Jeannette Dee Hoit

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Books

• Hoit, J. D., & Weismer, G. (2020). Preclinical Speech Science Workbook (3rd edition). Plural Publishing.
• Hoit, J. D., Weismer, G., & Hixon, T. (2020). Preclinical speech science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, Perception (3rd edition). Plural Publishing.
• Hoit, J. D., & Weismer, G. (2018). Foundations of Speech and Hearing: Anatomy and Physiology. Plural Publishing.
• Hoit, J. D. (2014). Preclinical Speech Science Workbook (Second Edition). Plural Publishing.
• Hoit, J. D. (2014). Preclinical Speech Science: Anatomy, Physiology, Acoustics, Perception (Second Edition). Plural Publishing.
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  This revision of Preclinical Speech Science was completed by one other coauthor (Weismer) and me. My contribution was 50%.

Journals/Publications

• Britton, D., Pullen, E., Hoit, J. D., & Benditt, J. (2021). Effects of mouthpiece noninvasive ventilation on speech in men with muscular dystrophy – A pilot study. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology.
• Hoit, J. D., Lansing, R. W., Brown, V. P., & Nitido, H. (2021). Speaking dyspnea in Parkinson's disease: Preliminary findings. Journal of communication disorders, 88, 106050.
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  To determine if people with Parkinson's disease (PD) experience dyspnea (breathing discomfort) during speaking.
• Hoit, J. D., Lansing, R., Brown, V., & Nitido, H. (2021). Speaking dyspnea in Parkinson’s disease: Preliminary findings. Journal of Communication Disorders.
• Britton, D., Hoit, J. D., Benditt, J. O., Poon, J., Hansen, M., Baylor, C. R., & Yorkston, K. M. (2020). Swallowing with Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation (NPPV) in Individuals with Muscular Dystrophy: A Qualitative Analysis. Dysphagia, 35(1), 32-41.
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  The purpose of the study is to describe experiences of swallowing with two forms of noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV): mouthpiece NPPV (M-NPPV) and nasal bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP) in people with muscular dystrophy. Ten men (ages 22-42 years; M = 29.3; SD = 7.1) with muscular dystrophy (9 with Duchenne's; 1 with Becker's) completed the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10; Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 117(12):919-924 [33]) and took part in semi-structured interviews. The interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and verified. Phenomenological qualitative research methods were used to code (Dedoose.com) and develop themes. All participants affirmed dysphagia symptoms via responses on the EAT-10 (M = 11.3; SD = 6.38; Range = 3-22) and reported eating and drinking with M-NPPV and, to a lesser extent, nasal BPAP. Analysis of interview data revealed three primary themes: (1) M-NPPV improves the eating/drinking experience: Most indicated that using M-NPPV reduced swallowing-related dyspnea. (2) NPPV affects breathing-swallowing coordination: Participants described challenges and compensations in coordinating swallowing with ventilator-delivered inspirations, and that the time needed to chew solid foods between ventilator breaths may lead to dyspnea and fatigue. (3) M-NPPV aids cough effectiveness: Participants described improved cough strength following large M-NPPV delivered inspirations (with or without breath stacking). Although breathing-swallowing coordination is challenging with NPPV, participants reported that eating and drinking is more comfortable than when not using it. Overall, eating and drinking with NPPV delivered via a mouthpiece is preferred and is likely safer for swallowing than with nasal BPAP. M-NPPV (but not nasal BPAP) is reported to improve cough effectiveness, an important pulmonary defense in this population.
• Britton, D., Hoit, J. D., Pullen, E., Benditt, J. O., Baylor, C. R., & Yorkston, K. M. (2019). Experiences of Speaking With Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation: A Qualitative Investigation. American journal of speech-language pathology, 28(2S), 784-792.
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  Purpose The aim of this study was to describe experiences of speaking with 2 forms of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV)-mouthpiece NPPV (M-NPPV) and nasal bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP)-in people with neuromuscular disorders who depend on NPPV for survival. Method Twelve participants (ages 22-68 years; 10 men, 2 women) with neuromuscular disorders (9 Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 1 Becker muscular dystrophy, 1 postpolio syndrome, and 1 spinal cord injury) took part in semistructured interviews about their speech. All subjects used M-NPPV during the day, and all but 1 used BPAP at night for their ventilation needs. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and verified. A qualitative descriptive phenomenological approach was used to code and develop themes. Results Three major themes emerged from the interview data: (a) M-NPPV aids speaking (by increasing loudness, utterance duration, clarity, and speaking endurance), (b) M-NPPV interferes with the flow of speaking (due to the need to pause to take a breath, problems with mouthpiece placement, and difficulty in using speech recognition software), and (c) nasal BPAP interferes with speaking (by causing abnormal nasal resonance, muffled speech, mask discomfort, and difficulty in coordinating speaking with ventilator-delivered inspirations). Conclusion These qualitative data from chronic NPPV users suggest that both M-NPPV and nasal BPAP may interfere with speaking but that speech is usually better and speaking is usually easier with M-NPPV. These findings can be explained primarily by the nature of the 2 ventilator delivery systems and their interfaces.
• Bunton, K. E., & Hoit, J. D. (2018). Development of velopharyngeal closure for vocalization during the first two years of life. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research.
• Bunton, K., & Hoit, J. D. (2018). Development of Velopharyngeal Closure for Vocalization During the First 2 Years of Life. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR, 61(3), 549-560.
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  The vocalizations of young infants often sound nasalized, suggesting that the velopharynx is open during the 1st few months of life. Whereas acoustic and perceptual studies seemed to support the idea that the velopharynx closes for vocalization by about 4 months of age, an aeromechanical study contradicted this (Thom, Hoit, Hixon, & Smith, 2006). Thus, the current large-scale investigation was undertaken to determine when the velopharynx closes for speech production by following infants during their first 2 years of life.
• Britton, D., Hoit, J. D., & Benditt, J. O. (2017). Dysarthria of Spinal Cord Injury and Its Management. Seminars in speech and language, 38(3), 161-172.
• Britton, D., Benditt, J. O., & Hoit, J. D. (2016). Beyond Tracheostomy: Noninvasive Ventilation and Potential Positive Implications for Speaking and Swallowing. Seminars in speech and language, 37(3), 173-84.
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  For more than a decade, there has been a trend toward increased use of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) via mask or mouthpiece as a means to provide ventilatory support without the need for tracheostomy. All indications are that use of NPPV will continue to increase over the next decade and beyond. In this article, we review NPPV, describe two common forms of NPPV, and discuss the potential benefits and challenges of NPPV for speaking and swallowing based on the available literature, our collective clinical experience, and interviews with NPPV users. We also speculate on how future research may inform clinical practice on how to best maximize speaking and swallowing abilities in NPPV users over the next decade.
• Hoit, J. D., & Bennett, K. (2015). Nasal air leaks in trombone players. International Trombone Association Journal, 15-16.
• Bennett, K., & Hoit, J. D. (2013). Stress velopharyngeal incompetence in collegiate trombone players. Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 50(4), 388-393.
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  PMID: 22280014;Abstract: Objectives: Symptoms of stress velopharyngeal incompetence (SVPI) have been reported by many wind instrument players. The current study was designed to determine (1) if symptoms of SVPI were accompanied by aeromechanical signs of SVPI and (2) if signs of SVPI differed across musical tasks. Design: Participants were studied during a single recording session. Setting: The study was conducted in a university laboratory. Participants: Participants were 10 collegiate trombone players. They were separated into two groups: six who reported symptoms of SVPI and four who reported no symptoms. Main Outcome Measure: Nasal pressure recorded during trombone playing was used to determine velopharyngeal status (open or closed). Results: None of the participants exhibited an open velopharynx during trombone playing; however, all participants had positive nasal pressure (indicating an open velopharynx) immediately prior to sound onset on at least some of their breath groups. Two participants had positive nasal pressure prior to the vast majority of their productions and were given biofeedback and instruction to change this behavior. Conclusions: Symptoms of SVPI do not necessarily indicate the presence of a velopharyngeal- nasal leak during wind instrument playing but may reflect awareness of air leaks immediately prior to sound production. Pre-sound velopharyngeal-nasal air leaks may be amenable to behavioral modification by biofeedback and instruction. Nasal pressure measurement (using a nasal cannula) provides a simple, yet powerful, way to identify SVPI. © 2013 American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association.
• Hoit, J., Hoit, J. D., & Lester, R. A. (2014). Nasal and Oral Inspiration During Natural Speech Breathing. Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR.
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  The purpose of this study was to determine the typical pattern for inspiration during speech breathing in healthy adults, as well as the factors that might influence it.
• Lederle, A., Hoit, J. D., & Barkmeier-Kraemer, J. (2012). Effects of sequential swallowing on drive to breathe in Young, healthy adults. Dysphagia, 27(2), 221-227.
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  PMID: 21818616;Abstract: Sequential swallowing is the act of swallowing multiple times, without pausing. Because sequential swallowing requires breath-holding, it seems likely that it could increase the drive to breathe. This study was designed to determine if sequential swallowing is accompanied by an increased drive to breathe in young, healthy adults. We predicted that sequential swallowing would be accompanied by prolonged breath-holding in most cases, and that this would be followed by a recovery phase during which ventilation would increase for a brief period. Results showed that not only did healthy participants increase ventilation after sequential swallowing, they also experienced breathing discomfort (dyspnea) despite the fact that they usually continued to breathe during the swallowing sequence. Given that these effects are observable in young, healthy adults, it seems reasonable to assume that individuals with respiratory and/or neurological compromise would also have an increased drive to breathe during sequential swallowing. © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011.
• Bunton, K., Hoit, J. D., & Gallagher, K. (2011). A simple technique for determining velopharyngeal status during speech production. Seminars in Speech and Language, 32(1), 69-80.
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  PMID: 21491360;PMCID: PMC3957481;Abstract: Clinical evaluation of velopharyngeal function relies heavily on auditory perceptual judgments that can be supported by instrumental examination of the velopharyngeal valve. Many of the current instrumental techniques are difficult to interpret, expensive, and/or unavailable to clinicians. Proposed in this report is a minimally invasive and inexpensive approach to evaluating velopharyngeal function that has been used successfully in our laboratory for several potentially difficult-to-test clients. The technique is an aeromechanical approach that involves the sensing of nasal ram pressure (N-RamP), a local pressure sensed at the anterior nares, using a two-pronged nasal cannula. By monitoring the N-RamP signal, it is possible to determine the status of the velopharyngeal port (open or closed) during speech production. Four case examples are presented to support its clinical value. © 2011 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
• Hoit, J. D. (2011). In recognition of a hard clinical scientist. Seminars in Speech and Language, 32(1), 3-4.
• Hoit, J. D., Lansing, R. W., Dean, K., Yarkosky, M., & Lederle, A. (2011). Nature and evaluation of dyspnea in speaking and swallowing. Seminars in Speech and Language, 32(1), 5-20.
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  PMID: 21491355;Abstract: Dyspnea (breathing discomfort) is a serious and pervasive problem that can have a profound impact on quality of life. It can manifest in different qualities (air hunger, physical exertion, chest/lung tightness, and mental concentration, among others) and intensities (barely noticeable to intolerable) and can influence a person's emotional state (causing anxiety, fear, and frustration, among others). Dyspnea can make it difficult to perform daily activities, including speaking and swallowing. In fact, dyspnea can cause people to change the way they speak and swallow in their attempts to relieve their breathing discomfort; in extreme cases, it can even cause people to avoid speaking and eating/drinking. This article provides an overview of dyspnea in general, describes the effects of dyspnea on speaking and swallowing, includes data from two survey studies of speaking-related dyspnea and swallowing-related dyspnea, and outlines suggested protocols for evaluating dyspnea during speaking and swallowing. © 2011 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
• Hoit, J. D. (2010). The gift of speech . . . priceless. Respiratory Care, 55(12), 1760-1761.
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  PMID: 21122186;
• Lowell, S. Y., Barkmeier-Kraemer, J. M., Hoit, J. D., & Story, B. H. (2008). Erratum: Respiratory and laryngeal function during spontaneous speaking in teachers with voice disorders (Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research (2008), 51, 2, (333-349 10.1044/1092-4388(2008/025)).. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51(3), 814-.
• Lowell, S. Y., Barkmeier-Kraemer, J. M., Hoit, J. D., & Story, B. H. (2008). Respiratory and laryngeal function during spontaneous speaking in teachers with voice disorders. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51(2), 333-349.
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  PMID: 18367681;Abstract: Purpose: To determine if respiratory and laryngeal function during spontaneous speaking were different for teachers with voice disorders compared with teachers without voice problems. Method: Eighteen teachers, 9 with and 9 without voice disorders, were included in this study. Respiratory function was measured with magnetometry, and laryngeal function was measured with electroglottography during 3 spontaneous speaking tasks: a simulated teaching task at a typical loudness level, a simulated teaching task at an increased loudness level, and a conversational speaking task. Electroglottography measures were also obtained for 3 structured speaking tasks: a paragraph reading task, a sustained vowel, and a maximum phonation time vowel. Results: Teachers with voice disorders started and ended their breath groups at significantly smaller lung volumes than teacherswithout voice problems during teaching-related speaking tasks; however, there were no between-group differences in laryngeal measures. Task-related differences were found on several respiratory measures and on one laryngeal measure. Conclusions: These findings suggest that teachers with voice disorders used different speech breathing strategies than teachers without voice problems. Implications for clinical management of teachers with voice disorders are discussed. © American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
• Ludlow, C. L., Hoit, J., Kent, R., Ramig, L. O., Shrivastav, R., Strand, E., Yorkston, K., & Sapienza, C. M. (2008). Translating principles of neural plasticity into research on speech motor control recovery and rehabilitation. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51(1), S240-S258.
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  PMID: 18230849;PMCID: PMC2364711;Abstract: Purpose: To review the principles of neural plasticity and make recommendations for research on the neural bases for rehabilitation of neurogenic speech disorders. Method: A working group in speech motor control and disorders developed this report, which examines the potential relevance of basic research on the brain mechanisms involved in neural plasticity and discusses possible similarities and differences for application to speech motor control disorders. The possible involvement of neural plasticity in changes in speech production in normalcy, development, aging, and neurological diseases and disorders was considered. This report focuses on the appropriate use of functional and structural neuroimaging and the design of feasibility studies aimed at understanding how brain mechanisms are altered by environmental manipulations such as training and stimulation and how these changes might enhance the future development of rehabilitative methods for persons with speech motor control disorders. Conclusions: Increased collaboration with neuroscientists working in clinical research centers addressing human communication disorders might foster research in this area. It is hoped that this article will encourage future research on speech motor control disorders to address the principles of neural plasticity and their application for rehabilitation. © American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
• Hoit, J. D. (2007). Dialogos. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 16(1), 2-.
• Hoit, J. D. (2007). Fetching again. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 16(4), 288-.
• Hoit, J. D. (2007). On the level. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 16(3), 190-.
• Hoit, J. D. (2007). Salami science. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 16(2), 94-.
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  PMID: 17456887;
• Hoit, J. D., Lansing, R. W., & Perona, K. E. (2007). Speaking-related dyspnea in healthy adults. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50(2), 361-374.
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  PMID: 17463235;Abstract: Purpose: To reveal the qualities and intensity of speaking-related dyspnea in healthy adults under conditions of high ventilatory drive, in which the behavioral and metabolic control of breathing must compete. Method: Eleven adults read aloud while breathing different levels of inspired carbon dioxide (CO 2). After the highest level, participants provided unguided descriptions of their experiences and then selected descriptors from a list. On a subsequent day, participants read aloud while breathing high CO 2 as before, then rated air hunger, physical exertion, and mental effort (with definitions provided). Recordings were made of ventilation (with respiratory magnetometers), end-tidal partial pressure of CO 2, transcutaneous PCO 2, oxygen saturation, noninvasive blood pressure, heart rate, and the speech signal. Results: Unguided descriptions were found to reflect the qualities of air hunger, physical exertion (work), mental effort, and speech-related observations. As CO 2 stimulus strength increased, participants experienced increased perception of air hunger, physical exertion, and mental effort. Simultaneous increases were observed in ventilation, tidal volume, end-inspiratory and end-expiratory volumes, expiratory flow during speaking, nonlinguistic junctures, and nonspeech expirations. Conclusion: Two qualities of speaking-related dyspnea - air hunger and physical exertion - are the same as those reported for many other types of nonspeech dyspnea conditions and, therefore, may share the same physiological mechanisms. The mental effort quality associated with speaking-related dyspnea may reflect a conscious drive to balance speech requirements and ventilatory demands. These findings have implications for developing better ways to evaluate and manage clients with respiratory-based speech problems. © American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
• Hoit, J., Keintz, C. K., Bunton, K., & Hoit, J. D. (2007). Influence of visual information on the intelligibility of dysarthric speech. American journal of speech-language pathology / American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 16(3).
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  To examine the influence of visual information on speech intelligibility for a group of speakers with dysarthria associated with Parkinson's disease.
• Keintz, C. K., Bunton, K., & Hoit, J. D. (2007). Influence of visual information on the intelligibility of dysarthric speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 16(3), 222-234.
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  PMID: 17666548;Abstract: Purpose: To examine the influence of visual information on speech intelligibility for a group of speakers with dysarthria associated with Parkinson's disease. Method: Eight speakers with Parkinson's disease and dysarthria were recorded while they read sentences. Speakers performed a concurrent manual task to facilitate typical speech production. Twenty listeners (10 experienced and 10 inexperienced) transcribed sentences while watching and listening to videotapes of the speakers (auditory-visual mode) and while only listening to the speakers (auditory-only mode). Results: Significant main effects were found for both presentation mode and speaker. Auditory-visual scores were significantly higher than auditory-only scores for the 3 speakers with the lowest intelligibility scores. No significant difference was found between the 2 listener groups. Conclusions: The findings suggest that clinicians should consider both auditory-visual and auditory-only intelligibility measures in speakers with Parkinson's disease to determine the most effective strategies aimed at evaluation and treatment of speech intelligibility decrements. © American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
• Brown, R., DiMarco, A. F., Hoit, J. D., & Garshick, E. (2006). Respiratory dysfunction and management in spinal cord injury. Respiratory Care, 51(8), 853-868.
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  PMID: 16867197;PMCID: PMC2495152;Abstract: Respiratory dysfunction is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in spinal cord injury (SCI), which causes impairment of respiratory muscles, reduced vital capacity, ineffective cough, reduction in lung and chest wall compliance, and excess oxygen cost of breathing due to distortion of the respiratory system. Severely affected individuals may require assisted ventilation, which can cause problems with speech production. Appropriate candidates can sometimes be liberated from mechanical ventilation by phrenic-nerve pacing and pacing of the external intercostal muscles. Partial recovery of respiratory-muscle performance occurs spontaneously. The eventual vital capacity depends on the extent of spontaneous recovery, years since injury, smoking, a history of chest injury or surgery, and maximum inspiratory pressure. Also, respiratory-muscle training and abdominal binders improve performance of the respiratory muscles. For patients on long-term ventilation, speech production is difficult. Often, practitioners are reluctant to deflate the tracheostomy tube cuff to allow speech production. Yet cuff-deflation can be done safely. Standard ventilator settings produce poor speech quality. Recent studies demonstrated vast improvement with long inspiratory time and positive end-expiratory pressure. Abdominal binders improve speech quality in patients with phrenic-nerve pacers. Recent data show that the level and completeness of injury and older age at the time of injury may not be related directly to mortality in SCI, which suggests that the care of SCI has improved. The data indicate that independent predictors of all-cause mortality include diabetes mellitus, heart disease, cigarette smoking, and percent-of-predicted forced expiratory volume in the first second. An important clinical problem in SCI is weak cough, which causes retention of secretions during infections. Methods for secretion clearance include chest physical therapy, spontaneous cough, suctioning, cough assistance by forced compression of the abdomen ("quad cough"), and mechanical insufflation-exsufflation. Recently described but not yet available for general use is activation of the abdominal muscles via an epidural electrode placed at spinal cord level T9-L1. © 2006 Daedalus Enterprises.
• Farinella, K. A., Hixon, T. J., Hoit, J. D., Story, B. H., & Jones, P. A. (2006). Listener perception of respiratory-induced voice tremor. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 15(1), 72-84.
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  PMID: 16533094;Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the relation of respiratory oscillation to the perception of voice tremor. Method: Forced oscillation of the respiratory system was used to simulate variations in alveolar pressure such as are characteristic of voice tremor of respiratory origin. Five healthy men served as speakers, and 6 clinically experienced women served as listeners. Speakers produced utterances while forced sinusoidal pressure changes were applied to the surface of the respiratory system. Utterances included vowels and sentences produced using usual loudness, pitch, quality, and rate, and vowels produced using different loudness, pitch, and quality. Perceptual tasks included detection threshold for voice tremor and pair comparison judgments in which listeners identified the sample with the greater magnitude of voice tremor. Results: The mean detection threshold for voice tremor was 1.37 cmH2O (SD = 0.47) for vowel utterances and 2.16 cmH2O (SD = 1.52) for sentence utterances. Tremor magnitude was judged to be different for vowel and sentence utterances, but not for different vowels. Results revealed differential effects for loudness, pitch, and quality. Conclusions: These findings offer implications for the evaluation and management of voice tremor of respiratory causation. © American Speech-Language- Hearing Association.
• Hixon, T. J., & Hoit, J. D. (2006). A clinical method for the detection and quantification of quick respiratory hyperkinesia. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 15(1), 15-19.
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  PMID: 16533089;Abstract: Purpose: Quick respiratory hyperkinesia can be difficult to detect with the naked eye. A clinical method is described for the detection and quantification of quick respiratory hyperkinesia. Method: Flow at the airway opening is sensed during spontaneous apnea (rest), voluntary breath holding (postural fixation), and voluntary volume displacement (intentional movement). The method is designed to reveal quick respiratory hyperkinesia independent of the function of the larynx and/or upper airway. Theory underlying the method is discussed, and a protocol is offered for clinical use. Conclusions: This method may be useful to neurologists, pulmonologists, and speech-language pathologists. Because it depends on nonspeech observations, its application to speech and/or voice production must be inferred. © American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
• Hoit, J. D. (2006). An ASHA first. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 15(1), 2-.
• Hoit, J. D. (2006). Behind the seen. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 15(4), 305-.
• Hoit, J. D. (2006). Cross talking. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 15(2), 102-.
• Hoit, J. D. (2006). Cross talking.. American journal of speech-language pathology / American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 15(2), 102-.
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  PMID: 16782682;
• Hoit, J. D. (2006). Two-taled observations. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 15(3), 214-.
• Hoit, J., Hixon, T. J., & Hoit, J. D. (2006). A clinical method for the detection and quantification of quick respiratory hyperkinesia. American journal of speech-language pathology / American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 15(1).
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  Quick respiratory hyperkinesia can be difficult to detect with the naked eye. A clinical method is described for the detection and quantification of quick respiratory hyperkinesia.
• Thom, S. A., Hoit, J. D., Hixon, T. J., & Smith, A. E. (2006). Velopharyngeal function during vocalization in infants. Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 43(5), 539-546.
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  PMID: 16986991;Abstract: Objective: To determine the age at which infants achieve velopharyngeal closure during vocalization. Design: Longitudinal with repeated measures. Setting: Laboratory. Participants: Six healthy infants were studied monthly from ages 2 to 6 months while they interacted with a parent and an investigator. Main Outcome Measures: The presence or absence of velopharyngeal closure, as determined by sensing ram pressure at the anterior nares. Results: The velopharynx was open for windups, whimpers, and laughs, and It was closed for cries, screams, and raspberries, regardless of age. The frequency with which the velopharynx closed during syllable utterances increased significantly with age. Conclusions: Velopharyngeal closure for speech-like utterance increases with age, but is not complete and is still undergoing development at 6 months of age. Velopharyngeal closure during infancy may be influenced by pressure demands of the utterance; however, support for this speculation is stronger for other types of utterances than it is for speech-like utterances. The method used in this study holds promise for evaluating infants with suspected velopharyngeal impairment.
• Hoit, J. D. (2005). From the editor. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 14(1), 3-.
• Hoit, J. D. (2005). From the editor. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 14(2), 91-.
• Hoit, J. D. (2005). Who goes first?. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 14(4), 259-.
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  PMID: 16402476;
• Hoit, J. D. (2005). Write right. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 14(3), 171-.
• Hoit, J. D., & Banzett, R. B. (2003). Je peux parler!. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 167(2), 101-102.
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  PMID: 12524244;
• Hoit, J. D., Banzett, R. B., Lohmeier, H. L., Hixon, T. J., & Brown, R. (2003). Clinical Ventilator Adjustments That Improve Speech. Chest, 124(4), 1512-1521.
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  PMID: 14555587;Abstract: Study objectives: We sought to improve speech in tracheostomized individuals receiving positive-pressure ventilation. Such individuals often speak with short phrases, long pauses, and have problems with loudness and voice quality. Subjects: We studied 15 adults with spinal cord injuries or neuromuscular diseases receiving long-term ventilation. Interventions: The ventilator was adjusted using lengthened inspiratory time (TI), positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), and combinations thereof. Results: When TI was lengthened (by 8 to 35% of the ventilator cycle), speaking time increased by 19% and pause time decreased by 12%. When PEEP was added (5 to 10 cm H 2O), speaking time was 25% longer and obligatory pauses were 21% shorter. When lengthened TI and PEEP were combined (with or without reduced tidal volume), their effects were additive, increasing speaking time by 55% and decreasing pause time by 36%. The combined intervention improved speech timing, loudness, voice quality, and articulation. Individual differences in subject response to the interventions were substantial in some cases. We also tested high PEEP (15 cm H2O) in three subjects and found speech to be essentially identical to that produced with a one-way valve. Conclusions: These simple interventions markedly improve ventilator-supported speech and are safe, at least when used on a short-term basis. High PEEP is a safer alternative than a one-way valve.
• Bailey, E. F., & Hoit, J. D. (2002). Speaking and breathing in high respiratory drive. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45(1), 89-99.
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  PMID: 14748641;Abstract: Pulmonary ventilation during speech breathing reflects the sum of the airflow changes used to speak and to meet the metabolic needs of the body. Studying interactions between speaking and breathing may provide insights into the mechanisms of shared respiratory control. The purposes of this study were to determine if healthy subjects exhibit task-specific breathing behaviors in high respiratory drive and to document subjects' perceptions during breathing and speaking under these conditions. Ten men were studied in air and high CO2. Magnetometers were used to estimate lung volume, rib cage and abdomen volumes, minute volume, breathing frequency, tidal volume, inspiratory and expiratory duration, and inspiratory and expiratory flow. Subjects' perceptions were assessed informally. Results indicated that the chest wall kinematic behaviors associated with breathing and speaking in high drive were similar in pattern but differed in the magnitudes of lung volume and rib cage volume events and in inspiratory and expiratory flow. Linguistic influences remained strong, but not as strong as under normal conditions. All subjects reported a heightened sense of breathing-related discomfort during speaking as opposed to breathing in high respiratory drive. We conclude that in healthy subjects breathing behavior associated with speaking in high respiratory drive is guided continuously by shared linguistic and metabolic influences. A parallel-processing model is proposed to explain the behaviors observed.
• Hoit, J. D., Banzett, R. B., & Brown, R. (2002). Binding the abdomen can improve speech in men with phrenic nerve pacers. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 11(1), 71-76.
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  Abstract: Two men with high cervical spinal cord injuries and phrenic nerve pacers were studied with and without an elastic binder around the abdomen. Speech improved with the binder, as determined by listener preference ratings provided by 10 judges and by the subjects themselves. Improvement was substantial in one subject and slight in the other. The subject with the greater improvement exhibited higher peak tracheal pressure, higher sound pressure level, and longer utterance duration with the binder in place. Speech improvement was attributed primarily to augmentation of tidal volume associated with the use of the binder. An abdominal binder can be an effective intervention to improve speech in certain individuals with spinal cord injuries and phrenic nerve pacers. Speech may be further improved by using behavioral strategies, such as neck muscle activation, glossopharyngeal breathing, and pharyngeal or buccal speech production.
• Russell, B., Cerny, F., Stathopoulos, E., Hoit, J. D., & Lohmeier, H. L. (2002). Estimating blood P_CO2 during speaking: A postscript on Hoit and Lohmeier (2000) (multiple letters). Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45(6), 1134-1141.
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  PMID: 12546483;
• Hixon, T. J., & Hoit, J. D. (2000). Physical Examination of the Rib Cage Wall by the Speech-Language Pathologist. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 9(3), 179-196.
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  Abstract: A protocol is offered for use by the speechlanguage pathologist in conducting a physical examination of the rib cage wall. Structural and performance observations are used to reveal possible rib cage wall dysfunction. A worksheet is provided to guide the examiner. The present protocol, together with those presented in companion publications on the diaphragm (Hixon & Hoit, 1998) and the abdominal wall (Hixon & Hoit, 1999), provide the bases for a comprehensive physical examination of the status and function of the breathing apparatus by the speech-language pathologist.
• Hoit, J. D., & Lohmeier, H. L. (2000). Influence of Continuous Speaking on Ventilation. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 43(1-5), 1240-1251.
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  PMID: 11063244;Abstract: This study was conducted to explore the influence of speaking on ventilation. Twenty healthy young men were studied during periods of quiet breathing and prolonged speaking using noninvasive methods to measure chest wall surface motions and expired gas composition. Results indicated that all subjects ventilated more during speaking than during quiet breathing, usually by augmenting both tidal volume and breathing frequency. Ventilation did not change across repeated speaking trials. Quiet breathing was altered from its usual behavior following speaking, often for several minutes. Speaking-related increases in ventilation were found to be strongly correlated with lung volume expenditures per syllable. These findings have clinical implications for the respiratory care practitioner and the speech-language pathologist.
• Hixon, T. J., & Hoit, J. D. (1999). Physical Examination of the Abdominal Wall by the Speech-Language Pathologist. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 8(4), 335-346.
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  Abstract: A protocol is presented for use by the speech-language pathologist in conducting a physical examination of the abdominal wall. Structural and performance observations are used to reveal the nature and degree of possible abdominal wall dysfunction. A work-sheet is offered to guide the examiner.
• Hixon, T. J., & Hoit, J. D. (1998). Physical Examination of the Diaphragm by the Speech-Language Pathologist. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 7(4), 37-42.
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  Abstract: A protocol is presented for use by the speech-language pathologist in conducting a physical examination of the diaphragm. Five clusters of performance activities are used to reveal the nature and degree of possible diaphragm dysfunction. A worksheet is offered to guide the examiner.
• Shea, S. A., Hoit, J. D., & Banzett, R. B. (1998). Competition between gas exchange and speech production in ventilated subjects. Biological Psychology, 49(1-2), 9-27.
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  PMID: 9792482;Abstract: Competition between airflow requirements for speaking and gas exchange occurs in ventilator-dependent tracheotomized subjects who can 'steal' air from alveolar ventilation during the ventilator's inflation phase to produce sound. We wondered whether these subjects adopted strategies to minimize hypoventilation when speaking, particularly when ventilatory drive and respiratory discomfort are increased by hypercapnia. We recorded speech and ventilatory and speaking volumes in five ventilated subjects during reading and extemporaneous speech. All subjects spoke during the ventilator's inflation (and expiratory) phase, losing approximately 15% of their inspired tidal volume. During induced hypercapnia (15 mmHg increase in Pet(CO(2))) which caused shortness of breath, all subjects could still speak adequately. Two subjects 'adapted' to hypercapnia by reducing the air used for speaking during inflation. In contrast, one subject reacted, as normal subjects do, by increasing the airflow per syllable (a mal-adaptive strategy in ventilated subjects). These changes were modest despite the strong hypercapnic stimulus. Copyright (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.
• Hoit, J. D., & Banzett, R. B. (1997). Simple Adjustments Can Improve Ventilator-Supported Speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 6(1), 87-96.
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  Abstract: Six subjects who were tracheostomized and chronically ventilator-supported because of neuromuscular disease or injury were studied to determine if their speech could be improved. Using subjects' own portable ventilators, adjustments were made that reduced inspiratory flow and added positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). These adjustments resulted in increases in speaking time per ventilator cycle, increases in number of syllables produced per cycle, and decreases in peak tracheal pressure. Improvements in speech were perceptible to listeners in 3 of the 6 subjects. Listeners preferred speech produced under the ventilator-adjusted condition primarily because the quantity of speech produced per ventilator cycle increased, loudness fluctuation decreased, and voice quality improved. The only subject who showed no perceptible benefit from the adjustments had a substantial air leak around her tracheostomy tube. Importantly, gas exchange was not compromised in any of the subjects. We believe that adjustments such as prolonging inspiration and adding PEEP, when implemented in collaboration with appropriate health-care professionals, represent a simple, inexpensive, and safe intervention for improving speech in certain ventilator-supported individuals.
• Isaki, E., & Hoit, J. D. (1997). Ventilator-supported communication: A survey of speech-language pathologists. Journal of Medical Speech-Language Pathology, 5(4), 263-273.
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  Abstract: Questionnaires regarding ventilator-supported communication were sent to 150 speech-language pathologists in the United States. Fifty-seven questionnaires were completed and returned. Results indicated that respondents had had little or no graduate course-work in ventilator-supported communication; rather, the majority of their education and training had come from on-the-job experience and through continuing education opportunities. Respondents reported that the three most common speech and/or voice problems in ventilated patients were related to speech loudness, speech duration, and vocal quality. To enhance communication in their ventilator-supported patients, they used a wide variety of strategies and assistive devices. Finally, many respondents provided suggestions for future research in ventilator-supported communication.
• Hoit, J. D., & Shea, S. A. (1996). Speech Production and Speech with a Phrenic Nerve Pacer. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 5(2), 53-60.
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  Abstract: A phrenic nerve pacer is a neural prosthesis used by some individuals with ventilatory insufficiency. This report provides a description of the phrenic nerve pacer and contains a case study of a young man in whom speech production during phrenic nerve pacing was examined and contrasted to that during mechanical (positive-pressure) ventilation. Results revealed that the physical mechanisms used to produce speech and the resultant speech output differed under these two ventilatory conditions. Listener judgments indicated that speech produced with a phrenic nerve pacer was strongly preferred over that produced with a mechanical ventilator, primarily because it was more continuous and contained fewer and shorter pauses. This continuity was due, in part, to a conservation-of-air strategy employed by the speaker. These observations have important clinical implications for speech-language pathologists responsible for enhancing spoken communication skills in clients requiring ventilatory support.
• Hoit, J. D., Jenks, C. L., Watson, P. J., & Cleveland, T. F. (1996). Respiratory function during speaking and singing in professional country singers. Journal of Voice, 10(1), 39-49.
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  PMID: 8653177;Abstract: Respiratory function during speaking and singing was investigated in six male professional country singers. Function was studied using magnetometers to transduce anteroposterior diameter changes of the rib cage and abdomen while subjects performed various respiratory maneuvers, speaking activities, and singing activities. Results indicated that respiratory behavior during speaking was generally the same as that of other normal subjects. Respiratory behavior during singing resembled that of speaking. Discussion includes comparison of respiratory performance of present singers with untrained singers and classically trained singers. Implications are offered regarding how the results might be applied to the prevention of voice disorders by education and training of country singers.
• Mitchell, H. L., Hoit, J. D., & Watson, P. J. (1996). Cognitive-linguistic demands and speech breathing. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 39(1), 93-104.
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  PMID: 8820701;Abstract: This investigation examined the influence of cognitive-linguistic processing demands on speech breathing. Twenty women were studied during performance of two speaking tasks that were designed to differ in cognitive-linguistic planning requirements. Speech breathing was monitored with respiratory magnetometers from which recordings were made of the antero-posterior diameter changes of the rib cage and abdomen. Results indicated that speech breathing was similar across speaking conditions with respect to nearly all measures of lung volume, rib cage volume, and abdomen volume. Task-related differences were found for certain fluency-related measures. Specifically, the number of syllables produced per breath group was smaller, average speaking rate was slower, and average lung volume expended per syllable was greater under a higher cognitive-linguistic demand condition than under a lower-demand condition. These differences were explained by the fact that silent pauses, particularly those associated with expiration, were more prevalent and longer in duration under the higher-demand condition. It appears that the mechanical behavior of the breathing apparatus during speaking generally is unaffected by variations in cognitive-linguistic demands of the type investigated; however, fluency-related breathing behavior appears to be highly sensitive to such demands. © 1996, American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
• Hoit, J. D. (1995). Influence of body position on breathing and its implications for the evaluation and treatment of speech and voice disorders. Journal of Voice, 9(4), 341-347.
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  PMID: 8574300;Abstract: This paper examines how breathing differs in the upright and supine body positions. Passive and active forces and associated chest wall motions are described for resting tidal breathing and speech breathing performed in the two positions. Clinical implications are offered regarding evaluation and treatment of breathing behavior in clients with speech and voice disorders. © 1995 Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia.
• Hoit, J. D., Shea, S. A., & Banzett, R. B. (1994). Speech production during mechanical ventilation in tracheostomized individuals. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 37(1), 53-63.
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  PMID: 8170131;Abstract: This investigation provides the first detailed description of speech production during mechanical ventilation. Seven adults with tracheostomies served as subjects. Recordings were made of chest wall motions, neck muscle activity, tracheal pressure, air flow at the nose and mouth, estimated blood- gas levels, and the acoustic speech signal during performance of a variety of speech tasks. Results indicated that subjects spoke for short durations that spanned all phases of the ventilator cycle, altered laryngeal opposing pressures in response to the continually changing tracheal pressure wave, and expended relatively small volumes of gas for speech production. Speech was improved by making selected ventilator adjustments. Suggestions for clinical interventions are offered.
• Hoit, J. D., Watson, P. J., Hixon, K. E., McMahon, P., & Johnson, C. L. (1994). Age and velopharyngeal function during speech production. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 37(2), 295-302.
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  PMID: 8028310;Abstract: This investigation was designed to determine if velopharyngeal function during speech production, as reflected in measures of nasal air flow, differs with age in adults. Eighty subjects were studied, 40 women and 40 men, representing four age groups (20-30, 40-50, 60-70, and 80 + years). Results showed no age-related differences in nasal air flow. Sex-related differences in flow were found on productions of nasal consonants only. These findings do not support the suggestion of Hutchinson, Robinson, and Nerbonne (1978) that velopharyngeal function deteriorates with age.
• Hoit, J. D., Solomon, N. P., & Hixon, T. J. (1993). Effect of lung volume on voice onset time (VOT). Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36(3), 516-521.
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  PMID: 8331908;Abstract: This investigation was designed to test the hypothesis that voice onset time (VOT) varies as a function of lung volume. Recordings were made of five men as they repeated a phrase containing stressed /pi/ syllables, beginning at total lung capacity and ending at residual volume. VOT was found to be longer at high lung volumes and shorter at low lung volumes in most cases. This finding points out the need to take lung volume into account when using VOT as an index of laryngeal behavior in both healthy individuals and those with speech disorders.
• Hoit, J. D., & Hixon, T. J. (1992). Age and laryngeal airway resistance during vowel production in women. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35(2), 309-313.
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  PMID: 1573871;Abstract: An investigation was conducted to determine if laryngeal valving economy, as reflected in measures of laryngeal airway resistance during vowel production, differs with age in women. Seventy healthy women were studied, 10 each at age 25, 35, 45, 55, 65, 75, and 85 years. Results indicated that laryngeal airway resistance did not differ significantly with age, although it was noted that the 45-year-old women generally had lower laryngeal airway resistance values. This pattern of function differs from that observed in men (Melcon, Hoit, and Hixon, 1989). Discussion of findings includes consideration of factors that might influence laryngeal function during speech production in women. Clinical implications are offered.
• Stathopoulos, E. T., Hoit, J. D., Hixon, T. J., Watson, P. J., & Solomon, N. P. (1991). Respiratory and laryngeal function during whispering. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 34(4), 761-767.
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  PMID: 1956183;Abstract: Established procedures for making chest wall kinematic observations (Hoit and Hixon, 1987) and pressure-flow observations (Smitheran and Hixon, 1981) were used to study respiratory and laryngeal function during whispering and speaking in 10 healthy young adults. Results indicate that whispering involves generally lower lung volumes, lower tracheal pressures, higher translaryngeal flows, lower laryngeal airway resistances, and fewer syllables per breath group when compared to speaking. The use of lower lung volumes during whispering than speaking may reflect a means of achieving different tracheal pressure targets. Reductions in the number of syllables produced per breath group may be an adjustment to the high rate of air expenditure accompanying whispering compared to speaking. Performance of the normal subjects studied in this investigation does not resemble that of individuals with speech and voice disorders characterized by low resistive loads.
• Hoit, J. D., Banzett, R. B., Brown, R., & Loring, S. H. (1990). Speech breathing in individuals with cervical spinal cord injury. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 33(4), 798-807.
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  PMID: 2273892;Abstract: Ten men with cervical spinal cord injury were studied using magnetometers to record surface motions of the chest wall during speech breathing. Individual speech breathing patterns reflected inspiratory and expiratory muscular sparing. Subjects compensated for expiratory muscle impairment by speaking at large lung volumes, presumably to take advantage of the higher recoil pressures available at those volumes. Similarly, subjects used larger lung volumes to increase loudness. Abnormal chest wall behavior was attributed in large part to loss of abdominal muscle function. Because of this, speech breathing in individuals with cervical spinal cord injury may be improved by the use of abdominal binders.
• Hoit, J. D., Hixon, T. J., Watson, P. J., & Morgan, W. J. (1990). Speech breathing in children and adolescents. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 33(1), 51-69.
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  PMID: 2314085;Abstract: An investigation was conducted to elucidate the nature of speech breathing in children and adolescents and to determine if sex and age influence performance. Eighty healthy boys and girls representing four age groups (7, 10, 13, and 16 years) were studied using helium dilution to obtain measures of subdivisions of the lung volume and using magnetometers to obtain measures of resting tidal breathing and speech breathing. Results for subdivisions of the lung volume and resting tidal breathing revealed sex- and age-related differences, most of which were attributable to differences in breathing apparatus size. Results for speech breathing indicated that sex was not an important variable, but that age was critical in determining speech breathing performance. The most substantial differences were between the 7-year-old goup and older groups. These differences were characterized by larger lung volume, rib cage volume, and abdominal volume initiations and terminations for breath groups, larger lung volume excursions per breath group, fewer numbers of syllables per breath group, and larger lung volume expenditures per syllable for the 7-year-old group compared to older groups. In most respects, speech breathing appeared adultlike by the end of the first decade of life. Clinical implications regarding these findings are offered.
• Hoit, J. D., Hixon, T. J., Altman, M. E., & Morgan, W. J. (1989). Speech breathing in women. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 32(2), 353-365.
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  PMID: 2739388;Abstract: Thirty healthy women representing three age groups (25, 50, and 75 years) were studied with respect to general respiratory function and speech breathing. Certain subdivisions of the lung volume differed with age: vital capacity, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume. Speech breathing also differed with age and was characterized by differences in lung volume excursion, rib cage volume excursion, lung volume initiation, rib cage volume initiation, and lung volume expended per syllable. Age-related differences in general respiratory function and speech breathing are discussed in relation to possible underlying mechanisms. In addition, patterns of function in women are compared to those observed in men in an earlier investigation (Hoit & Hixon, 1987). Clinical implications are drawn regarding the evaluation and management of speech breathing disorders.
• Melcon, M. C., Hoit, J. D., & Hixon, T. J. (1989). Age and laryngeal airway resistance during vowel production. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 54(2), 282-286.
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  PMID: 2709846;Abstract: An investigation was conducted to determine if laryngeal valving economy, as reflected in measures of laryngeal airway resistance during vowel production, varies across adulthood. Sixty healthy men were studied, 10 from each of six age groups - 25, 35, 45, 55, 65, and 75 years (±2 years). Results indicated that there are age-related differences in laryngeal airway resistance during vowel production and that these differences are characterized by a lower mean resistance in 75-year-old men than in younger men of the ages studied. This finding provides insight into the impact of age on laryngeal function and has important implications for the evaluation and management of men with voice disorders.
• Watson, P. J., Hoit, J. D., Lansing, R. W., & Hixon, T. J. (1989). Abdominal muscle activity during classical singing. Journal of Voice, 3(1), 24-31.
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  Abstract: Electromyography was used to investigate abdominal muscle activity during singing in four subjects, all of whom were trained classical singers. Results revealed regional differences in abdominal activation during the expiratory side of the breathing cycle. These were characterized by high-amplitude activity in the lateral region and low-amplitude activity in the middle region. For three subjects, amplitudes were higher in the lower lateral portion of the abdomen than the upper lateral portion. For the remaining subject, amplitudes were higher in the upper lateral portion than the lower lateral portion. Brief decrements in lateral abdominal activity often occurred in association with the onset of the inspiratory side of the breathing cycle. Findings support the concept that the abdomen plays an important role in the posturing of the chest wall for singing. © 1989 Raven Press, Ltd., New York.
• Hoit, J. D., Plassman, B. L., Lansing, R. W., & Hixon, T. J. (1988). Abdominal muscle activity during speech production. Journal of Applied Physiology, 65(6), 2656-2664.
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  PMID: 3215865;Abstract: Abdominal muscle activity was investigated during resting tidal breathing and speech production in upright and supine body positions in five male and five female young adult subjects. Results showed that patterns of abdominal electromyographic (EMG) activity were highly dependent on body position. Data for resting tidal breathing resembled those of previous investigations and revealed one six-related finding. Data for speech production indicated that the lateral region of the abdomen was highly active in the upright position and occasionally active in the supine position. In the upright position, lateral EMG levels during speech production were characterized by generally higher levels in the lower than upper lateral sites and were almost always higher than during resting tidal breathing. In the supine position, EMG levels during speech production occasionally exceeded those associated with resting tidal breathing but were substantially lower than those associated with upright speech production. Abdominal EMG activity was most prevalent during loud speech production and during speech produced at low lung volumes. Findings are discussed in relation to current knowledge of respiratory mechanics and neural control.
• Hoit, J. D., & Th., J. H. (1987). Age and speech breathing. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 30(3), 351-366.
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  PMID: 3669642;Abstract: Thirty healthy men representing three widely different age groups (25, 50, and 75 years) were studied with respect to general respiratory function and speech breathing. Subdivisions of the lung volume were found to differ with age and most markedly so for measures of vital capacity and residual volume. Speech breathing also was found to differ with age and was characterized by differences in lung volume excursion, rib cage volume initiation, number of syllables per breath group, and lung volume expended per syllable. Age-related differences in general respiratory function and speech breathing are discussed in relation to possible underlying mechanisms. In addition, implications are drawn regarding the evaluation and management of individuals with speech breathing disorders.
• Hoit, J. D., & Hixon, T. J. (1986). Body type and speech breathing. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 29(3), 313-324.
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  PMID: 3762095;
• Howard, J. D., Hoit, J. D., Enoka, R. M., & Hasan, Z. (1986). Relative activation of two human elbow flexors under isometric conditions: a cautionary note concerning flexor equivalence. Experimental Brain Research, 62(1), 199-202.
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  PMID: 3956633;Abstract: We examined the electromyographic (EMG) activity of two human elbow-flexor muscles, biceps brachii and brachioradialis, during isometric contractions. The task required subjects to match the EMG level of one of the muscles (the control muscle) to one of four target levels (5, 10, 15, or 20% of maximum) at various elbow angles. A new technique was developed for the target-matching task. The activity of the other muscle (the test muscle) was simultaneously recorded during the task. For the notion of flexor equivalence to be supported, the EMG levels for the two muscles should have covaried. This was not the case. The results revealed three features: (1) while the control-muscle EMG remained constant across joint angles, the test-muscle EMG varied with joint angle, and the trend of this variation differed among subjects; (2) in nine out of ten subjects the trend of test-muscle EMG variation with joint angle was reversed when the other muscle served as the test muscle; and (3) the testmuscle EMG associated with the four target levels was subject-, muscle-, and angle-dependent. These results caution against the generalization of the flexor equivalent concept to isometric conditions. In particular, the activity of one muscle is not a reliable indicator of the activity of other muscles subserving the same joint action. © 1986 Springer-Verlag.
• Hixon, T. J., & Hoit, J. (1984). Differential subsystem impairment, differential motor system impairment, and decomposition of respiratory movement in ataxic dysarthria: a spurious trilogy.. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 49(4), 435-441.
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  PMID: 6503251;

Presentations

• Britton, D., Pullen, E., Hoit, J. D., & Benditt, J. (2020, February). Mouthpiece noninvasive positive pressure ventilation: Effects on speech.. Conference on Motor Speech. Santa Barbara, CA.
• Hoit, J. D. (2020, February). Preparing for the academic job interview. Faculty Application Preparation Series.
• Hoit, J. D. (2020, January). Building productive and ethical mentoring relationships. Mentoring of Graduate Workshop Series. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona.
• Pullen, E., Britton, D., Hoit, J. D., & Benditt, J. (2020, Fall). Mouthpiece noninvasive ventilation can improve speech in men with muscular dystrophy. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Convention. San Diego, CA: Cancelled due to Covid.
• Hoit, J. D. (2019, January). Building productive and ethical mentoring relationships. Workshop for the University of Arizona Office for the Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR). Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona.
• Hoit, J. D. (2019, May). Mentoring beyond graduation: Postdocs and early career faculty. Mentoring of Graduate Workshop Series. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona.
• Hoit, J. D. (2019, November). What Makes a Good Elevator Talk?. Babinski Fellows Workshop. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona.
• Hoit, J. D. (2019, October). Building productive and ethical mentoring relationships. University of Arizona Office for the Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR). Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona.
• Hoit, J. D. (2019, October). Preparing for the academic job interview. Faculty Application Preparation Series.
• Hoit, J. D. (2017, November). How to mentor graduate students. Committee on the Status of Women (CSW), University of Arizona. Tucson, AZ.
• Hoit, J. D. (2017, October). The ethics of authorship and publication. Workshop for the University of Arizona Office for the Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR). Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Office for the Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR).
• Hoit, J. D. (2017, September). Building productive and ethical mentoring relationships. Workshop for the University of Arizona Office for the Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR).. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Office for the Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR).
• Hoit, J. D., & Britton, D. (2017, November). Speaking and swallowing with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV). American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Convention. Los Angeles, CA.
• Hoit, J. D., & Hammer, R. P. (2017, February). Building productive and ethical mentoring relationships. Workshop for the University of Arizona Office for the Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR). Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Office for the Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR).
• Hoit, J. D., Bareiss, I., Benditt, J., & Britton, D. (2017, April). Speech powered by mouthpiece positive pressure inspirations in neuromuscular disease. Arizona Speech-Language-Hearing Association Conference. Tucson, AZ.
• Hoit, J. D., Britton, D., Benditt, J., Poon, J., Baylor, C., & Yorkston, K. (2017, March). Swallowing with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in individuals with Duchene muscular dystrophy. Dysphagia Research Society conference. Portland, OR.
• Hoit, J. D., Poon, J., Benditt, J., Baylor, C., Yorkston, K., & Britton, D. (2017, November). Swallowing with noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) in individuals with muscular dystrophy. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Convention. Los Angeles, CA.
• Rumery, K., Brancheau, M., Brown, V., Hoit, J. D., & Bunton, K. E. (2017, April). Development of velopharyngeal closure in infants and toddlers. Arizona Speech-Language-Hearing Association Convention. Tucson, AZ.
• Britton, D., & Hoit, J. D. (2016, April). Speaking and swallowing with noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV). Arizona Speech-Language-Hearing Association Convention. Tucson, Arizona: ArSHA.
• Hoit, J. D. (2016, April). The ethics of peer review. University of Arizona Responsible Conduct in Research (RCR) Workshop. Tucson, AZ: UA.
• Hoit, J. D. (2016, February). Time Management in Graduate School. UA Think Tank Workshop. Tucson, AZ: UA Think Tank.
• Hoit, J. D. (2016, October). Building productive and ethical mentoring relationships. University of Arizona Responsible Conduct in Research (RCR) Workshop. Tucson, AZ: UA.
• Hoit, J. D. (2016, October). Interplay and competition between speaking and breathing in chronic dyspnea (Keynote). International Society of the Advancement of Respiratory Psychophysiology. Seattle, WA: ISARP.
• Hoit, J. D. (2015, April). The Ethics of Overlapping Publications. UA RCR Workshop (for RCR credit). UA: UA RCR Office.
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  Pryor, S., and Hoit, J. (April, 2015). Workshop on “The ethics of overlapping publications” for the University of Arizona Office for the Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR). Tucson, AZ.
• Hoit, J. D. (2015, April). The Respiratory Physiology Underlying 'Breath Support'. Performance Voice Conference. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah.
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  Hoit, J. (April, 2015). The respiratory physiology underlying ‘breath support’. Paper presented to The Performance Voice Conference, Salt Lake City, UT.
• Hoit, J. D. (2015, June). Evaluation and management of dyspnea associated with speaking and swallowing. Invited seminar presented to the Depts of Rehabilitation, Otolaryngology, and Speech and Hearing Science. Seattle, WA: Dept of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington.
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  Hoit, J. (June, 2015). Evaluation and management of dyspnea associated with speaking and swallowing. Seminar presented to Departments of Rehabilitation, Otolaryngology, and Speech and Hearing Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
• Hoit, J. D. (2015, November). Development of velopharyngeal closure: Motor or language skill?. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Convention. Denver, CO: ASHA.
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  Bunton, K., Rumery, K., and Hoit, J. (November, 2015). Development of velopharyngeal closure: Motor or language skill? Paper submitted to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Convention, Denver, CO.
• Hoit, J. D. (2015, November). Dyspnea in spinal cord injury: Nature, evaluation, and management. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Convention. Denver, CO: ASHA.
• Rumery, K. E., Chong, C., Lougher, A., Hoit, J. D., & Bunton, K. E. (2015, April). Velopharyngeal closure during the first two years of life.. Arizona Speech-Language Hearing Association Convention. Tempe, AZ.
• Bunton, K. E., Lougher, A., Chong, C., & Hoit, J. D. (2014, November). Perception of nasality and velopharyngeal closure in infants. American Speech Language and Hearing Association Annual Convention. Orlando, FL: American Speech Language and Hearing Association.
• Hoit, J. D. (2014, June). Designing and implementing RCR training programs: Starting small and thinking big. Educating Scientists in Research Ethics for the 21st Century: A Trainer-of-Trainer's Conference. Annapolis, MD: AAAS.
• Hoit, J. D. (2014, November). Effective Mentoring of Nursing Doctoral Students. Workshop for College of Nursing Faculty. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona College of Nursing.
• Hoit, J. D. (2014, November). Speech management for ALS: Ventilator-based interventions and augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices. ALS Association 2014 Clinical Conference. Phoenix, AZ: ALS Association.
• Hoit, J. D. (2014, October). Integrity and Professionalism. Workshop for new University Fellows. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Graduate College.
• Hoit, J. D. (2014, October). Mentoring Graduate Students: Maximizing Success While Avoiding Pitfalls. Workshop for new University of Arizona Faculty. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Provost Office.
• Hoit, J. D. (2014, September). Mentor-Mentee Workshop. Workshop for new University Fellows. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Graduate College.
• Hoit, J. D. (2014, September). The Ethics of Mentoring. University of Arizona Office for the Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR). Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Office for the Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR).
• Hoit, J. D., & Lansing, R. W. (2014, April). A principled approach to evaluation of speaking dyspnea. Arizona Speech-Language-Hearing Association Convention. Tucson, AZ: Arizona Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
• Wilson, M., Chong, C., Lougher, A., Bunton, K. E., & Hoit, J. D. (2014, April). Velopharyngeal closure for words versus non words in toddlers. Arizona Speech, Language, and Hearing Association. Tucson, AZ.
• Wilson, M., Chong, C., Lougher, A., Bunton, K. E., & Hoit, J. D. (2014, April). Velopharyngeal vlosure for words versus non words in toddlers. Arizona Speech, Language, and Hearing Association. Tucson, AZ.
• Bunton, K. E., Chong, C., Muller, C. F., Wilson, M., & Hoit, J. D. (2013, November). A noninvasive technique for determining velopharyngeal status across clinical populations. American Speech Language and Hearing Association Convention. Chicago, IL.

Poster Presentations

• Hoit, J. D. (2018, April). Can Parkinson disease cause breathing discomfort?. Arizona Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Tucson, AZ: ArSHA.
• Hoit, J. D. (2018, April). Speaking with noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV): A qualitative analysis. Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) Research Week. Portland, OR: OHSU.
• Hoit, J. D. (2018, February). Speaking with noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation: A qualitative analysis. Conference on Motor Speech. Savannah, GA: Conference on Motor Speech.
• Hoit, J. D. (2018, November). Dyspnea in Parkinson disease: Common or not?. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association convention. Boston, MA: ASHA.
• Hoit, J. D. (2018, November). Speech and noninvasive ventilation in individuals with neuromotor disorders. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Boston, MA: ASHA.
• Bunton, K. E., & Hoit, J. D. (2016, March). Velopharyngeal Closure During the First 24 Months of Life in Typically Developing Children. 18th Biennial Conference on Motor Speech Disorders. Newport, CA: Madonna Rehabilitation Hospital and The University of Nebraska.
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