrea, A., Carvalho, A. M., & Colina, S. (2010). Romance Linguistics 2009. John Benjamins.

Chapters

• Carvalho, A. M., & Sommer, B. (2023). Portuguese Language Program Evaluation. In Language Program Vitality in the United States. From Surviving to thriving in higher education.(pp 167-170). Springer.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2017). Contact between Spanish and Portuguese in South America. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Romance Linguistics.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2019). Contact between Spanish and Portuguese in South America. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Romance Linguistics..
• Carvalho, A. M. (2022). Contact between Spanish and Portuguese in South America. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Romance Linguistics. Oxford.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2022). Contact between Spanish and Portuguese in South America. . In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics(pp 1-31). Oxford UP.
• Carvalho, A. M., Centanin, M., Sommer, B., & Picoral, A. (2022). Estratégias de adaptação de currículo e objetivos de aprendizagem à luz de um projeto de avaliação do programa de português.  . In .) O Ensino de Português nos Estados Unidos.. Mercado das Letras.
• Carvalho, A. M., Sommer, B., Bertho, M., & Picoral, A. (2022). Estratégias de adaptação de currículo e objetivos de aprendizagem à luz de um projeto de avaliação do programa de português.. In O Ensino de Português nos Estados Unidos. Mercado das Letras, Brazil.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2021). A close look at how context of acquisition of previous languages influences third language pedagogy: Does one model fit all?. . In Multilingualism and third language acquisition: Learning and teaching trends. Language Science Press.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2021). Differential Object Marking in Uruguayan Spanish. In Handbook of Variationist Approaches to Spanish. Roudledge.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2021). Differential object marking in monolingual and bilingual Spanish. In The Routledge Handbook of Variationist Approaches to Spanish(pp 393-410). Routledge.
• Carvalho, A. M., & Bessett, R. (2021). The structure of US Spanish. In Teaching Languages Critically. Rutledge.
• Carvalho, A. M., & Bessett, R. (2021).  . The structure of US Spanish. In Teaching Heritage Languages Critically. Routledge.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2018). Preface. In Linguistic Approaches to Portuguese as an Additional Language.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2015). Expanding the multilingual repertoire: Teaching cognate languages to heritage Spanish speakers. In The Handbook of Spanish as a Minority/Heritage Language.. Routledge.
• Carvalho, A. M., & Lucchesi, D. (2019). Portuguese in Contact. In The Handbook of Portuguese Linguistics. Willey-Blackwell.
• Carvalho, A. M., & Child, M. (2018). Expanding the multilingual repertoire: Teaching cognate languages to heritage Spanish speakers. In Handbook of Spanish as a Minority/Heritage Language(pp 420-433). Routledge.
• Carvalho, A. M., & Lucchesi, D. (2016). Portuguese in contact. In Handbook of Portuguese Linguistics(pp 41-52). Willey-Blackwell.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2015). Introduction. In Subject Pronoun Expression in Spanish: A Cross-dialectal Perspective. Georgetown UP.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2015). Subject Pronoun Expression among Spanish-Portuguese Bilinguals. In Subject Pronoun Expression in Spanish: A cross-dialectal perspective(pp 275-315).
• Carvalho, A. M. (2014). Linguistic Continuity along the Uruguayan-Brazilian Border: Monolingual Perceptions of a Bilingual Reality.. In Spanish and Portuguese across time, place and borders. Studies in Honour of Milton M. Azevedo.(pp 183-199.). Palgrave MacMillan.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2014). Sociolinguistic continuities in language contact situations: The case of Portuguese in contact with Spanish along the Uruguayan-Brazilian border.. In Portuguese/Spanish Interfaces(pp 263-294.). Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
  More info

  Peer-review processed carried out by co-editor
• Carvalho, A. M., & Amaral, P. (2014). Introduction. In Portuguese Spanish Interfaces(pp 1-8). John Benjamins.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2009). Introdução. In Português em Contato.

Journals/Publications

• Carvalho, A. M. (2022). On playful language divergences. Code-switching among Spanish-Portuguese bilinguals. . Semas. Revista de Lingüística Teórica y Aplicada.
• Carvalho, A. M., & O'Donnel, K. (2022). Portuguese-Spanish code-switching in bilingual interactions. Not sure which journal we will submit this to yet.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2021). How context of acquisition of previous languages influences third language pedagogy: Does one model fit all?. Language Science Press.
• Carvalho, A. M., & Picoral, A. (2020). The Acquisition of Preposition + Article Contractions in L3 Portuguese among Different L1-Speaking. Learners: A Variationist Approach. Lingua, 5(45).
• Carvalho, A. M., Sommer, B., & Picoral, A. (2019). Portuguese Language Program Evaluation: Implementation, Results and Follow-up Strategies. Journal of Less-Commonly Taught Languages.
• Picoral, A., & Carvalho, A. M. (2020). The Acquisition of Preposition + Article Contractions in L3 Portuguese among Different L1-Speaking Learners: A Variationist Approach. Languages, 5(4).
• Carvalho, A. M., & Kern, J. (2018). On the permeability of tag questions in the speech of Spanish-Portuguese bilinguals.. Pragmatics.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2016). The analysis of languages in contact: A case study through a variationist lens. Cadernos de Estudos Linguísticos, 58(3), 401-424.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2014). Introduction: Towards a sociolinguistics of the border.. International Journal of the Sociology of Language., 1–7..

Presentations

• Carvalho, A. M. (2020, May). Assessing the permeability of language contact from a variationist approach. Western Ontario University. virtual: Western Ontario University.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2020, October). 3rd person Subject Pronouns among Bilinguals: A comparative sociolinguistic approach. Scott Schwenter's class. virtual: Ohio State University.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2020, October). Sociolinguistic continuities and urban diversity. Ciclo Internacional de Diálogos, Cultura e Diversidade.. virtual: Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará.
• Carvalho, A. M., Christofferson, K., & Bessett, R. (2020, September). Building Sociolinguistic Corpora: CESA & CoBiVa. 49th Virtual Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Association of the Southwest. virtual.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2019, April). Debordering, rebordering, and the exclusion of minority dialects: The case of Portuguese in Uruguay. Charlas con café. Center for Latin American Studies: University of Arizona.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2019, April). Keynote Speech: Debordering, rebordering, and the exclusion of minority dialects: The case of Portuguese in Uruguay. Second Experimental Portuguese Linguistics WorkshopUniversity of Toronto.
• Carvalho, A. M., & Christoffersen, K. (2019, October). Code-switching for Humor in Spanish-Portuguese bilingual conversations. Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. University of Texas, El Paso.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2018, April). Evaluation of LCTLs’ Programs: Identifying Potential Issues and Developing Research-informed Strategies. 21st Annual NCOLCTL Conference.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2018, Fall). Sociolinguistic continuities through linguistic landscape: The case of Portuguese in Uruguay. Encuentros Iberoamericanos en Berkeley: Twenty Years. UC Berkeley.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2018, March). Explaining sociolinguistic continuities through border configurations: The case of Portuguese in Uruguay.. Language and Borders: Rethinking Mobility, Migration and Space.. University of Bristol, England.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2018, March). The Research Pipeline and the Peer Review Process. SPAN 501. University of Arizona.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2018, September). Teaching cognate languages in higher education: The case of Portuguese for Spanish speakers. The 11th International Conference on Multilingualism and Third Language Acquisition. University of Lisbon.
  More info

  Keynote presentation
• Carvalho, A. M., & Bessett, R. (2018, Fall). Building a sociolinguistic corpus for research, classroom, and community involvement.. Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. UT Austin.
• Carvalho, A. M., & Morúa, C. (2018, November). The Binational development of a sociolinguistic agenda.. Arizona-Sonora Forum for Binational Collaboration El Foro Arizona-Sonora para colaboraciones binacionales. University of Arizona.
• Carvalho, A. M., & O'Donnel, K. (2018, April). On playful language divergence. Workshop Spanish Sociolinguistics. CUNY - Queens.
• Carvalho, A. M., Sommer, B., & Picoral, A. (2018, April). Evaluation of LCTLs’ Programs: Identifying Potential Issues and Developing Research-informed Strategies.. 21st Annual NCOLCTL Conference.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2017, January). Assessing the permeability of cognate systems in Portuguese-Spanish bilingual communities: A Variationist Approach. Bilingualism in the Hispanic and Lusophone World. Florida State University: Keynote Speaker.
  More info

  Please note that I also included this presentation under "Invited Lectures" in the Teaching session. However, since it is research, I am including it here too.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2017, November). Continuidades sociolinguísticas e diversidade urbana no português uruguaio.. Grupos de Estudos de Línguas em Contato VII. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2017, September). Language contact through variationist lenses. SLAT Proseminar. University of Arizona.
• Carvalho, A. M., & Kern, J. (2016, April). Tag questions as a potential site for assessing permeability in a language contact situation: The case of Spanish-Portuguese bilinguals. 8th Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics. San Juan de Puerto Rico.
• Carvalho, A. M., & Kern, J. (2016, May). A discourse-pragmatic feature in contact: Portuguese-Spanish bilinguals' use of tag questions.. Discourse and Pragmatic Variation and Chang (DiPVaC3).. University of Otawa.
• Carvalho, A. M., Sommer, B., & Picoral, A. (2016, August). Levantamento, interpretação, e aplicação de dados para avaliação de programas de português de nível universitário nos Estados Unidos. EMEP. UC Berkeley.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2015, Fall). Subject Pronoun Expression with Inanimate Referents in Spanish and Portuguese: Assessing contact-induced language change across cognate languages. SIMELP. Lecce, Italy.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2015, November). On the permeability of tag questions in the speech of Spanish-Portuguese bilinguals. Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. University of Illinois, Urbana Champaign.
• Carvalho, A. M., & Bessett, R. M. (2014, Spring). Subject pronoun expression in Portuguese and Spanish among bilinguals. 7th International Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics.. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin in Madison.
• Carvalho, A. M., & Bessett, R. M. (2014, Summer). Continuidades lingüísticas ao longo da fronteira Brasil-Uruguai. A expressão do pronome sujeito em português uruguaio. XVII ALFAL International Meeting. João Pessoa, PA, Brazil: Universidade Federal do Paraíba, Brazil.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2012, August). “Contato de Língua e Variação: A Expressão do pronome sujeito em português e espanhol em contato no norte do Uruguai.”. 7º. Encontro da Associação Brasileira de Estudos Crioulos e Similares (ABECS).
• Carvalho, A. M. (2013, December). “Variação e contato: Continuidades sociolinguísticas na fronteira Brasil-Uruguai.”. Grupo de Estudos de Línguas em Contato (GELIC).. Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil..
• Carvalho, A. M. (2013, March). Plenary speaker, “Sociolinguistic continuities in language contact situations: the case of Portuguese in contact with Spanish along the Uruguayan-Brazilian border”.. Spanish in the US and Spanish in contact with other languages. McAllen, Tx.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2013, March). “Teaching Portuguese for Spanish Speakers: Research Findings and Best Practices”.. Northeast Modern Language Association. Boston.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2012, April). Plenary speaker, Sociolinguistic patterns in language contact situations.. Ohio State University Congress on Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics (OSUCHiLL). Ohio.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2012, March). Plenary speaker, “A língua portuguesa nos Estados Unidos”. III Seminário de Sociolinguística. Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2011, March). Plenary speaker, “Português para falantes de espanhol: Trajetória de um campo de pesquisa.”. IV Simpósio de Ensino de Português para Falantes de Espanhol.. Georgetown University, Georgetown..
• Carvalho, A. M. (2011, October). “Cross-linguistic variability in a language-contact situation: Subject pronoun expression in Spanish and Portuguese among bilinguals.”. New Ways of Analyzing Variance (NWAV).. Georgetown University. Washington DC..
• Carvalho, A. M. (2011, October). “Subject Pronoun Expression in a bilingual variety of Portuguese.”. Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. University of Georgia, Athens..
• Carvalho, A. M. (2010, April). “Subject Pronoun Expression in a bilingual variety of Spanish”. 5th Workshop in Spanish Sociolinguistics. North Carolina State University.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2010, April). “Variation patterns and perceptions of bilingual dialects among monolinguals.”. 5th Workshop in Spanish Sociolinguistics. North Carolina State University.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2010, March). “Not a real language. Ideologies and perceptions about contact dialects.”. American Association of Applied Linguistics (AAAL).. Atlanta, GA.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2010, October). Opening plenary speaker, “Aprender Português a partir do Espanhol – Contribuições para o Estado da Arte.”. IX Sociedade Internacional de Português Língua Estrangeira (SIPLE).. Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil..
• Carvalho, A. M. (2010, October). “Linguistic continuity along the Uruguayan-Brazilian border: Monolingual perceptions of a bilingual reality.”. Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. Bloomington.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2009, March). “Dialect perceptions and language attitudes about bilingual varieties spoken on the Brazilian-Uruguayan border.”. American Association of Applied Linguistics (AAAL). Denver, CO.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2009, March). “Percepções e atitudes sobre dialetos bilíngües: o caso do português em contato com o espanhol no norte do Uruguai”.. VI Congresso Internacional da Associação Brasileira de Lingüística (ABRALIN). João Pessoa, PA, Brazil.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2008, August). “Português não, Portuñol! Ideologias e atitudes lingüísticas sobre o português uruguaio.”. Proyecto Políticas del Lenguaje en América Latina at the XV Asociación de Lingüística y Filología de América Latina (ALFAL). Montevideo, Uruguay.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2008, July). Plenary speaker, “Variedades do português em contato com o espanhol em contextos de bilingüismo social e contextos de aquisição: uma comparação”.. III Symposium on Portuguese for Spanish Speakers held at Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Campinas, Brazil.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2008, July). “A Structured/ Enhanced Input Approach to the Development of Online Material for Spanish-speaking Learners of Portuguese.”. American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese (AATSP). Costa Rica.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2008, November). “Online Material for Spanish-speaking Learners of Portuguese: A Structured/ Enhanced Input Approach.”. American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages Conference (ACTFL),.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2007, August). “¿Sos de Montevideo o eres de Rivera? On the conditioners of second-person verbal forms in border Spanish.”. American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese (AATSP). San Diego.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2007, March). “Variation and alternation of address forms in Spanish in contact with Portuguese in Uruguay”. Spanish in the US & in Contact with other languages. Arlington, Virginia.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2007, October). “Variation and alternation of second-person verbal forms in Uruguayan border Spanish: Individual representations of community trends.”. NWav 36 (New Ways of Analyzing Variance). Philadelphia, PA.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2007, September). Keynote speaker, “Questões Fundamentais no Ensino de Português nos Estados Unidos.”. 5th Annual Conference on Portuguese Language Education. UMass, Darmouth.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2006, March). “Estudo de atitudes lingüísticas sobre o português de hispano-falantes: Até que ponto o portunhol é aceitável?”. II Symposium on Portuguese for Spanish Speakers: Acquisition and Teaching. Stanford.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2005, August). “Nominal agreement in the Spanish of Bilinguals”.. American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese (AATSP). New York.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2005, November). “The acquisition of subjunctive in Portuguese among L1 Spanish and L1 English Speakers.”. 2005 American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) Annual Meeting. Baltimore.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2004, April). “Spanish /s/ aspiration as a prestige marker in a border variety”.. Second UK Symposium of Hispanic Linguistics. University of Southhampton, UK.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2004, April). “The teaching of Portuguese in the Southwest”.. Kentucky Foreign Language Conference (KFLC)..
• Carvalho, A. M. (2004, October). “Cross-linguistic influence in third language acquisition. The case of Spanish-speaking learners of Portuguese.”. Seventh Conference of the Acquisition of Spanish and Portuguese as First and Second Languages together with the Eight Hispanic Linguistic Symposium. University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2004, October). “Social and linguistic conditioners of noun-phrase agreement in a variety of Spanish in contact with Portuguese.”. Eight Hispanic Linguistic Symposium together with the Seventh Conference on the Acquisition of Spanish and Portuguese as First and Second Languages. University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2003, November). “Foco na forma mas em contexto: A Caminho de uma metodologia para o ensino de português para falantes de espanhol”.. American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) Annual Meeting. Philadelphia, PA.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2002, February). Português em contato com o espanhol no Uruguai: Algumas respostas a várias perguntas”.. XIII Asociación de Lingüística y Filología de América Latina (ALFAL).. San José, Costa Rica.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2002, October). “Urbanization of Uruguayan Portuguese: Television as a linguistic model for dialect acquisition in a bilingual border town”. New Ways of Analyzing Variance (NWAV. Stanford.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2001, February). “‘I Speak like the guys on t.v.’ Palatalization and diffusion of Uruguayan Portuguese as a cultural marker in a bilingual border town”.. 2001 American Association of Applied Linguistics (AAAL).. Saint Louis, MS.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2001, July). “Final /s/ in Border Spanish: a change in progress?.”. 2001 American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese (AATSP).. San Francisco, CA.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2001, November). “Syllable-final /s/ aspiration in Uruguayan Border Spanish: A Different Distribution”.. South-Central Modern Language Association (SCMLA).. Tulsa, OK.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2001, November). “The sociolinguistic distribution of (lh) in Uruguayan Portuguese.”. “The sociolinguistic distribution of (lh) in Uruguayan Portuguese.”. Urbana, IL.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2000, November). “Diretrizes para a pesquisa sobre o ensino de português para falantes de espanhol.”.. III Sociedade Internacional de Português Língua Estrangeira (SIPLE).. Universidade Federal de Brasília, Brasília, D.F., Brazil,.
• Carvalho, A. M. (1999, April). “Portuguese for Spanish Speakers: What is it?”. The Ninth Annual Graduate Student Symposium.. University of Arizona.
• Carvalho, A. M. (1999, July). “Escolha de idiomas e identidade socio-cultural na fronteira Brasil-Uruguai”.. 1999 American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese (AATSP).. Denver, CO.
• Carvalho, A. M. (1999, March). “Doing the right thing: Language choice and socio-cultural identity in a bilingual border town.”. 1999 American Association of Applied Linguistics (AAAL)..

Poster Presentations

• Carvalho, A. M., & Picoral, A. (2019, October). The acquisition of preposition+article contractions in L3 Portuguese among different L1-speaking learners: A variationist approach.. New Ways of Analyzing Variance (NWAV). Oregon State University.
• Carvalho, A. M., Scherre, M., & Pacheco, C. (2018, Fall). When a new pronoun crosses the border: The spread of a gente on the Brazilian-Uruguayan frontier. New Ways of Analyzing Variation. New York University.
• Carvalho, A. M., Sommer, B., & Picoral, A. (2018, March). The Development and Application of Language Program Evaluation Tools in Post-Secondary Education in the US. American Association of Applied Linguistics.
• Carvalho, A. M., Bessett, R., & Kern, J. (2016, October). Corpus building, student engagement, and critical language pedagogy: The full cycle of the sociolinguistic enterprise. NWAV. Vancouver, Canada.
• Carvalho, A. M., Dror, M. Y., Diaz, M., Ramirez, M., & Wilbanks, E. (2016, October). “Call Grandma! Collecting and analyzing intergenerational telephone conversations”.. NWAV. Vancouver, Canada.
• Carvalho, A. M., & Campbel, T. (2014, November 15). Language affiliation in the realization of Spanish-Portuguese cognates among bilinguals: A case study of the permeability of similar language systems in contact.. Internacional de Lingüística en el Noroeste.. Hermosillo: Universidad de Hermosillo, México.

Reviews

• Carvalho, A. M. (2019. Bilingualism in the Community. Code-switching and grammars in contact.. Sociolinguistic Studies.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2019. Book Review of Bilingualism in the Community. Code-switching and grammars in contact.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2016. Book Review of Spanish in the United States by Anna María Escobar and Kim Potowski.(pp 474-479.). Heritage Language Journal. 13:3.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2013. Handbook of Hispanic Sociolinguistics.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2010. Varieties of Spanish in the United States.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2009. El español a través de la lingüística.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2005. Os Neologismos do Português e a Face Social da Língua.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2002. Introdução à Lingüística. Domínios e Fronteiras.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2000. Variation and Change in Spanish.
• Carvalho, A. M. (1997. Fronteiras, Educação, e Integração.

Others

• Carvalho, A. M. (2019, Jan). Preface to Linguistic Approaches to Portuguese as an Additional Language.
• Carvalho, A. M., & Escobar, A. M. (2019, jan). Preface of "Language Attitudes in Spanish". Language Attitudes in Spanish.
• Carvalho, A. M., Sommer, B., & Picoral, A. (2017, all year). Data Analysis - Portuguese Program Assessment - Implementation and Preliminary Results.
• Carvalho, A. M., Sommer, B., & Picoral, A. (2017, Dec). WebSeminar. The role of assessment in language program development..
  More info

  https://arizona.box.com/shared/static/ehqb83mza4jj3gsc6a0kuq27beh5l2t7.mov
• Carvalho, A. M. (2015, April). Expert Opinion for Nogales International on English-Spanish bilingualism. Nogales International Newspaper.
• Carvalho, A. M. (2015, August). Expert opinion for Diário de Notícias (Portugal) on Uruguayan Portuguese. Diário de Notícias (Portugal).