Chi Zhou

Interests

Research

Pregnancy Complications, Placental Biology, Fetal Endothelial Function, Sexual Dimorphisms of Fetal Endothelial/Vascular Programming, Preeclampsia, Obesity

Teaching

Reproductive Physiology

Courses

Scholarly Contributions

Books

• Zhou, C. (2017). Hypoxia and Human Diseases.

Journals/Publications

• Zhao, Y., Zhou, C., Zhang, S., Mishra, J., Li, H., Lei, W., Wang, K., Kumar, S., & Zheng, J. (2024). An endogenous aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand induces preeclampsia-like phenotypes in rats. Journal of Physiology. doi:10.1113/JP287503
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  Abstract: Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder during human pregnancy. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor. Exogenous and endogenous AhR ligands can induce hypertension in male rats and mice. Herein, using rats as a model, we tested the hypothesis that over-regulation of endogenous AhR ligands during pregnancy impairs vascular functions by disrupting the transcriptome in the placenta, contributing to the development of PE. Pregnant rats were injected daily with an endogenous AhR ligand, 2-(1′H-indole-3′-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (ITE), from gestational day (GD) 10 to 19. Maternal mean blood pressure was measured on GD16–20. Proteinuria and uteroplacental blood flow were monitored on GD20. Placentas collected on GD20 were used to determine changes in vascular density and transcriptome. Compared with the vehicle control, ITE elevated maternal mean blood pressure by 22% and 16% on GD16 and 17, respectively. ITE increased proteinuria by 50% and decreased uteroplacental blood flow by 26%. ITE reduced the placental vascular density by 18%. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that ITE induced 1316 and 2020 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in female and male placentas, respectively. These DEGs were enriched in pathways relevant to heart diseases, vascular functions and inflammation. Bioinformatics analysis also predicted that ITE altered immune cell infiltration in placentas depending on fetal sex. These data suggest that over-regulation of endogenous AhR ligands may lead to PE with impaired vascular functions and disrupted fetal sex-specific transcriptomes and immune cell infiltration in placentas. These AhR ligand-induced DEGs and pathways may represent promising therapeutic targets for PE-induced cardiovascular dysfunctions. (Figure presented.). Key points: An endogenous AhR ligand (ITE) elevated maternal blood pressure and proteinuria in pregnant rats, and decreased uteroplacental blood flow and fetal and placental growth, all of which are hallmarks of preeclampsia. ITE reduced vascular density and altered immune cell distribution in rat placentas. ITE dysregulated transcriptomes in rat placentas in a fetal sex-specific manner. These ITE-dysregulated genes and pathways are highly relevant to diseases of heart, vascular functions and inflammatory responses.
• Sisti, G., Rubin, G., Zhou, C., Orth, T., & Schiattarella, A. (2023). Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a predictor of pre-eclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 163(1), 63-74.
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  Protein neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has been associated with kidney injury and inflammatory conditions. In particular, several studies have found an association between maternal blood and urine levels and the development of pre-eclampsia.
• Yang, A., Senica, S., Pontifex, T., & Zhou, C. (2023). Abstract 12569: The Roles of microRNA in Preeclampsia Induced Fetal Sex-Specific Endothelial Dysfunction. Circulation, 148(Suppl_1). doi:10.1161/circ.148.suppl_1.12569
• Zhao, Y. J., Zhou, C., Wei, Y. Y., Zhang, S. Y., Mishra, J. S., Li, H. H., Lei, W., Wang, K., Kumar, S., & Zheng, J. (2023). An Endogenous Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Ligand Induces Preeclampsia-like Phenotypes: Transcriptome, Phosphoproteome, and Cell Functions. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology.
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  Preeclampsia (PE) is one hypertensive disorder and a leading cause of maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity during human pregnancy. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor, which regulates vascular functions. Exogenous and endogenous AhR ligands can induce hypertension in animals. However, if dysregulation of endogenous AhR ligands contributes to the pathophysiology of PE remains elusive.
• Zhou, C., Freel, C., Mills, O., Yang, X. R., Yan, Q., & Zheng, J. (2023). MicroRNA-29 Differentially Mediates Preeclampsia-Dysregulated Cellular Responses to Cytokines in Female and Male Fetal Endothelial Cells. bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology.
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  Preeclampsia (PE) differentially impairs female and male fetal endothelial cell function which is associated with the increased risks of adult-onset cardiovascular disorders in children born to mothers with PE. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly defined. We that dysregulation of microRNA-29a-3p and 29c-3p (miR-29a/c-3p) in PE disturbs gene expression and cellular responses to cytokines in fetal endothelial cells in a fetal sex-dependent manner.
• Zhou, C., Freel, C., Mills, O., Yang, X. R., Yan, Q., & Zheng, J. (2023). MicroRNA-29 differentially mediates preeclampsia-dysregulated cellular responses to cytokines in female and male fetal endothelial cells. The Journal of physiology, 601(16), 3631-3645.
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  Preeclampsia (PE) differentially impairs female and male fetal endothelial cell function, which is associated with an increased risk of adult-onset cardiovascular disorders in children born to mothers with PE. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly defined. We hypothesize that dysregulation of microRNA-29a-3p and 29c-3p (miR-29a/c-3p) in PE disturbs gene expression and cellular responses to cytokines in fetal endothelial cells in a fetal sex-dependent manner. RT-qPCR analysis of miR-29a/c-3p was performed on female and male unpassaged (P0) human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from normotensive (NT) pregnancies and PE. Bioinformatic analysis of an RNA-seq dataset was performed to identify PE-dysregulated miR-29a/c-3p target genes in female and male P0-HUVECs. Gain- and loss-of-function assays were conducted to determine the effects of miR-29a/c-3p on endothelial monolayer integrity and proliferation in response to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) in NT and PE HUVECs at passage 1. We observed that PE downregulated miR-29a/c-3p in male and female P0-HUVECs. PE dysregulated significantly more miR-29a/c-3p target genes in female vs. male P0-HUVECs. Many of these PE-differentially dysregulated miR-29a/c-3p target genes are associated with critical cardiovascular diseases and endothelial function. We further demonstrated that miR-29a/c-3p knockdown specifically recovered the PE-abolished TGFβ1-induced strengthening of endothelial monolayer integrity in female HUVECs, while miR-29a/c-3p overexpression specifically enhanced the TNFα-promoted cell proliferation in male PE HUVECs. In conclusion, PE downregulates miR-29a/c-3p expression and differentially dysregulates miR-29a/c-3p target genes associated with cardiovascular diseases and endothelial function in female and male fetal endothelial cells, possibly contributing to the fetal sex-specific endothelial dysfunction observed in PE. KEY POINTS: Preeclampsia differentially impairs female and male fetal endothelial cell function in responses to cytokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are elevated in maternal circulation during pregnancy in preeclampsia. MicroRNAs are critical regulators of endothelial cell function during pregnancy. We have previously reported that preeclampsia downregulated microRNA-29a-3p and 29c-3p (miR-29a/c-3p) in primary fetal endothelial cells. However, it is unknown if PE differentially dysregulates the expression of miR-29a/c-3p in female and male fetal endothelial cells. We show that preeclampsia downregulates miR-29a/c-3p in male and female HUVECs and preeclampsia dysregulates cardiovascular disease- and endothelial function-associated miR-29a/c-3p target genes in HUVECs in a fetal sex-specific manner. MiR-29a/c-3p differentially mediate cell responses to cytokines in female and male fetal endothelial cells from preeclampsia. We have revealed fetal sex-specific dysregulation of miR-29a/c-3p target genes in fetal endothelial cells from preeclampsia. This differential dysregulation may contribute to fetal sex-specific endothelial dysfunction in offspring born to preeclamptic mothers.
• Freel, C. I., Li, H., Liu, Y., Sai, L., Shu, Q., Wang, K., Zhao, Y., Zheng, J., & Zhou, C. (2022).

  Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Dysregulates the Expression of Long Noncoding RNAs in Placentas

  . Arthritis Res Ther.. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-657274/v1
• Li, H. H., Sai, L. T., Tian, S., Liu, Y., Freel, C. I., Wang, K., Zhou, C., Zheng, J., Shu, Q., & Zhao, Y. J. (2022). Sexual Dimorphisms of Protein-Coding Gene Profiles in Placentas From Women With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Frontiers in medicine, 9, 798907.
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  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may cause pathogenic changes in the placentas during human pregnancy, such as decreased placental weight, intraplacental hematoma, ischemic hypoxic change, placental infarction, and decidual vasculopathy, which contribute to high maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. Sex-specific adaptations of the fetus are associated with SLE pregnancies. The present study aimed to determine the transcriptomic profiles of female and male placentas from women with SLE.
• Zhao, Y. J., Zhou, C., Wei, Y. Y., Li, H. H., Lei, W., Boeldt, D. S., Wang, K., & Zheng, J. (2022). Differential Distribution of Tryptophan-Metabolites in Fetal and Maternal Circulations During Normotensive and Preeclamptic Pregnancies. Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.).
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  Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive pregnancy, which is a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality during pregnancy. L-Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid, which can be metabolized into various biologically active metabolites. However, the levels of many circulating Trp-metabolites in human normotensive pregnancies (NT) and PE are undetermined. This study quantified the levels of Trp-metabolites in maternal and umbilical vein sera from women with NT and PE. Paired maternal and umbilical blood samples were collected from singleton pregnant patients. Twenty-five Trp-metabolites were measured in serum samples using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The effects of L-kynurenine (Kyn) and indole-3-lactic acid (ILA), on function of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), were also determined. Twenty Trp-metabolites were detected. The levels of 9 Trp-metabolites including Kyn and ILA were higher (P 
• Li, Y., Zhou, C., Lei, W., Wang, K., & Zheng, J. (2020). Roles of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Endothelial Angiogenic Responses†. Biology of reproduction.
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  Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a transcription factor, which can be activated by a plethora of structure-diverse ligands. Historically, AhR is known for its involvements in regulation of metabolism of xenobiotics. However, normal physiological roles of AhR have been defined in other essential biological processes, including vascular growth and function, reproduction, and immunoresponses. In contrast, aberrant expression and activation of the AhR signaling pathway occur in a variety of human diseases, many of which (e.g., preeclampsia, atherosclerosis, and hypertension) could be associated with endothelial dysfunction. Indeed, emerging evidence has shown that either exogenous or endogenous AhR ligands can induce endothelial dysfunction in either an AhR dependent or independent manner, possibly reliant on the blood vessel origin (artery and vein) of endothelial cells. Given that the AhR signaling pathway has the broader impacts on endothelial and cardiovascular function, AhR ligands, AhR, and their downstream genes could be considered novel therapeutic targets for those endothelial related-diseases. This review will discuss the current knowledge of AhR's mediation on endothelial function and potential mechanisms underlying these actions with a focus on placental endothelial cells.
• Zhou, C., Zou, Q. Y., Jiang, Y. Z., & Zheng, J. (2020). Role of oxygen in fetoplacental endothelial responses: hypoxia, physiological normoxia, or hyperoxia?. American journal of physiology. Cell physiology, 318(5), C943-C953.
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  During pregnancy, placental vascular growth, which is essential for supporting the rapidly growing fetus, is associated with marked elevations in blood flow. These vascular changes take place under chronic physiological low O (less than 2-8% O in human; chronic physiological normoxia, CPN) throughout pregnancy. O level below CPN pertinent to the placenta results in placental hypoxia. Such hypoxia can cause severe endothelial dysfunction, which is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes (e.g., preeclampsia) and high risk of adult-onset cardiovascular diseases in children born to these pregnancy complications. However, our current knowledge about the mechanisms underlying fetoplacental endothelial function is derived primarily from cell models established under atmospheric O (~21% O at sea level, hyperoxia). Recent evidence has shown that fetoplacental endothelial cells cultured under CPN have distinct gene expression profiles and cellular responses compared with cells cultured under chronic hyperoxia. These data indicate the critical roles of CPN in programming fetal endothelial function and prompt us to re-examine the mechanisms governing fetoplacental endothelial function under CPN. Better understanding these mechanisms will facilitate us to develop preventive and therapeutic strategies for endothelial dysfunction-associated diseases (e.g., preeclampsia). This review will provide a brief summary on the impacts of CPN on endothelial function and its underlying mechanisms with a focus on fetoplacental endothelial cells.
• Zhou, C., Yan, Q., Zou, Q. Y., Zhong, X. Q., Tyler, C. T., Magness, R. R., Bird, I. M., & Zheng, J. (2019). Sexual Dimorphisms of Preeclampsia-Dysregulated Transcriptomic Profiles and Cell Function in Fetal Endothelial Cells. Hypertension, 74(1), 154-163.
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  Preeclampsia impairs fetoplacental vascular function and increases risks of adult-onset cardiovascular disorders in children born to preeclamptic mothers, implicating that preeclampsia programs fetal vasculature in utero. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We hypothesize that preeclampsia alters fetal endothelial gene expression and disturbs cytokines- and growth factors-induced endothelial responses. RNA sequencing analysis was performed on unpassaged human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) from normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies. Functional assays for endothelial monolayer integrity, proliferation, and migration were conducted on passage 1 HUVECs from normotensive and preeclamptic pregnancies. Compared with normotensive cells, 926 and 172 genes were dysregulated in unpassaged female and male HUVECs from preeclamptic pregnancies, respectively. Many of these preeclampsia-dysregulated genes are associated with cardiovascular diseases (eg, heart failure) and endothelial function (eg, cell migration, calcium signaling, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase signaling). TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-α-, TGF (transforming growth factor)-β1-, FGF (fibroblast growth factor)-2-, and VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor A)-regulated gene networks were differentially disrupted in unpassaged female and male HUVECs from preeclamptic pregnancies. Moreover, preeclampsia decreased endothelial monolayer integrity in responses to TNF-α in both female and male HUVECs. Preeclampsia decreased TGF-β1-strengthened monolayer integrity in female HUVECs, whereas it enhanced FGF-2-strengthened monolayer integrity in male HUVECs. Preeclampsia promoted TNF-α-, TGF-β1-, and VEGFA-induced cell proliferation in female, but not in male HUVECs. Preeclampsia inhibited TNF-α-induced cell migration in female HUVECs, but had an opposite effect on male HUVECs. In conclusion, preeclampsia differentially dysregulates cardiovascular diseases- and endothelial function-associated genes/pathways in female and male fetal endothelial cells in association with the sexual dimorphisms of preeclampsia-dysregulated fetal endothelial function.
• Zou, Q. Y., Zhao, Y. J., Zhou, C., Liu, A. X., Zhong, X. Q., Yan, Q., Li, Y., Yi, F. X., Bird, I. M., & Zheng, J. (2019). G Protein α Subunit 14 Mediates Fibroblast Growth Factor 2-Induced Cellular Responses in Human Endothelial Cells. Journal of cellular physiology, 234(7), 10184-10195.
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  During pregnancy, a tremendous increase in fetoplacental angiogenesis is associated with elevated blood flow. Aberrant fetoplacental vascular function may lead to pregnancy complications including pre-eclampsia. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) are crucial regulators of fetoplacental endothelial function. G protein α subunit 14 (GNA14), a member of Gαq/11 subfamily is involved in mediating hypertensive diseases and tumor vascularization. However, little is known about roles of GNA14 in mediating the FGF2- and VEGFA-induced fetoplacental endothelial function. Using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) cultured under physiological chronic low oxygen (3% O ) as a cell model, we show that transfecting cells with adenovirus carrying GNA14 complementary DNA (cDNA; Ad-GNA14) increases (p 
• Zou, Q. Y., Zhao, Y. J., Li, H., Wang, X. Z., Liu, A. X., Zhong, X. Q., Yan, Q., Li, Y., Zhou, C., & Zheng, J. (2018). GNA11 differentially mediates fibroblast growth factor 2- and vascular endothelial growth factor A-induced cellular responses in human fetoplacental endothelial cells. The Journal of physiology, 596(12), 2333-2344.
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  Fetoplacental vascular growth is critical to fetal growth. Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) are two major regulators of fetoplacental vascular growth. G protein α subunit 11 (GNA11) transmits signals from many external stimuli to the cellular interior and may mediate endothelial function. It is not known whether GNA11 mediates FGF2- and VEGFA-induced endothelial cell responses under physiological chronic low O . In the present study, we show that knockdown of GNA11 significantly decreases FGF2- and VEGFA-induced fetoplacental endothelial cell migration but not proliferation and permeability. Such decreases in endothelial migration are associated with increased phosphorylation of phospholipase C-β3. The results of the present study suggest differential roles of GNA11 with respect to mediating FGF2- and VEGFA-induced fetoplacental endothelial function.
• Li, Y., Wang, K., Zou, Q. Y., Jiang, Y. Z., Zhou, C., & Zheng, J. (2017). ITE Suppresses Angiogenic Responses in Human Artery and Vein Endothelial Cells: Differential Roles of AhR. Reproductive toxicology, 74, 181-188.
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  Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor is involved in regulation of many essential biological processes including vascular development and angiogenesis. 2-(1'H-indole-3'-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (ITE) is an AhR ligand, which regulates immune responses and cancer cell growth. However, the roles of the ITE/AhR pathway in mediating placental angiogenesis remains elusive. Here, we determined if ITE affected placental angiogenic responses via AhR in human umbilical vein (HUVECs) and artery endothelial (HUAECs) cells in vitro. We observed that ITE dose- and time-dependently inhibited proliferation and viability of HUAECs and HUVECs, whereas it inhibited migration of HUAECs, but not HUVECs. While AhR siRNA significantly suppressed AhR protein expression in HUVECs and HUAECs, it attenuated the ITE-inhibited angiogenic responses of HUAECs, but not HUVECs. Collectively, ITE suppressed angiogenic responses of HUAECs and HUVECs, dependent and independent of AhR, respectively. These data suggest that ITE may regulate placental angiogenesis.
• Pang, L. P., Li, Y., Zou, Q. Y., Zhou, C., Lei, W., Zheng, J., & Huang, S. A. (2017). ITE inhibits growth of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Experimental lung research, 43(8), 283-292.
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  Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a deadly disorder is associated with excessive growth of human pulmonary artery endothelial (HPAECs) and smooth muscle (HPASMCs) cells. Current therapies primarily aim at promoting vasodilation, which only ameliorates clinical symptoms without a cure. 2-(1'H-indole-3'-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (ITE) is an endogenous aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand, and mediates many cellular function including cell growth. However, the roles of ITE in human lung endothelial cells remain elusive. Herein, we tested a hypothesis that ITE inhibits growth of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells via AhR.
• Zhou, C., Zou, Q. Y., Li, H., Wang, R. F., Liu, A. X., Magness, R. R., & Zheng, J. (2017). Preeclampsia Downregulates MicroRNAs in Fetal Endothelial Cells: Roles of miR-29a/c-3p in Endothelial Function. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 102(9), 3470-3479.
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  Preeclampsia is a leading cause of fetal and maternal morbidity and mortality during pregnancy. Although the etiology of preeclampsia is unknown, preeclampsia offspring have increased risks of developing cardiovascular disorders in adulthood, implicating that preeclampsia programs fetal vasculature in utero.
• Li, Y., Wang, K., Zou, Q. Y., Zhou, C., Magness, R. R., & Zheng, J. (2015). A possible role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in spontaneous preterm birth. Medical hypotheses, 84(5), 494-7.
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  Preterm birth (PTB) is defined as birth before 37 weeks of gestation and is a leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. To date, the etiology of spontaneous PTB (sPTB) remains unclear; however, intrauterine bacterial infection-induced inflammation is considered to be one of the major triggers. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor. Upon activation, AhR signaling mediates many biological processes. AhR is abundantly expressed in human placentas, primarily in trophoblasts, and several fetal organs and tissues. The activation of AhR signaling can modulate inflammatory responses via promoting production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by the placenta and fetal membranes. These cytokines could enhance expression and/or activity of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) in human trophoblasts and amniotic epithelia, which in turn stimulate synthesis and release of prostaglandins (PGs; e.g., PGE2 and PGF2α). Given the discovery of a number of natural and endogenous AhR ligands in human, we hypothesize that in a subset of patients with high AhR expression in placentas and fetal membranes, repeated exposure to these AhR ligands hyperactivates AhR, inducing hyperactivation of the cytokines/COX2/PGs pathway, resulting in myometrial contractions, ultimately leading to sPTB. We further hypothesize that hyperactivation of this AhR pathway can induce sPTB either directly or in synergy with the bacterial infection. Proof of this hypothesis may provide a novel mechanism underlying sPTB.
• Li, Y., Zhao, Y. J., Zou, Q. Y., Zhang, K., Wu, Y. M., Zhou, C., Wang, K., & Zheng, J. (2015). Preeclampsia does not alter vascular growth and expression of CD31 and vascular endothelial cadherin in human placentas. The journal of histochemistry and cytochemistry : official journal of the Histochemistry Society, 63(1), 22-31.
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  Preeclampsia is characterized by maternal endothelial dysfunction (e.g., increased maternal vascular permeability caused by the disassembly of endothelial junction proteins). However, it is unclear if preeclampsia is associated with impaired vascular growth and expression of endothelial junction proteins in human placentas. Herein, we examined vascular growth in placentas from women with normal term (NT) and preeclamptic (PE) pregnancies using two endothelial junction proteins as endothelial markers: CD31 and vascular endothelial-cadherin (VE-Cad). We also compared protein and mRNA expression of CD31 and VE-Cad between NT and PE placentas, and determined the alternatively spliced expression of CD31 using PCR. We found that CD31 and VE-Cad were immunolocalized predominantly in villous endothelial cells. However, capillary number density (total capillary number per unit villous area) and capillary area density (total capillary lumen area per unit villous area) as well as CD31 and VE-Cad protein and mRNA levels were similar between NT and PE placentas. PCR in combination with sequence analysis revealed a single, full-length CD31, suggesting that there are no alternatively spliced isoform of CD31 expressed in placentas. These data indicate that preeclampsia does not significantly affect vascular growth or the expression of endothelial junction proteins in human placentas.
• Dyck, M. K., Zhou, C., Tsoi, S., Grant, J., Dixon, W. T., & Foxcroft, G. R. (2014). Reproductive technologies and the porcine embryonic transcriptome. Animal reproduction science, 149(1-2), 11-8.
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  The domestic pig is not only an economically-important livestock species, but also an increasingly recognized biomedical animal model due to its physiological similarities with humans. As a result, there is a strong interest in the factors that affect the efficient production of viable embryos and offspring in the pig using either in vivo or in vitro production methods. The application of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) has the potential to increase reproductive efficiency in livestock. These technologies include, but are not limited to: artificial insemination (AI), fixed-time AI, embryo transfer, cryopreservation of sperm/oocytes/embryos, in vitro fertilization and somatic cell nuclear transfer (cloning). However, the application of ART is much less efficient in the pig than in many other mammalian species such as cattle. Until recently, the underlying causes of these inefficiencies have been difficult to study, but advances in molecular biology techniques for studying gene expression have resulted in the availability of a variety of options for gene expression profiling such as microarrays, and next generation sequencing technologies. Capitalizing on these technologies the effects of various ARTs on the porcine embryonic transcriptome has been determined and the impact on the related biological pathways and functions been evaluated. The implications of these results on the efficiency of ARTs in swine, as well potential consequences for the developing embryo and resulting offspring, are reviewed.
• Zhou, C., Dobrinsky, J., Tsoi, S., Foxcroft, G. R., Dixon, W. T., Stothard, P., Verstegen, J., & Dyck, M. K. (2014). Characterization of the altered gene expression profile in early porcine embryos generated from parthenogenesis and somatic cell chromatin transfer. PloS one, 9(3), e91728.
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  The in vitro production of early porcine embryos is of particular scientific and economic interest. In general, embryos produced from in vitro Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) manipulations, such as somatic cell chromatin transfer (CT) and parthenogenetic activation (PA), are less developmentally competent than in vivo-derived embryos. The mechanisms underlying the deficiencies of embryos generated from PA and CT have not been completely understood. To characterize the altered genes and gene networks in embryos generated from CT and PA, comparative transcriptomic analyses of in vivo (IVV) expanded blastocysts (XB), IVV hatched blastocyst (HB), PA XB, PA HB, and CT HB were performed using a custom microarray platform enriched for genes expressed during early embryonic development. Differential expressions of 1492 and 103 genes were identified in PA and CT HB, respectively, in comparison with IVV HB. The "eIF2 signalling", "mitochondrial dysfunction", "regulation of eIF4 and p70S6K signalling", "protein ubiquitination", and "mTOR signalling" pathways were down-regulated in PA HB. Dysregulation of notch signalling-associated genes were observed in both PA and CT HB. TP53 was predicted to be activated in both PA and CT HB, as 136 and 23 regulation targets of TP53 showed significant differential expression in PA and CT HB, respectively, in comparison with IVV HB. In addition, dysregulations of several critical pluripotency, trophoblast development, and implantation-associated genes (NANOG, GATA2, KRT8, LGMN, and DPP4) were observed in PA HB during the blastocyst hatching process. The critical genes that were observed to be dysregulated in CT and PA embryos could be indicative of underlying developmental deficiencies of embryos produced from these technologies.
• Tsoi, S., Zhou, C., Grant, J. R., Pasternak, J. A., Dobrinsky, J., Rigault, P., Nieminen, J., Sirard, M. A., Robert, C., Foxcroft, G. R., & Dyck, M. K. (2012). Development of a porcine (Sus scofa) embryo-specific microarray: array annotation and validation. BMC genomics, 13, 370.
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  The domestic pig is an important livestock species and there is strong interest in the factors that affect the development of viable embryos and offspring in this species. A limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in early embryonic development has inhibited our ability to fully elucidate these factors. Next generation deep sequencing and microarray technologies are powerful tools for delineation of molecular pathways involved in the developing embryo.

Proceedings Publications

• Zhou, C., Tsoi, S., Dixon, W. T., Foxcroft, G. R., & Dyck, M. K. (2012). Stage-Specific Gene Expression Profile Differences During Early Porcine Embryonic Development.. In Biology of Reproduction, 87, 207-207.
• Zhou, C., Tsoi, S., Foxcroft, G. R., Dyck, M. K., & Dixon, W. T. (2011). Identification and Characterization of Novel Genes from Blastocyst-Stage Porcine Embryos Using 454 Sequencing.. In Biology of Reproduction, 85, 254-254.
• Zhou, C., Tsoi, S., Novak, S., Grant, J. R., Foxcroft, G. R., Dyck, M. K., & Dixon, W. T. (2010). Comparative Gene Expression Profiling of In Vivo-Derived Expanded and Hatched Porcine Blastocyst-Stage Embryos.. In Biology of Reproduction, 83, 248-248.