William H Beezley

Interests

Research

Latin American cultural historyLatin American fiestas including Carlo MagnoPorgy & Bess anda cold warUS-Latin American relationsThe Ganza de Oca

Teaching

Latin American cultural historyLatin American fiestasmexican historymexican revolutionmexican popular activities

Courses

Scholarly Contributions

Books

• Beezley, W. H. (2018).

  Cultural Nationalism and Ethnic Music in Latin America

  . albuquerque, nm: University of New Mexico Press.
  More info

  anthology
• Beezley, W. H., & Curcio, L. A. (2012).

  Latin American popular culture since independence : an introduction

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  Introduction Chapter 1: Piety and Public Space: The Cemetery Campaign in Veracruz, 1789-1810 Pamela Voekel Chapter 2: Church, Humboldt, and Darwin: The Tension and Harmony of Art and Science Stephen Jay Gould Chapter 3: Black Kings, Blackface Carnival, and Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Tango John Charles Chasteen Chapter 4: Cartas y cartas, compadre ...: Love and other letters from Rio Frio William E. French Chapter 5: Peddling the Pampas: Argentina at the Paris Universal Exposition of 1889 Ingrid E. Fey Chapter 6: Death and Disorder in Mexico City: The State Funeral of Manuel Romero Rubio Matthew D. Esposito Chapter 7: Images of Indians in the Construction of Ecuadorian Identity at the End of the Nineteenth Century Blanca Muratorio Chapter 8: Many Chefs in the National Kitchen: Cookbooks and Identity in Nineteenth-Century Mexico Jeffrey M. Pilcher Chapter 9: The New Order: Diversions and Modernization in Turn-of-the-Century Lima Fanni Munoz Cabrejo Chapter 10: From the Ruins of the Ancien Regime: Mexico's Monument to the Revolution Thomas L. Benjamin Chapter 11: Racial Parity and National Humor: Carmen Miranda's Samba Performances, 1930-1939 Darien J. Davis Chapter 12: Oil, Race, and Calypso in Trinidad and Tobago, 1909-1990 Graham E. L. Holton Chapter 13: The Dictator's Seduction: Gender and State Spectacle during the Trujillo Regime Lauren H. Derby Chapter 14: En el corazon del pueblo: Pedro Infante's Funeral, the Pueblo Motif, and the Contest over his Legacy Sal Acosta Chapter 15: Nostalgia for the Future: The New Song Movement in Nicaragua Janet L. Sturman
• Curcio, L. A., Beezley, W. H., & Curcio, L. A. (2012).

  Latin American popular culture since independence : an introduction

  . Rowman & Littlefield.
  More info

  Introduction Chapter 1: Piety and Public Space: The Cemetery Campaign in Veracruz, 1789-1810 Pamela Voekel Chapter 2: Church, Humboldt, and Darwin: The Tension and Harmony of Art and Science Stephen Jay Gould Chapter 3: Black Kings, Blackface Carnival, and Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Tango John Charles Chasteen Chapter 4: "Cartas y cartas, compadre ...": Love and other letters from Rio Frio William E. French Chapter 5: Peddling the Pampas: Argentina at the Paris Universal Exposition of 1889 Ingrid E. Fey Chapter 6: Death and Disorder in Mexico City: The State Funeral of Manuel Romero Rubio Matthew D. Esposito Chapter 7: Images of Indians in the Construction of Ecuadorian Identity at the End of the Nineteenth Century Blanca Muratorio Chapter 8: Many Chefs in the National Kitchen: Cookbooks and Identity in Nineteenth-Century Mexico Jeffrey M. Pilcher Chapter 9: The New Order: Diversions and Modernization in Turn-of-the-Century Lima Fanni Munoz Cabrejo Chapter 10: From the Ruins of the Ancien Regime: Mexico's Monument to the Revolution Thomas L. Benjamin Chapter 11: Racial Parity and National Humor: Carmen Miranda's Samba Performances, 1930-1939 Darien J. Davis Chapter 12: Oil, Race, and Calypso in Trinidad and Tobago, 1909-1990 Graham E. L. Holton Chapter 13: The Dictator's Seduction: Gender and State Spectacle during the Trujillo Regime Lauren H. Derby Chapter 14: En el corazon del pueblo: Pedro Infante's Funeral, the Pueblo Motif, and the Contest over his Legacy Sal Acosta Chapter 15: Nostalgia for the Future: The New Song Movement in Nicaragua Janet L. Sturman
• Beezley, W. H. (2011).

  A Companion to Mexican History and Culture

  . doi:10.1002/9781444340600
• Beezley, W. H., & Beezley, W. H. (2011).

  Mexico in World History

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  Drawing on materials ranging from archaeological findings to recent studies of migration issues and drug violence, William H. Beezley provides a dramatic narrative of human events as he recounts the story of Mexico in the context of world history. Beginning with the Mayan and Aztec civilizations and their brutal defeat at the hands of the Conquistadors, Beezley highlights the penetrating effect of Spain's three-hundred-year colonial rule, during which Mexico became a multicultural society marked by Roman Catholicism and the Spanish language. Independence, he shows, was likewise marked by foreign invasions and huge territorial losses, this time at the hands of the United States, who annexed a vast land mass--including the states of Texas, New Mexico, and California--and remained a powerful presence along the border. The 1910 revolution propelled land, educational, and public health reforms, but later governments turned to authoritarian rule, personal profits, and marginalization of rural, indigenous, and poor Mexicans. Throughout this eventful chronicle, Beezley highlights the people and international forces that shaped Mexico's rich and tumultuous history.
• Beezley, W. H. (2009).

  The Mexican experience

  . University of Nebraska Press.
• Beezley, W. H., & Buchenau, J. (2009).

  State governors in the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1952 : portraits in conflict, courage, and corruption

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  Chapter 1: The Role of State Governors in the Mexican Revolution Chapter 2: Benito Juarez Maza of Oaxaca: A Revolutionary Governor? Chapter 3: Salvador Alvarado of Yucatan: Revolutionary Reforms, Revolutionary Women Chapter 4: Plutarco Elias Calles of Sonora: A Mexican Jacobin Chapter 5: Adalberto Tejeda of Veracruz: Radicalism and Reaction Chapter 6: Jose Guadalupe Zuno Hernandez and the Revolutionary Process in Jalisco Chapter 7: Tomas Garrido Canabal of Tabasco: Road Building and Revolutionary Reform Chapter 8: Marte R. Gomez of Tamaulipas: Governing Agrarian Revolution Chapter 9: Efrain Gutierrez of Chiapas: The Revolutionary Bureaucrat Chapter 10: Maximino Avila Camacho of Puebla Chapter 11: Baltasar Leyva Mancilla of Guerrero: Learning Hegemony
• Beezley, W. H., & MacLachlan, C. M. (2009).

  Mexicans in Revolution, 1910-1946: An Introduction

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  Introduction 1: A Generation of Rebels Chapter2: The New Generation and Revolution Change 3: Reelection and Contested Suffrage Chapter4: Lazaro Cardenas in Power 5:The Tipping Point 6: Reconstruction of Society 7:Reflections on the Mexican Revolution
• Beezley, W. H., & Maclachlan, C. M. (2009).

  Mexicans in Revolution, 1910-1946

  . University of Nebraska Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1dgn3xj
• Buchenau, J., & Beezley, W. H. (2009).

  State governors in the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1952 : portraits in conflict, courage, and corruption

  . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  More info

  Chapter 1: The Role of State Governors in the Mexican Revolution Chapter 2: Benito Juarez Maza of Oaxaca: A Revolutionary Governor? Chapter 3: Salvador Alvarado of Yucatan: Revolutionary Reforms, Revolutionary Women Chapter 4: Plutarco Elias Calles of Sonora: A Mexican Jacobin Chapter 5: Adalberto Tejeda of Veracruz: Radicalism and Reaction Chapter 6: Jose Guadalupe Zuno Hernandez and the Revolutionary Process in Jalisco Chapter 7: Tomas Garrido Canabal of Tabasco: Road Building and Revolutionary Reform Chapter 8: Marte R. Gomez of Tamaulipas: Governing Agrarian Revolution Chapter 9: Efrain Gutierrez of Chiapas: The Revolutionary Bureaucrat Chapter 10: Maximino Avila Camacho of Puebla Chapter 11: Baltasar Leyva Mancilla of Guerrero: Learning Hegemony
• Beezley, W. H. (2008).

  Mexican National Identity: Memory, Innuendo, and Popular Culture

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  In this enlightening book, the well-known historian William Beezley contends that a Mexican national identity was forged during the nineteenth century not by a self-anointed elite but rather by a disparate mix of ordinary people and everyday events. In examining independence festivals, children's games, annual almanacs, and the performances of itinerant puppet theaters, Beezley argues that these seemingly unrelated and commonplace occurrences?not the far more self-conscious and organized efforts of politicians, teachers, and others?created a far-reaching sense of a new nation. In the century that followed Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821, Beezley maintains, sentiments of nationality were promulgated by people who were concerned not with the promotion of nationalism but with something far more immediate the need to earn a living. These peddlers, vendors, actors, artisans, writers, publishers, and puppeteers sought widespread popular appeal so that they could earn money. According to Beezley, they constantly refined their performances, as well as the symbols and images they employed, in order to secure larger revenues. Gradually they discovered the stories, acts, and products that attracted the largest numbers of paying customers. As Beezley convincingly asserts, out of ?what sold to the masses a collective national identity slowly emerged. Mexican National Identity makes an important contribution to the growing body of literature that explores the influences of popular culture on issues of national identity. By looking at identity as it was fashioned ?in the streets,? it opens new avenues for exploring identity formation more generally, not just in Mexico and Latin American countries but in every nation. Check out the http://newbooksinhistory.com/p=73>New Books in History Interview with Bill Beezley!
• Beezley, W. H., & Lorey, D. E. (2001).

  Genocide, Collective Violence, and Popular Memory: The Politics of Remembrance in the Twentieth Century

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  Part 1 I Latin America Chapter 2 Irruptions of Memory: Expressive Politics in Chile's Transition to Democracy Chapter 3 Layers of Memories: Twenty Years after in Argentina Chapter 4 The Unmaking of Rigoberta Menchu Part 5 II Africa Chapter 6 Ethnicity and the Politics of History in Rwanda Chapter 7 The Burdens of Truth: An Evalution of the Psychological Support Services and Initiatives undertaken by the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission Part 8 III Asia Chapter 9 The Cambodian Tuol Sleng Museum of Genocidal Crimes: National Narrative Chapter 10 Buajingan! Indonesian Art, Literature, and State Violence around the Downfall of President Soeharto Chapter 11 Mnemosyne Abroad: Reflections on the Chinese and Jewish Commitment to Remembrance Chapter 12 Acting Out Democracy: Political Theater in Modern China Part 13 IV Germany and Japan: Legacies of World War Chapter 14 War Stories: The Search for a Usable Past in the Federal Republic of Germany Chapter 15 Photography, National Identity, and the 'Cataract of Times' : Wartime Images and the Case of Japan
• Beezley, W. H., & Lorey, D. E. (2001).

  Viva Mexico! Viva la independencia! : celebrations of September 16

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  Chapter 1 Introduction: The Functions of Patriotic Ceremony in Mexico Chapter 2 Images of Independence in the Nineteenth Century: The Grito de Dolores, History and Myth Chapter 3 The Junta Patriotica and the Celebration of Independence in Mexico City, 1825-1855 Chapter 4 The First Independence Celebrations in San Luis Potosi, 1824-1847 Chapter 5 San Angel as the Site of National Festivals in the 1860s Chapter 6 Conservatives Contest the Meaning of Independence, 1846-1855 Chapter 7 New Celebrations of Independence: Puebla (1869) and Mexico City (1883) Chapter 8 The Capital Commemorates Independence at the Turn of the Century Chapter 9 1910 Mexico City: Space and Nation in the City of the Centenario Chapter 10 The 1921 Centennial Celebration of Mexico's Independence: State Building and Popular Negotiation Chapter 11 Postrevolutionary Contexts for Independence Day: The Problem of Order and the Invention of Revolution Day, 1920s-1940s Chapter 12 Suggested Readings Chapter 13 About the Editors and Contributors Chapter 14 Index
• Beezley, W. H., & Lorey, D. E. (2001).

  Viva Mexico! Viva la independencia! : celebrations of September 16

  . SR Books.
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  Chapter 1 Introduction: The Functions of Patriotic Ceremony in Mexico Chapter 2 Images of Independence in the Nineteenth Century: The Grito de Dolores, History and Myth Chapter 3 The Junta Patriotica and the Celebration of Independence in Mexico City, 1825-1855 Chapter 4 The First Independence Celebrations in San Luis Potosi, 1824-1847 Chapter 5 San Angel as the Site of National Festivals in the 1860s Chapter 6 Conservatives Contest the Meaning of Independence, 1846-1855 Chapter 7 New Celebrations of Independence: Puebla (1869) and Mexico City (1883) Chapter 8 The Capital Commemorates Independence at the Turn of the Century Chapter 9 1910 Mexico City: Space and Nation in the City of the Centenario Chapter 10 The 1921 Centennial Celebration of Mexico's Independence: State Building and Popular Negotiation Chapter 11 Postrevolutionary Contexts for Independence Day: The "Problem" of Order and the Invention of Revolution Day, 1920s-1940s Chapter 12 Suggested Readings Chapter 13 About the Editors and Contributors Chapter 14 Index
• Beezley, W. H., Curcio-nagy, L. A., & Curcio-nagy, L. A. (2000).

  Latin American popular culture : an introduction

  . Scholarly Resources.
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  Latin American Popular Culture: An Introduction is a collection of articles that explores a wide range of compelling cultural subjects in the region, including carnival, romance, funerals, medicine, monuments and dance, among others. The introduction lays out the most important theoretical approaches to the culture of Latin America, and the chapters serve as illustrative case studies. Featuring the latest scholarship in cultural history most of the chapters have not previously been published Latin American Popular Culture is an important resource for courses in Latin American history, civilization, popular culture, and anthropology.
• Meyer, M. C., & Beezley, W. H. (2000).

  The Oxford history of Mexico

  . Oxford University Press.
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  The tenth anniversary edition of The Oxford History of Mexico tells the fascinating story of Mexico as it has evolved from the reign of the Aztecs through the twenty-first century. Available for the first time in paperback, this magnificent volume covers the nation's history in a series of essays written by an international team of scholars. Essays have been revised to reflect events of the past decade, recent discoveries, and the newest advances in scholarship, while a new introduction discusses such issues as immigration from Mexico to the United States and the democratization implied by the defeat of the official party in the 2000 and 2006 presidential elections. Newly released to commemorate the bicentennial of the Mexican War of Independence and the centennial of the Mexican Revolution, this updated and redesigned volume offers an affordable, accessible, and compelling account of Mexico through the ages.
• Beezley, W. H., & MacLachlan, C. M. (1999).

  Latin America: The Peoples and Their History

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• Beezley, W. H., & Ewell, J. (1997).

  The human tradition in modern Latin America

  . SR Books.
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  Chapter 1 Introduction Part 2 I The Independence Generations: Between Colony and Republic, 1780-1830 Chapter 3 Agustin Marroquin: The Sociopath as Rebel Chapter 4 Maria Antonia Muniz: Frontier Matriarch Part 5 II The First Republican Generations: Between American Barbarism and European Civilization, 1825-1875 Chapter 6 Carlota Lucia de Brito: Women, Power, and Politics in Northeast Brazil Chapter 7 Rosa Dominga Ocampos: A Matter of Honor in Paraguay Part 8 III The Fin de Siecle Generations: The Tension between Decadence and Progress, 1870-1900 Chapter 9 Mexican Sartre on the Zocalo: Nicolas Zuniga y Miranda Chapter 10 Emilio and Gabriela Coni: Reformers, Public Health, and Working Women Chapter 11 Mandeponay: Chiriguano Indian Chief in the Franciscan Missions Part 12 IV New-Centurty Generations: Revolution and Change in the Cities and the Countryside, 1900-1920 Chapter 13 Juan Esquivel: Cotton Plantation Tenant Chapter 14 The Rough-and-Tumble Career of Pedro Crespo Chapter 15 Miguel Rostaing: Dodging Blows On and Off the Soccer Field Part 16 V Midcentury Generations, 1920-1959 Chapter 17 Pagu: Patricia Galvao - Rebel Chapter 18 Ofelia Dominguez Navarro: The Making of a Cuban Socialist Feminist Chapter 19 Ligia Parra John: The Blonde with the Revolver Chapter 20 Irma Muller Chapter 21 Maria Ferreira dos Santos Chapter 22 Leticia: A Nicaraguan Woman's Struggle Chapter 23 Index
• Beezley, W. H., & MacLachlan, C. M. (1994).

  El Gran Pueblo: A History of Greater Mexico

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• Bailey, D. C., Beezley, W. H., Brown, L. C., Katz, F., & Richmond, D. W. (1979).

  Essays on the Mexican Revolution

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• Beezley, W. H. (1975).

  Border Boom Town: Ciudad Juárez since 1848

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Chapters

• Beezley, W. H. (2011).

  Creating a Revolutionary Culture: Vasconcelos, Indians, Anthropologists, and Calendar Girls

  . In Oxford research encyclopedia. Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781444340600.CH24
• Beezley, W. H. (1982).

  The Mexican Experience

  . In the mexican experience. doi:10.5040/9781474288262.ch-002

Journals/Publications

• Beezley, W. H. (2018).

  Comics and Memory in Latin America

  . Americas, 98(4), 758-759. doi:10.1215/00182168-7160721
• Beezley, W. H. (2017).

  The Constitution of 1917 100 Years Making Mexico’s Revolutionary Goals into Law

  . Voices of Mexico, 33-36.
• Beezley, W. H. (2015).

  The War Has Brought Peace to Mexico: World War II and the Consolidation of the Post-revolutionary State

  . Americas, 95(2), 370-371. doi:10.1215/00182168-2874791
• Beezley, W. H. (2013).

  Cuauhtémoc’s Bones: Forging National Identity in Modern Mexico

  . Americas, 93(1), 136-138. doi:10.1215/00182168-1902922
• Beezley, W. H. (2012).

  Linda A. Newson and John P. King (eds.), Mexico City through History and Culture (Oxford and New York: British Academy and Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. xiii + 137, £14.99, pb.

  . Journal of Latin American Studies, 44(3), 624-625. doi:10.1017/s0022216x12000661
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  Linda A. Newson and John P. King (eds.), Mexico City through History and Culture (Oxford and New York: British Academy and Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. xiii + 137, £14.99, pb. - Volume 44 Issue 3
• Beezley, W. H. (2011).

  Introduction: Mexican Puppets as Popular and Pedagogical Diversions

  . Americas, 67(3), 307-314. doi:10.1017/s0003161500000031
• Beezley, W. H. (2011).

  Porte Crayon's Mexico: David Hunter Strother's Diaries in the Early Porfirian Era, 1879–1885 (review)

  . Americas, 67(4), 588-589. doi:10.1353/tam.2011.0031
• Beezley, W. H. (2011).

  Porte Crayon's Mexico: David Hunter Strother's Diaries in the Early Porfirian Era, 1879–1885 . Edited by John E. Stealey III. Kent: Kent State University Press, 2006. Pp. xv, 1085. Illustrations. Tables. Notes. Appendices. Index. $65.00 cloth.

  . Americas, 67(04), 588-589. doi:10.1017/s0003161500000614
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  Porte Crayon's Mexico: David Hunter Strother's Diaries in the Early Porfirian Era, 1879–1885. Edited by John E. Stealey III. Kent: Kent State University Press, 2006. Pp. xv, 1085. Illustrations. Tables. Notes. Appendices. Index. $65.00 cloth. - Volume 67 Issue 4
• Beezley, W. H. (2011).

  Robert Buffington and Pablo Piccato (eds.), True Stories of Crime in Modern Mexico (Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 2009), pp. xi+276, $27.95, pb.

  . Journal of Latin American Studies, 43(03), 607-609. doi:10.1017/s0022216x11000654
• Beezley, W. H., & MacLachlan, C. M. (2011).

  Mexico's crucial century, 1810-1910: an introduction

  . Choice Reviews Online. doi:10.5860/choice.49-0462
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  List of Illustrations List of Maps Acknowledgments Introduction: The National Trauma 1. Spain and Its Empire in Crisis 2. Santa Anna's Era 3. Liberalism, Reform, and Napoleon III 4. The Restored Republic 5. Constructing the Porfiriato 6. The Socioeconomic Pyramid 7. Soft Diplomacy 8. Fatal Vulnerabilities Conclusion: A Crucial Century Assessed Notes Suggested Readings in English Index
• Silva, F. M., & Beezley, W. H. (2011).

  The Rosete Aranda Puppets: A Century and a Half of an Entertainment Enterprise

  . Americas, 67(3), 331-354. doi:10.1017/s0003161500000055
• Beezley, W. H. (2010).

  Juan O'Gorman, Daniel Cosío Villegas, and the Mexican Historical Profession: An Interview with Josefina Zoraida Vázquez

  . Americas, 67(2), 253-268. doi:10.1353/tam.2010.0007
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  Professor Josefina Zoraida Vazquez has made an indelible imprint on the discipline of the history of Mexico. Her publications have provided an analysis of the Mexican experience through such diverse themes as the U.S. invasion (1846-1848), the evolution of national education programs, and the struggles to establish federalism and republicanism in the first decades of independence. She has written official textbooks used by all Mexican school children, appeared on numerous television programs, taught dozens of doctoral students, and assisted many scholars in both Mexico and the United States. She has been an active member of the historical profession; she organized the Congress of Mexican Historians from Mexico, the United States, and Canada in Patzcuaro in 1977 and served as the President of the same organization in Monterrey in 2003.
• Beezley, W. H. (2010).

  Miniature Messages: The Semiotics and Politics of Latin American Postage Stamps (review)

  . Americas, 67(1), 138-140. doi:10.1353/tam.0.0281
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  Miniature Messages: The Semiotics and Politics of Latin American Postage Stamps. By Jack Child. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008. Pp. xviii, 247. Illustrations. Notes. Index. 23.95 paper. - Volume 67 Issue 1
• Beezley, W. H. (2010).

  Miniature Messages: The Semiotics and Politics of Latin American Postage Stamps. By Jack Child. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008. Pp. xviii, 247. Illustrations. Notes. Index. $84.95 cloth; $23.95 paper.

  . Americas, 67(01), 138-140. doi:10.1017/s0003161500005320
• Beezley, W. H. (2008).

  A Culture of Everyday Credit: Housekeeping, Pawnbroking, and Governance in Mexico City, 1750 – 1920

  . Americas, 88(4), 713-714. doi:10.1215/00182168-2008-027
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  This outstanding study goes well beyond the excellent dissertation on which it is based. Marie Francois has brought new information and understanding of how everyday life functioned in Mexico from 1750 to 1920. She demonstrates how individuals from the middle through the lowest orders lived their daily lives in the capital city and how they valued their possessions, no matter how meager, and utilized them in strategies to meet everyday needs, celebrate important events, and survive major disasters, that is to say, how they made ends meet. The essential individual and institution, no matter how disliked, was the pawnbroker (usually a Spaniard) and his shop, whether the government-run Monte de Piedad or the private casa de empeños. Francois narrates in detail how collateral credit operated; what goods were hocked, by whom, and how often; and how frequently pawned items were redeemed during the years from the late colonial era through the first decade of the revolution. This produces a daunting, detailed narrative with several supporting appendixes.She concludes that ordinary Mexicans made possible their daily activities by credit obtained by women through loans on their possessions. They constantly pawned goods and often redeemed them by pawning other goods. Clothes were the most common object pawned, but numerous other items were pawned, including utensils, sewing machines, and irons. By examining how credit operated on a daily basis, Francois provides an account of the possessions of ordinary Mexicans from a more reliable source than tax and testament inventories, in which individuals often tried to omit items to avoid payments or probate. The author shows how major events such as independence, the U.S.-Mexican War, the French Intervention, the Porfirian seizure of the presidency, and the first decade of the Revolution affected everyday life. For example, many capital city resident women offered support to the revolution following the decision to close the pawn shops during the Huerta era.The book provides an exhaustive bibliography of the scholarship on women, gender, and Annales studies. The author evaluates daily life during Mexico’s three fundamental revolutions, first against Spain for independence, second against conservatives and France for a Liberal-Republican regime, and third, the social revolution against the foreign-influenced elites. In this regard, her volume needs to be placed explicitly in the conversations involving T. H. Breen’s The Marketplace of Revolution: How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence (Oxford, 2004). Moreover, with the rise of both criollo nationalism following independence and popular nationalism promoted by the great social revolution, the book needs to be connected to the interesting list of works that either challenge or expand the essential interpretation of Benedict Anderson’s Imagined Communities (1983), and the older but perhaps more relevant work by Daniel Boorstin, The Americans: The National Experience (1973). All three authors talk about the creation of communities larger than those in which the individual knows all members and values are shared. Anderson leans heavily on the importance of literacy and publications while Breen and Boorstin look to consumer behavior. Francois significantly points scholars toward the issues of both nationalism and consumerism.Francois’s book just may be the investigation that finally shatters the widely held conviction that Mexican society was governed by a patriarchy and that men dominated everywhere but in the kitchen. Alone, this discussion of the preeminent position of women in supporting daily life through their financial activity would not be enough to change this commonplace assertion, but in the company of other recent studies that alter our understanding of gender relationships (such as those by Susan Porter, Patience Schell, Mary Kay Vaughan, Heather Fowler Salamini, Stephanie Mitchell, and several others, neatly summed up for all of Latin America by William E. French and Katherine Bliss in Gender, Sexuality, and Power in Latin America since Independence [2007]), it brings us to the point of a major paradigm shift in both the periodization of the national history and the behavioral practices of everyday life. It was no secret that women in both the city and the countryside controlled finances and bought, sold, and pawned to make possible the lives of the family, and this simply does not square with arguments of patriarchy. How men and women related to this pattern needs explicit explanation.Both for what she narrates explicitly about everyday life and what she suggests implicitly about the historiography, consumerism, and patriarchy, Marie Francois has written a significant and thought-provoking book that all Mexican scholars should read and ponder.
• Beezley, W. H., & Deeds, S. M. (2008).

  Michael C. Meyer (1935-2007)

  . Americas, 64(4), 611-613. doi:10.1353/tam.2008.0048
• Beezley, W. H. (2007).

  Cómo fue que El Negrito salvó a México de los franceses: las fuentes populares de la identidad nacional

  . Historia Mexicana, 57(2), 405-444.
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  Durante la Intervencion francesa (1861-1867), el emperador Maximiliano fue objeto del humor satirico, en especialpor medio del teatro guinol itinerante. Una de las obras mas criticas fue "La Guerra de los Pasteles", en la que "el Negrito", un titere celebre que representaba al pueblo mexicano, derrotaba a los franceses. El autor hace una descripcion densa de la obra al estilo de Geertz y la convierte en una ventana hacia las actitudes populares que dieron lugar a la formacion de la identidad nacional. La obra y el titere constituyen una de las fuentes populares que ayudaron a configurar las actitudes hacia la nacion y su pueblo
• Beezley, W. H. (2007).

  Reflections on the Historiography of Twentieth‐Century Mexico

  . History Compass, 5(3), 963-974. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00433.x
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  This article examines the recent trend to create a new periodization that concludes that the revolution ended in 1920 and therefore the decades of the 1920s and 1930s should be identified as the post revolution. The article argues that using the label post-revolutionary ignores major revolutionary social programs during the 1920s and 1930s and disregards the revolutionary achievements of Presidents Alvaro Obregon, Plutarco Calles, and Lazaro Cardenas. The article proposes that recent studies of women during the revolution, and social programs in the cities both suggest a different periodization, but one that includes the disputed decades of the 1920s and 1930s, reaching instead to 1953, 1958, or perhaps best, 1982.
• Beezley, W. H. (2007).

  The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920-1940 (review)

  . Americas, 63(3), 485-486. doi:10.1353/tam.2007.0002
• Beezley, W. H. (2007).

  The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920-1940. Edited by Mary Kay Vaughan and Stephen E. Lewis. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006. Pp. ix, 363. Illustrations. Maps. Notes. Index. $84.95 cloth; $23.95 paper.

  . Americas, 63(3), 485-486. doi:10.1017/s0003161500064051
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  The Eagle and the Virgin: Nation and Cultural Revolution in Mexico, 1920-1940. Edited by Mary Kay Vaughan and Stephen E. Lewis. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006. Pp. ix, 363. Illustrations. Maps. Notes. Index. 23.95 paper. - Volume 63 Issue 3
• Beezley, W. H. (2006).

  Porfirio Díaz: Profiles in Power

  . Americas, 86(2), 391-392. doi:10.1215/00182168-2005-031
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  Paul Garner has written an outstanding political assessment of the regime of Porfirio Díaz, who ruled Mexico from 1876 to 1911 (except for the Manuel González interval, 1880 – 84). This is the first English-language political biography since the 1932 journalistic narrative by Carleton Beals. To appreciate Garner’s accomplishment, readers should know the constraints imposed by the publisher: the book is one of a series entitled “Profiles of Power,” aimed at classroom readers. As a result, Garner had to focus generally on the politics of the individual and to limit his text to 230 pages. Neither of these factors do damage to the persuasive interpretation, but both leave ample room for a full-length biography of Díaz and additional cultural studies (especially of the rituals of Porfirian rule) of his government.Díaz remains an enigmatic ruler. Garner set out to evaluate this leader with two primary goals: to incorporate the historiography of the last half century and to evaluate this perpetual president on his terms, rather than as the cause for the epic 1910 revolution. In both cases, he succeeds. Although Garner does not discard the label of dictator, he demonstrates time and again how Díaz appeared more like a juggler riding a bicycle on a high wire than a dictator. Mexico remained a country with deeply divided regions, often governed by largely independent satraps (caciques), with powerful social groupings hardly constrained by the political regime, decades-long economic difficulties, and a Mexico City elite of contentious, ambitious men jockeying for power. Yet, Díaz made it work, and Garner does a good job of explaining how and why. This requires an examination of powerful institutions and groups, their leaders and goals. Garner accomplishes this with short essays, for example, on the church, the military, and the hacendados during the Porfiriato. These insightful, pithy sections bring together the latest historiography and explain each institution’s importance during the period of the regime. The discussion of the church shows that Díaz reached an accommodation with the clergy deeply influenced by Catholic social action, and the section on the military reveals an institution much less professional and more poorly equipped than usually assumed.Especially thought-provoking is Garner’s discussion of liberalism; he brings together Charles Hale’s outstanding intellectual history of liberalism and the emerging studies of popular liberalism by Guy Thompson and Alan Knight, among others, as it developed from militia service. One irrefutable conclusion on Díaz is the same conclusion for liberalism in Mexico: that neither he nor the political philosophy could resolve the constitutional endorsement of individual freedoms and the need for a powerful regime to protect them. Said slightly differently, Garner shows that Díaz eventually became the proponent of social order over individual freedoms in order to achieve economic growth for this country.In the course of his narrative, Garner identifies, by either reference or allusion, studies that need to be done for a more complete understanding of the regime. These begin with a necessary assessment of the countryside that does not start with Zapata and work backward from the revolution or that begins with assumptions about agricultural underdevelopment. This investigation, of course, will have to evaluate the effects of the Ley Lerdo on land-tenure patterns. Another pertinent and badly needed study should examine foreign relations between Mexico and the outside world, evaluating the foreign relations between governments, the economic issues of debts and investments, and the cultural aspects of the transnational experience. And, as a final example, two critical individuals need to be investigated, both for their relationships with Díaz and for their actions during the regime: Ignacio Mariscal, the minister of foreign relations from 1880 until 1911, and Bernardo Reyes, whom Díaz saw as his most potential rival in the last two decades of the regime.This is an outstanding book, and two criticisms do not diminish its overall value. First, the case is made that this was no dictatorship, but rather an authoritarian regime. Garner hints that this was due, to some extent, to Díaz’s military experience. This is a topic that needs evaluation. Describing the regime of a general officer, ruling over a collection of former subordinates, requires a discussion of the habit of command that goes beyond political deference. Moreover, these veterans, who shared wartime camaraderie from the French intervention and a vision of Mexico, nearly all died in the 1880s, so that there is a major generation change in the 1890s that deserves analysis. Second, there is one issue of language. Garner writes clear, enjoyable prose, with only the occasional lapse into “post” this or that. What does “post” mean, for example, in regard to independence? This should be the first word excised by copy editors. These points not withstanding, this is an excellent book that will shape the historiography for many years.
• Beezley, W. H. (2005).

  La senda del Malbec: la cepa emblemática de Argentina

  . Universum (talca), 20(2), 288-297. doi:10.4067/s0718-23762005000200015
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  Los vinos producidos de la uva Malbec han llegado a ser emblematicos de la industria vitivinicola de la Argentina. Los viticultores argentinos, especialmente Nicolas Catena Zapata en Mendoza, desarrollaron el mercado global para los vinos Malbec, y el exito tuvo como resultado que las industrias vinicolas en los otros paises hayan adoptado la estrategia de tener un vino emblematico nacional. Los viticultores chilenos, por ejemplo, han tenido notable exito con el vino Carmenere. La uva Malbec tiene un origen frances, y sigue como la uva y el vino mas importante en la ciudad de Cahors. Las uvas Malbec fueron exportadas al area de Crimea y la Argentina, y ayudaron a crear industrias viticultoras importantes alli. Hoy, la uva Malbec se usa para producir vinos en todas partes del mundo enologico, incluyendo Chile, California, Australia, y Sudafrica, pero sigue como la uva emblematica de Argentina.
• Beezley, W. H. (2004).

  Claudia Agostoni and Elisa Speckman (eds.), Modernidad, tradición y alteridad: la Ciudad de México en el cambio de siglo (XIX–XX) (México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 2001), pp. 340, pb.

  . Journal of Latin American Studies, 36(3), 621-622. doi:10.1017/s0022216x04428089
• Beezley, W. H., & Meyer, M. C. (2001).

  The Oxford history of Mexico

  . Choice Reviews Online. doi:10.5860/choice.38-3478
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  The tenth anniversary edition of The Oxford History of Mexico tells the fascinating story of Mexico as it has evolved from the reign of the Aztecs through the twenty-first century. Available for the first time in paperback, this magnificent volume covers the nation's history in a series of essays written by an international team of scholars. Essays have been revised to reflect events of the past decade, recent discoveries, and the newest advances in scholarship, while a new introduction discusses such issues as immigration from Mexico to the United States and the democratization implied by the defeat of the official party in the 2000 and 2006 presidential elections. Newly released to commemorate the bicentennial of the Mexican War of Independence and the centennial of the Mexican Revolution, this updated and redesigned volume offers an affordable, accessible, and compelling account of Mexico through the ages.
• Foster, D. W., Beezley, W. H., & Curcio-nagy, L. A. (2001).

  Latin American Popular Culture

  . Hispania, 84(3), 473. doi:10.2307/3657791
• Beezley, W. H., & Ewell, J. (1998).

  The Human tradition in modern Latin America

  . Choice Reviews Online. doi:10.5860/choice.35-3475
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  Chapter 1 Introduction Part 2 I The Independence Generations: Between Colony and Republic, 1780-1830 Chapter 3 Agustin Marroquin: The Sociopath as Rebel Chapter 4 Maria Antonia Muniz: Frontier Matriarch Part 5 II The First Republican Generations: Between American Barbarism and European Civilization, 1825-1875 Chapter 6 Carlota Lucia de Brito: Women, Power, and Politics in Northeast Brazil Chapter 7 Rosa Dominga Ocampos: A Matter of Honor in Paraguay Part 8 III The Fin de Siecle Generations: The Tension between Decadence and Progress, 1870-1900 Chapter 9 Mexican Sartre on the Zocalo: Nicolas Zuniga y Miranda Chapter 10 Emilio and Gabriela Coni: Reformers, Public Health, and Working Women Chapter 11 Mandeponay: Chiriguano Indian Chief in the Franciscan Missions Part 12 IV New-Centurty Generations: Revolution and Change in the Cities and the Countryside, 1900-1920 Chapter 13 Juan Esquivel: Cotton Plantation Tenant Chapter 14 The Rough-and-Tumble Career of Pedro Crespo Chapter 15 Miguel Rostaing: Dodging Blows On and Off the Soccer Field Part 16 V Midcentury Generations, 1920-1959 Chapter 17 Pagu: Patricia Galvao - Rebel Chapter 18 Ofelia Dominguez Navarro: The Making of a Cuban Socialist Feminist Chapter 19 Ligia Parra John: The Blonde with the Revolver Chapter 20 Irma Muller Chapter 21 Maria Ferreira dos Santos Chapter 22 Leticia: A Nicaraguan Woman's Struggle Chapter 23 Index
• Goertzen, C., Beezly, W. H., Martin, C. E., French, W. E., & Beezley, W. H. (1996).

  Rituals of rule, rituals of resistance : public celebrations and popular culture in Mexico

  . Journal of American Folklore, 109(432), 200. doi:10.2307/541837
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  Chapter 1 Introduction: Constructing Consent, Inciting Conflict Chapter 2 Giants and Gypsies: Corpus Christi in Colonial Mexico City Chapter 3 Lewd Songs and Dances from the Streets of Eighteenth-Century New Spain Chapter 4 The Working Poor and the Eighteenth-Century Colonial State: Gender, Public Order, and Work Discipline Chapter 5 A World of Images: Cult, Ritual, and Society in Colonial Mexico City Chapter 6 Public Celebrations, Popular Culture, and labor Discipline in Eighteenth-Century Chihuahua Chapter 7 Policia y Buen Gobierno: Municipal Efforts to Regulate Public Behavior, 1821-1857 Chapter 8 Streetwise History: The Paseo de la Reforma and the Porfirian State, 1876-1910 Chapter 9 Proletarians, Politicos, and Patriarchs: The Use and Abuse of Cultural Customs in the Early Industrialization of Mexico City, 1880-1910 Chapter 10 The Porfirian Smart Set Anticipates Thorstein Veblen in Guadalajara Chapter 11 Progreso Forzado: Workers and the Inculcation of the Capitalist Work Ethic in the Parral Mining District Chapter 12 The Construction of the Patriotic Festival in Tecamachalco, Puebla, 1900-1946 Chapter 13 Popular Reactions to the Educational Reforms of Cardenismo Chapter 14 Burning Saints, Molding Minds: Iconoclasm, Civic Ritual, and the Failed Cultural Revolution Chapter 15 Misiones Culturales, Teatro Conasupo, and Teatro Comunidad: the Evolution of Rural Theater Chapter 16 The Ceremonial and Political Roles of Village Bands, 1846-1974 Chapter 17 Conclusion: The State as Vampire-Hegemonic Projects, Public Ritual, and Popular Culture in Mexico, 1600-1990
• Beezley, W. H., Blanchard, P., & Ewell, J. (1991).

  The Human Tradition in Latin America: The Nineteenth Century

  . Ethnohistory. doi:10.2307/482125
• Hart, J. M., & Beezley, W. H. (1991).

  Judas at the Jockey Club and Other Episodes of Porfirian Mexico

  . Journal of American Folklore, 104(412), 217. doi:10.2307/541240
• Sweet, D. G., Beezley, W. H., & Ewell, J. (1990).

  The Human tradition in Latin America : the twentieth century

  . The American Historical Review, 95(4), 1333. doi:10.2307/2163747
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  Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Juan Francisco Lucas: Patriarch of the Sierra Norte de Puebla Chapter 3 Miguel Rostaing: Dodging Blows on and off the Soccer Field Chapter 4 The Rough-and-Tumble Career of Pedro Crespo Chapter 5 Marmaduke Grove Chapter 6 Juan Esquivel: Cotton Plantation Tenant Chapter 7 Angel Santana Suarez: Cuban Sugar Worker Chapter 8 Cristobal Arancibia: The Life of a Bolivian Peasant during the Chaco War, 1932-35 Chapter 9 Pagu: Patricia Galvao-Rebel Chapter 10 Ofelia Dominguez Navarro: The Making of a Cuban Socialist Feminist Chapter 11 George Westerman: A Barbadian Descendant in Panama Chapter 12 Ligia Parra Jahn: The Blonde with the Revolver Chapter 13 Carlos Gardel and the Tango Chapter 14 Tomasa Munoz de Leon: From Precarista to Cooperativista Chapter 15 Soledad Fuente Chapter 16 Irma Muller Chapter 17 Dona Sara and Dona Juana: Two Bolivian Weavers Chapter 18 Leoncio Veguilla Chapter 19 Maria Ferreira dos Santos Chapter 20 Leticia: A Nicaraguan Woman's Struggle Chapter 21 Majito and Carlos Alberto: The Gamin Legacy Chapter 22 Ivonne Rivero: Urban Squatter Chapter 23 Suggestions for Additional Reading Chapter 24 Index
• Beezley, W. H., & Deaton, D. F. (1989).

  Judas at the Jockey Club and Other Episodes of Porfirian Mexico

  . Ethnohistory, 36(3), 341. doi:10.2307/482695
• Blanchard, P., Beezley, W. H., & Ewell, J. (1989).

  The Human Tradition in Latin America: The Twentieth Century

  . Bulletin of Latin American Research, 8(1), 126. doi:10.2307/3338900
• Martin, G., Raat, W. D., & Beezley, W. H. (1988).

  Twentieth-century Mexico

  . Bulletin of Latin American Research, 7(2), 339. doi:10.2307/3338301
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  The Mexican revolution began in 1910 with high hopes and a multitude of spokesmen clamoring for a better life for ordinary Mexicans. This anthology examines how the revolution brought change and often progress. Women, the landless, the poor, the country folk are among those receiving consideration in the twenty-seven readings, which range from political and economic to social and intellectual history. About half of the selections are previously unpublished. Combining the best new scholarship by modern historians; outstanding work by distinguished Mexicanists of the past; excerpts from mexico's finest fiction, poetry, and commentary; reminiscence; cartoons and illustrations, Twentieth-Century Mexico brilliantly illuminates the Mexican experience from Porfirio Diaz to petrodollars. The concluding chapter ties together the strands of twentieth-century Mexican culture to help U.S. readers understand not only Mexico's present situation but also its relations with the Colossus of the North. Like its predecessor, Mexico: From Independence to Revolution (UNP, 1982), this book includes suggestions for further reading and an index.
• Beezley, W. H. (1984).

  Book Reviews : The Great Savannah Races by Julian K. Quattlebaum. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1983. 132 pp. Hardcover, $19.95

  . Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 8(2), 50-51. doi:10.1177/019372358400800209
• Beezley, W. H. (1983).

  David C. Bailey (1930-82)

  . Americas, 63(3), 591-592. doi:10.1215/00182168-63.3.591
• Beezley, W. H. (1983).

  El estilo porfiriano : deportes y diversiones de fin de siglo

  . Historia Mexicana, 33(2), 265-284.
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  Entre 1888 y 1905, especialmente en el decenio de 1890, la dictadura porfiriana se encuentra en su apogeo. Hacia 1888 D?az hab?a puesto en orden su gobierno. El ?xito de los esfuerzos de su r?gimen se ve?a por todas partes en los ?ltimos diez a?os del siglo: el ej?rcito, apoyado por la caballer?a de los Estados Unidos, hab?a conseguido dominar la amenaza apache; los rurales daban fin al bandolerismo; el ferrocarril comunicaba todo el pa?s; el tel?grafo llegaba a todas partes. La inversi?n extranjera corri? a M?xico, porque, casi con segu ridad, era el pa?s en turno camino a la modernizaci?n, que ofrec?a ganancias inmediatas a quien tuviera audacia suficiente para invertir. Los porfiristas un?an todo con una laxa ideo log?a a base de positivismo compteano con toques de cato licismo o anticlericalismo, de indianismo o anti-indianismo y con dosis m?s o menos grandes, m?s o menos peque?as de
• Beezley, W. H. (1981).

  La historia y la acción: La revolución y el desarrollo político de México

  . Americas, 61(3), 532-533. doi:10.1215/00182168-61.3.532
• Beezley, W. H. (1981).

  The Mexican Centaur: An Intimate Biography of Pancho Villa

  . Americas, 61(4), 793-793. doi:10.1215/00182168-61.4.793
• Bailey, D. C., Beezley, W. H., Brown, L. C., Katz, F., & Richmond, D. W. (1979).

  Essays on the Mexican Revolution

  . anthology, 1-54.
• Beezley, W. H. (1979).

  The Paradox of Pancho Villa

  . Americas, 59(3), 578-578. doi:10.1215/00182168-59.3.578
• Beezley, W. H. (1978).

  A Concise History of Mexico from Hidalgo to Cárdenas, 1805-1940 . By Jan Bazant. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977. Pp. x, 222. Statistical Tables. Notes. Index. $14.95.)

  . Americas, 35(01), 145-146. doi:10.2307/980939
• Beezley, W. H. (1978).

  Los campesinos de la tierra de Zapata. Vol. II: Subsistencia y explotación

  . Americas, 58(1), 169-169. doi:10.1215/00182168-58.1.169a
• Beezley, W. H. (1977).

  La cristiada. Three volumes: La guerra de los cristeros, El conflicto entre la iglesia y el estado, 1926–1929, and Los cristeros. By Jean Meyer. Spanish translation by Aurelio Garzón del Camino. (Mexico: Siglo Venituno Editories, 1974. Pp. 409, 411, & 328. Notes. Tables. No price.)

  . Americas, 33(3), 558-559. doi:10.2307/980967
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  La cristiada. Three volumes: La guerra de los cristeros, El conflicto entre la iglesia y el estado, 1926–1929, and Los cristeros. By Jean Meyer. Spanish translation by Aurelio Garzón del Camino. (Mexico: Siglo Venituno Editories, 1974. Pp. 409, 411, & 328. Notes. Tables. No price.) - Volume 33 Issue 3
• Beezley, W. H. (1976).

  Governor Carranza and the Revolution in Coahuila

  . Americas, 33(1), 50-61. doi:10.2307/979986
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  T'S EASIER to make a revolution, than it is to make a revolution work," Fidel Castro once told a packed audience listening to him discuss the progress of Cuba. His remark, made with characteristic candor, expressed the challenge that confronts all rebels who manage to achieve power. For the Anti-reelectionists in Mexico, the revolution had been made in the victory over federal troops at Ciudad Juirez in May, 1911. It then fell to Francisco Madero to direct the program that would make it work. He intended to justify the violent overthrow of the porfirian dictatorship by invigorating Mexican politics as a means to restore democratic government and to establish the mechanism for responsive reform of the economy and society. The critical element in his proposal was the redemption of the authority of the state governors, to whom he delegated the responsibility and the opportunity to reconstruct Mexico. This policy represented no casual abdication of authority, but a carefully devised scheme of decentralization. Madero's opposition to highly-centralized government resulted from his birthright as a son of remote Coahuila, the native state of Mexico federalism,' his political convictions, including an abiding faith in the confederated government posited in the 1857 Constitution,2 and his philosophic precepts, based on the ideals of Karl Christian Friedrich Krause and a reaction to
• Beezley, W. H., Melgarejo, R. R., Mendez, S. L., Resendiz, L. H., & Taracena, A. (1976).

  Zapata: Fantasia y realidad.@@@Los campesinos de la tierra de Zapata, I.

  . Americas, 56(4), 659-660. doi:10.1215/00182168-56.4.659
• Bailey, D. C., & Beezley, W. H. (1975).

  San Esteban Parish, Saltillo, Coahuila

  . Americas, 32(1), 145-146. doi:10.2307/980407
• Beezley, W. H. (1975).

  Psychology of the Mexican Culture and Personality . By R. Díaz Guerrero. (Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1975. Pp. xxi, 171. Bibliography. Index. $10.95.)

  . Americas, 32(01), 166-167. doi:10.2307/980416
• Beezley, W. H. (1975).

  Sonoran Strongman: lgnacio Pesqueira and his Times . By Rodolfo Acuña. (Tucson: The University of Arizona Press, 1974. Pp. 179. Bibliography. Notes. Index. $10.50, cloth; $4.50, paper.)

  . Americas, 31(03), 383-384. doi:10.2307/979889
• Beezley, W. H. (1974).

  Insurgent Governor: Abraham Gonzalez and the Mexican Revolution in Chihuahua.

  . Hahr-hispanic American Historical Review. doi:10.2307/2512952
• Beezley, W. H. (1974).

  Mexican Revolution. By Charles C. Cumberland. (Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1972. Pp. xix, 449. Epilogue. Index. Illustrations. Map. $10.)

  . Americas, 30(03), 420-421. doi:10.2307/980373
• Beezley, W. H. (1973).

  Research Possibilities in the Mexican Revolution: The Governorship

  . Americas, 29(3), 308-313. doi:10.2307/980055
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  In the era of the Mexican Revolution, research opportunities on the sub-national level are numerous and varied, although not completely untested. In recent monographs and dissertations, historians have examined the revolution in a few states, leading regional figures, the workings of national reform commissions in selected localities and hinted at the conflict of provincial interests that provoked violence in the name of opposition to national programs. Each of these themes needs further, more systematic evaluation. Still wanting are studies of local demographic changes and concomitant political and economic adjustments accompanying the revolution, of the appropriation of state and local administration, and of the local issues that confused reform programs such as land reapportionment and educational missions. Professor James W. Wilkie has made important national studies of efforts to implement revolutionary programs and to evaluate statistically the church-state question. Both of these themes should be assayed through case studies of states or somewhat larger regions. But rather than cataloging research possibilities, this paper concentrates on one sub-national topic: the state governors.
• Beezley, W. H. (1970).

  State Reform during the Provisional Presidency: Chihuahua, 1911

  . Americas, 50(3), 524-537. doi:10.1215/00182168-50.3.524
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  rTI HE ANTI-REEELECTIONIST movement of Francisco I. Madero won political power in 1911 by defeating the dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz in the first of a series of rebellions and civil wars collectively known as the Mexican Revolution. Beyond seizing national authority, Madero's achievements were limited. After his victory he turned over political authority to a caretaker government until national presidential elections could be held which would give him a constitutional basis for power. This decision handicapped the accomplishment of his modest political reforms. During the interim presidency of Francisco Leon de la Barra Madero 's revolutionary movement began to come apart, while the previous Porfirian bureaucracy remained unchallenged. Upon assuming the presidency Madero was unable to cope with conservative hostility and revolutionary disaffection, which finally brought about the collapse of his government and his assassination in February 1913. Lack of perspicacity and unpolitic decisions characterized his national administration. But while national developments may account for his failure, they tend to obscure the dynamics of the Madero Revolution. By reasserting the federalist structure of the Constitution of 1857 and temporarily withdrawing from national authority, Madero provided an opportunity for state administrations to initiate reform programs during the provisional presidency. As a case study, the gubernatorial regime in Chihuahua illustrates the dramatic developments of the revolutionary movement in one state from the resignation of Porfirio Diaz until the inauguration of Madero as president. In November 1911 Madero appointed Abraham Gonzalez provisional goovernor of his native state.' Gonzalez had been an