Andrew W Gardner

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Scholarly Contributions

Journals/Publications

• Amador, J. L., DeBar, R. M., Deshais, M. A., Gardner, A. W., & Sidener, T. M. (2024). A descriptive assessment of trial‐based functional analysis research. Behavioral Interventions. doi:10.1002/bin.2020
• Amador, J. L., DeBar, R. M., Deshais, M., Gardner, A., & Sidener, T. (2024). A descriptive assessment of trial-based functional analysis research. . Behavioral Interventions, 39(4). doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.2020
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  Since its inception, modifications to experimental functional analyses have been conducted to improve contextual fit. One variation, a trial-based functional analysis (TBFA), naturally embeds conditions within the environment, has been used across diverse participants (e.g., neurotypical development, autism spectrum disorder [ASD], etc.) and settings. Although interest in TBFA has grown, few TBFA literature reviews have been conducted. Detailed participant characteristics, reliability measures across dependent and independent variables, social validity, and details of function-based interventions have yet to be reported. Therefore, the purpose of the literature review was to replicate and extend past TBFA reviews by assessing publication characteristics (e.g., authors, year), participant characteristics, procedures (e.g., number of trials), validation across comparison FAs, function-based interventions, reliability (interobserver agreement [IOA] and procedural integrity) measures, social validity, and intervention details (type. Implementer, setting, and outcomes. We identified 32 articles across 88 participants. Strengths of TBFA research include usability across a range of problem behaviors in natural settings (i.e., in classrooms or in homes) by teachers and direct service providers, IOA, and the inclusion of effective function-based interventions. Most research included preschoolers with ASD and other disabilities. Limitations and areas for future research are discussed.
• Amador, J. L., DeBar, R. M., Sidener, T. M., & Gardner, A. W. (2021). Evaluating the Effects of Computer-Based Instruction on Trial-Based Functional Analyses Procedures. Behavior modification, 145445520982552.
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  Children who engage in problem behavior are often educated in the public schools. A trial-based functional analysis (TBFA) is an experimental functional analysis whereby conditions are embedded into scheduled activities of the school day to identify environmental variables responsible for problem behavior. To be included in this process, it is important that staff are trained effectively and efficiently. Computer-based instruction (CBI) offers several advantages as a staff training tool including less training time, less required supervision, and permits self-paced and individualized training. The efficacy of CBI on procedures of TBFA to practitioners remains unknown. We evaluated the efficacy of CBI teaching procedures of TBFA with 20 practitioners. Results indicate that CBI is an effective and efficient staff training procedure as post-test scores increased following the CBI training across participants with a mean training duration of less than an hour. Three practitioners successfully implemented four conditions of a TBFA with a confederate following CBI training. Following completion of the study, respondents ranked procedures of the CBI as socially valid.
• Gardner, A. (2020). Tree Canopy Coverage Predicts Lower Conduct Problem Severity in Children with ASD. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities.
• Gardner, A. W. (2020). Tree Canopy Coverage Predicts Lower Conduct Problem Severity in Children with ASD. Journal of Mental Health Research in Intellectual Disabilities. doi:10.1080/19315864.2020.1714824
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  Introduction: Conduct problems are commonly reported among individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and children with other special health care needs (CSHCN). Environmental research indicates that exposure to natural environments can lead to decreased conduct problems; opposite effects (i.e., increased problems) are associated with built “gray” environments (e.g., roadways).Methods: This exploratory study analyzed the association between Zip-code level tree canopy coverage and severity of conduct problems in typical children, children with ASD, and CSHCN. Tree canopy data came from National Land Cover Database and ASD data came from the cross-sectional National Survey of Children’s Health (2011/2012).Results: Percent tree canopy coverage predicted a decreased risk of severe conduct problems in youth with ASD, but not CSHCN; “gray” space was unassociated with conduct problems in any children.Conclusions: Community tree canopy coverage is negatively associated with conduct problems in children with ASD. More research using individual assessments and street level metrics will help better determine the relationship between canopy coverage and conduct problems in ASD.
• Gardner, A. W. (2019). A convergent review of interventions for school-age children with autism spectrum disorder.. Behavior Analysis: Research and Practice.
• Gardner, A. W. (2018). Gray space and green space proximity associated with higher anxiety in youth with autism. Health & Place.
• Hungate, M., Gardner, A. W., Tackett, S., & Spencer, T. D. (2017). A Convergent Review of Interventions for School-Age Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder.. Behavior Analysis: Research and Practice, 19(1), 81-93. doi:10.1037/bar0000090
• Gardner, A. (2012). A systematic review of brief functional analysis methodology with typically developing children. Education and Treatment of Children.
• Gardner, A. (2010). A Brief Experimental Analysis of Reinforcer and Response Dimensions Related to Self-Control in an Outpatient Clinic. Journal of Behavioral Education.
• Gardner, A. (2009). An evaluation of the interaction between quality of attention and negative reinforcement with children who display escape-maintained problem behavior. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis.
• Gardner, A. (2008). The effects of risperidone titration on pica in an adolescent with autism. International Pediatrics.
• Gardner, A. (2007). Cognitive-behavioral treatment for specific phobias with a child demonstrating severe problem behavior and developmental delays. Research in Developmental Disabilities.
• Gardner, A. (2007). Effects of antecedent variables on disruptive behavior and accurate responding in young children in outpatient settings. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis.
• Gardner, A. (2003). Important issues in the care and evaluation of bilingual/multilingual children. International Pediatrics.
• Gardner, A. (2001). Analysis of response class hierarchies with attention-maintained problem behaviors. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis.

Presentations

• Gardner, A. (2024, November). Challenging Behavior and Function-based Treatment Strategies. Texas Association for Behavior Analysis (TXABA) – El, Paso 1st Regional Conference. El Paso, Tx: Texas Association for Behavior Analysis (TXABA) – El, Paso 1st Regional Conference – November 2024 (3 hour training)..
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  Gardner, A.W. Challenging Behavior and Function-based Treatment Strategies. Invited speaker/presenter – Texas Association for Behavior Analysis (TXABA) – El, Paso 1st Regional Conference – November 2024 (3 hour training).
• Gardner, A. (2024, November). Severe Challenging Behavior: Tools for Assessment and Treatment. Texas Association for Behavior Analysis (TXABA) – El, Paso 1st Regional Conference. El Paso, Tx: Texas Association for Behavior Analysis (TXABA) – El, Paso 1st Regional Conference – November 2024 (90 min)..
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  Gardner, A.W. Severe Challenging Behavior: Tools for Assessment and Treatment. Invited speaker/presenter – Texas Association for Behavior Analysis (TXABA) – El, Paso 1st Regional Conference – November 2024 (90 min). 
• Gardner, A. (2024, October). Evaluación e intervención de conductas de reto en poblaciones de familias Hispano/Latinas. Puerto Rico Association for Behavior Analysis - 2nd Annual Conference – Universidad de Puerto Rico, Recinto de Rio Piedras – October 2024. Universidad de Puerto Rico, Recinto de Rio Piedras: Puerto Rico Association for Behavior Analysis.
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  Title: Evaluación e intervención de conductas de reto en poblaciones de familias Hispano/Latinas  Short Title:  Conducta desafiante y trabajando con familias    Primary Content Area: Professional (PRO)  Presentation Category: Service Delivery & Applied Research  Duration: 60 minutes  Abstract: Challenging behavior exhibited by children can be difficult for families and care providers. There is over 40 years of research outlining strategies to help us understand the reasons why challenging behavior occurs. The assessment and treatment of challenging behavior can be understood via the functions of behavior and how a child operates their environment. There are a number of diverse variables to consider when working with Hispanic/Latino families in order to provide culturally appropriate and sustainable services.    Learning Objective 1: Understand each of the four functions of challenging behavior  Learning Objective 2: Understand basic treatment strategies for each function  Learning Objective 3: Understand and learn about important variables related to working with Latino/Hispanic families 
• Gardner, A., & Carr, C. (2024, May). A Behavioral Approach to the Assessment and Treatment of an Understudied and Controversial Diagnosis: Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS)/Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS). Paper submitted and presented as part of the symposium: Novel Applications of Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) in Medical Settings or With Unique Patient Presentations at the 50th Annual Association for Behavior Analysis International Conference. Philadelphia, PA: Association for Behavior Analysis International.

Others

• Gardner, A. W., & West, J. J. (2020, October). Bringing Services Together: Multispecialty Team Logistics via Telemedicine. Online Blog: Telemedicine. Arizona Telemedicine Program (The University of Arizona). https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/bringing-services-together-multispecialty-team-logistics-telemedicine
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  Gardner, A.W. & West, J.J. (October 22, 2020). Bringing Services Together: Multispecialty Team Logistics via Telemedicine. Arizona Telemedicine Program (The University of Arizona): https://telemedicine.arizona.edu/blog/bringing-services-together-multispecialty-team-logistics-telemedicine