Terri L Warholak

Interests

Research

medication error reduction, quality improvement, quality metrics, health information technology, and bringing pharmaceutical care to underserved populations

Teaching

Quality Improvement

Courses

Scholarly Contributions

Journals/Publications

• Dhatt, H., Marupuru, S., & Warholak, T. L. (2022). A motivational factors assessment instrument for medication management center employees providing medication therapy management services: A Rasch analysis. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA, 61(1), 34-43.e2.
  More info

  Telephonic medication management centers (MMCs) provide medication therapy management services to help alleviate medication-related issues and improve health outcomes. Motivation factors driving the performance of MMC personnel are key components in achieving these goals. Yet, published literature is limited on how motivation affects MMC personnel performance.
• Harrington, A., Malone, D., Doucette, W., Vaffis, S., Bhattacharjee, S., Chan, C., & Warholak, T. (2022). A conceptual framework for evaluation of community pharmacy pay-for-performance programs. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA, 61(6), 804-812.
  More info

  Recent interest in initiating pay-for-performance (P4P) programs indicates an underlying belief that economic incentives will have a direct impact on health care quality and efficiency. Evaluations of the impact of P4P programs on health care organizations and providers have been presented in the literature; however, none have focused on the impact of an incentive targeting community pharmacies.
• Axon, D. R., Slack, M., Barraza, L., Lee, J. K., & Warholak, T. (2021). Nationally Representative Health Care Expenditures of Community-Based Older Adults with Pain in the United States Prescribed Opioids vs Those Not Prescribed Opioids. Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.), 22(2), 282-291.
  More info

  To compare health care expenditures between older US adults (≥50 years) with pain who were prescribed opioid medications and those who were not.
• Bingham, J. M., Stanislaw, J., Warholak, T., Scovis, N., Axon, D. R., Turgeon, J., & Marupuru, S. (2021). Assessment of Glycosylated Hemoglobin Outcomes Following an Enhanced Medication Therapy Management Service via Telehealth. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(12).
  More info

  (1) Background: Regular contact with a medication therapy management (MTM) pharmacist is shown to improve patients' understanding of their condition; however, continued demonstration of the value of a pharmacist delivered comprehensive medication review (CMR) using enhanced MTM services via telehealth is needed. The study aimed to describe a pilot program designed to improve type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management through enhanced condition specific MTM services. (2) Methods: This retrospective study included patients with T2DM aged 40-75 years who received a pharmacist-delivered CMR between January and December 2018. An evaluation of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values 3 months pre- and post-CMR was performed. Wilcoxon signed-rank and chi-square tests were used. (3) Results: Of 444 eligible patients, a majority were female (58%) with a median age of 70 years. Median HbA1c values post-CMR were lower than pre-CMR (median 7.1% range 4.5-13.6; median 7.4% range 4.5-13.9, respectively; = 0.009). There were fewer participants with HbA1c >9% post-CMR ( = 66) than pre-CMR ( = 80; < 0.001) and more with HbA1C
• Campbell, P. J., Axon, D. R., Taylor, A. M., Smith, K., Pickering, M., Black, H., Warholak, T., & Chinthammit, C. (2021). Hypertension, cholesterol and diabetes medication adherence, health care utilization and expenditure in a Medicare Supplemental sample. Medicine, 100(35), e27143.
  More info

  Limited evidence exists regarding the relationships between adherence, as defined in Pharmacy Quality Alliance (PQA) medication adherence measures, health care utilization, and economic outcomes. PQA adherence measures for hypertension, cholesterol, and diabetes are of particular interest given their use in Medicare Star Ratings to evaluate health plan performance.The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between adherence and utilization and cost among Medicare Supplemental beneficiaries included in the aforementioned PQA measures over a 1-year period.Retrospective cohort study.Three cohorts (hypertension, cholesterol, and diabetes) of eligible individuals from the Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Research Databases (2009-2015) were used to assess associations between adherence and health care expenditure and utilization for Medicare Supplemental beneficiaries.Generalized linear models with log link and negative binomial (utilization) or gamma (expenditure) distributions assessed relationships between adherence (≥80% proportion of days covered) and health care utilization and expenditure (in 2015 US dollars) while adjusting for confounding variables. Beta coefficients were used to compute cost ratios and rate ratios.Adherence for all 3 disease cohorts was associated with lower outpatient and inpatient visits. During the 1-year study period, adherence was associated with lower outpatient, inpatient, and total expenditures across the cohorts, ranging from 9% lower outpatient costs (diabetes cohort) to 41.9% lower inpatient costs (hypertension cohort). Savings of up to $324.53 per member per month in total expenditure were observed for the hypertension cohort.Our findings indicate adherence is associated with lower health care utilization and expenditures within 1 year.
• Chinthammit, C., Axon, D., Mollon, L., Taylor, A., Pickering, M., Black, H., Warholak, T. L., & Campbell, P. (2021). Evaluating the relationship between quality measure adherence definitions and economic outcomes in commercial health plans: a retrospective diabetes cohort study. Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy, 64-72. doi:10.18553
• Chinthammit, C., Bhattacharjee, S., Lo-Ciganic, W. H., Axon, D. R., Slack, M., Bentley, J. P., & Warholak, T. L. (2021). Association of low-income subsidy, medicaid dual eligibility, and disability status with high-risk medication use among Medicare Part D beneficiaries. Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP.
  More info

  Low-income subsidy/dual eligibility (LIS/DE) status and disability status may be associated with high-risk medication (HRM) use but are not usually accounted for in medication-use quality measures.
• De Santiago, A., Dhatt, H., Vaffis, S., McGlamery, E., Warholak, T. L., Taylor, A., Bingham, J., & Scovis, N. (2021). Exploring the Role and Value of a Clinical Pharmacist in a Concierge Primary Care Clinic.. Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy.
• Grace, C., Larriva, M. M., Steiner, H. E., Marupuru, S., Campbell, P. J., Patterson, H., Cropp, C. D., Quinn, D., Klimecki, W., Nix, D. E., Warholak, T., & Karnes, J. H. (2021). Efficacy of personal pharmacogenomic testing as an educational tool in the pharmacy curriculum: A nonblinded, randomized controlled trial. Clinical and translational science, 14(6), 2532-2543.
  More info

  Personal genomic educational testing (PGET) has been suggested as a strategy to improve student learning for pharmacogenomics (PGx), but no randomized studies have evaluated PGET's educational benefit. We investigated the effect of PGET on student knowledge, comfort, and attitudes related to PGx in a nonblinded, randomized controlled trial. Consenting participants were randomized to receive PGET or no PGET (NPGET) during 4 subsequent years of a PGx course. All participants completed a pre-survey and post-survey designed to assess (1) PGx knowledge, (2) comfort with PGx patient education and clinical skills, and (3) attitudes toward PGx. Instructors were blinded to PGET assignment. The Wilcoxon Rank Sum test was used to compare pre-survey and post-survey PGx knowledge, comfort, and attitudes. No differences in baseline characteristics were observed between PGET (n = 117) and NPGET (n = 116) participants. Among all participants, significant improvement was observed in PGx knowledge (mean 57% vs. 39% correct responses; p 
• Loera, C., olsen, J., So, A., Murata, J., Murcko, A., Rupp, M., & Warholak, T. L. (2021). Comparing Prescriber and Pharmacist Attitudes about the Inclusion of Diagnosis or Clinical Indication on Prescriptions. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association.
• Lott, B., Anderson, E., Villa Zapata, L., Cooley, J., Forbes, S., Taylor, A., Manygoats, T., & Warholak, T. L. (2021). Expanding pharmacists’ roles: Pharmacists’ perspectives on barriers and facilitators to collaborative practice. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. doi:10.1016/j.japh
• Marupuru, S., Dahlmann-Noor, A., Crescioni, M., Slack, M., Barnard, S., Amerat, I., Loveday, A., Chauhan, D., Adler, P., Walker, R., & Warholak, T. L. (2021). Validity and Reliability of the Student Refractive Error and Eyeglasses Questionnaire-Revised Version in Myopic Children. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 98(11), 1287-1294.
  More info

  Multiple vision-related quality of life (VRQol) instruments exist, but questionnaires designed specifically for myopic children that are appropriate for assessing the impact of refractive error are rare.
• Marupuru, S., Dhatt, H., Bingham, J. M., & Warholak, T. (2021). Evaluation of a Novel Pharmacist-Delivered Adherence Improvement Service via Telehealth. Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland), 9(3).
  More info

  Nearly half of all patients prescribed a chronic medication do not adhere to their regimen. Conversion from a 30- to 90-day medication refill is associated with improved adherence. The objective of the study was to assess the change in proportion of days covered (PDC) in those who converted to a 90-day fill and those who did not after a telehealth pharmacist-delivered, medication adherence intervention. This retrospective review involved data collected between May and December 2018. Patients with ≤85% baseline PDC rates were targeted. One group included patients who converted to a 90-day fill after the pharmacist intervention. The comparator group did not convert to a 90-day fill. Differences in median end-of-year (EOY) PDC rates for each medication class were compared between groups. An alpha level of 0.05 was set a priori. Overall, 237 patients converted to a 90-day fill and 501 did not. There was no significant difference in age, sex, and total number of drugs per patient. A Mann-Whitney U test revealed statistically significant improvements in median EOY PDC in the group that converted to a 90-day fill (+9% vs. -3%, < 0.001). Pharmacist-delivered telehealth interventions were associated with improved PDC rates in those who converted to a 90-day fill.
• Miller, A., Woods, N., Smith, R., & Warholak, T. L. (2021). Analysis of Medical Tourism at the Andrade Port of Entry.. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. doi:10.1016
• Rupp, M. T., Warholak, T. L., & Murcko, A. C. (2021). Indication or diagnosis should be required on prescriptions. Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy, 27(8), 1136-1139.
  More info

  Although prospective drug utilization review and patient counseling have long been recognized as professional and ethical responsibilities of pharmacists, the implementation of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 made them legal responsibilities. Ensuring the safety and effectiveness of prescription pharmaceutical care requires that all members of the prescriber-patient-pharmacist triad are equally informed about the therapeutic plan for which the pharmacist is professionally, ethically, and legally responsible for properly implementing. Providing pharmacists with the clinical indication or diagnosis is an important and long overdue first step. No funding was received for the writing of this article. Warholak has received grant funding through the University of Arizona from Sinfonia Rx, Pharmacy Quality Alliance, and the Arizona Department of Health Services, unrelated to this work. The other authors have nothing to disclose.
• Shangraw, A. M., Silvers, J., Warholak, T., & Vadiei, N. (2021). Prevalence of Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms Among Pharmacy Students. American journal of pharmaceutical education, 85(2), 8166.
  More info

  To explore and compare the prevalence of anxiety and depressive symptoms between first-, second-, and third-year pharmacy students. A repeated-measures study was conducted at two campuses (main and satellite) of the University of Arizona College of Pharmacy. A survey was administered in February 2019 and again in April 2019 during mandatory courses for first-, second-, and third-year Doctor of Pharmacy students to collect seven-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) scores, nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scores, and demographic information. A chi-square test with a Bonferroni correction was performed to compare the number of students in a class year with clinically significant symptoms, defined as scores of ≥10 for both the GAD-7 and PHQ-9. The survey response rate was 82%. Thirty percent of students self-reported having clinically significant anxiety symptoms and 22% of students self-reported having clinically significant depressive symptoms. More second-year pharmacy students self-reported anxiety and depressive symptoms as the semester progressed. About one in four pharmacy students self-reported clinically significant symptoms of anxiety and depression, and more second-year pharmacy students reported anxiety and depressive symptoms later in the semester. These findings support the need for optimizing the delivery of well-being resources to pharmacy students.
• Vaffis, S., Anderson, E. J., Fettkeather, R. M., Warholak, T., & Hall-Lipsy, E. (2021). Validation of a pre-/post-survey to measure change in student social justice attitudes and empathy. Currents in pharmacy teaching & learning, 13(10), 1270-1277.
  More info

  Despite endorsement by the Center for the Advancement of Pharmacy Education (CAPE), doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) students are infrequently taught concepts related to social justice and empathy in a formal capacity. In addition, no validated measure exists to examine changes in these attitudes. Therefore, we tested the ability of a survey to predict changes in social justice and professional empathy attitudes in PharmD students.
• Whaley, M., Awad, N. B., Warholak, T., & Axon, D. R. (2021). Validation Assessment of a Pain Interference Questionnaire among Student Pharmacists. Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland), 9(4).
  More info

  Validation studies of pain interference instruments used among student pharmacists are rare yet essential for understanding their appropriate use and interpretation in pharmacy education and practice. This study conducted validation and reliability assessments of a five-item Pain Interference Scale previously administered to student pharmacists. Construct validity was assessed using Rasch analysis. Unidimensionality was measured using: point-biserial measure correlations; percent of raw variance explained by items; difference between expected; variance modeled by items; and Rasch model fit. To assess scale functioning, response frequency distribution, observed average and sample expected logit distribution, Andrich logit distribution, item separation, and item reliability were assessed. Visual examination of the Item-Person Map determined content validity. Items explained 64.2% of data raw variance. The difference between raw variance modeled and observed was 0.6. Point-biserial measure correlations were >0.77. Item mean-square infits were 0.7-1.3 while outfit measures were 0.72-1.16. There were >10 responses per response category, response frequency and Andrich thresholds progressively advanced, and observed average and sample expected logits advanced monotonically, Andrich logits = -2.33-1.69, item separation = 2.61, and item reliability = 0.87. Item probability curves indicated response categories were minimally yet adequately distinct. Cronbach's alpha = 0.93. The Item-Person Map had a ceiling effect indicating content gaps. In conclusion, the pain interference instrument has acceptable construct validity yet contains content gaps. Additional difficult items should be added to the instrument to better capture pain interference among student pharmacists.
• Anderson, E. J., Axon, D. R., Taylor, A. M., Towers, V., Warholak, T., Johnson, M., Forbes, S., & Manygoats, T. (2020). Impact evaluation of a four-year academic-community partnership in provision of medication management and tertiary prevention services for rural patients with diabetes and/or hypertension. Preventive medicine reports, 17, 101038.
  More info

  Medication therapy management (MTM) services, including targeted, pharmacist-delivered, tertiary prevention interventions, were provided to rural patients with chronic diseases via an academic-community partnership. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the overall program and pre/post patient outcomes from this four-year, multi-site collaboration. Five community health sites collaborated with a university-based MTM provider to deliver services in Arizona (2012-16). Eligible patients: were 18 or older (median 65 years); had a diagnosis of diabetes and/or hypertension; and resided in a rural community. Participants received an initial telephone consultation with the MTM pharmacist; follow-up consultations were conducted after 30 or 90 days for high- and low-risk patients, respectively. Community partner staff collected clinical data and addressed pharmacists' recommendations. Descriptive analysis and bivariate analyses of pre- and post-intervention results were conducted. Most (n = 410, 70%) of the 577 participants receiving an initial and follow-up consultation with the MTM pharmacist had both diabetes and hypertension. These individuals showed statistically significant improvements in fasting blood glucose (p 
• Anderson, E. J., Mollon, L. E., Dean, J. L., Warholak, T. L., Aizer, A., Platt, E. A., Tang, D. H., & Davis, L. E. (2020). A Systematic Review of the Prevalence and Diagnostic Workup of PIK3CA Mutations in HR+/HER2- Metastatic Breast Cancer. International journal of breast cancer, 2020, 3759179.
  More info

  PIK3CA mutation frequency varies among breast cancer (BC) subtypes. Recent evidence suggests combination therapy with the PI3K inhibitor (PI3Ki) alpelisib and endocrine therapy (ET) improves response rates and progression-free survival (PFS) in -mutant, hormone receptor positive (HR+) BC versus ET alone; thus, better understanding the clinical and epidemiologic elements of these mutations is warranted. This systematic review characterizes the mutation epidemiology, type of testing approaches (e.g., liquid or tissue tumor biopsy), and stability/concordance (e.g., consistency in results by liquid versus solid tumor sample, by the same method over time) in patients with HR+/HER2- advanced (locally unresectable) or metastatic disease (HR+/HER2- mBC) and explores performance (e.g., pairwise concordance, sensitivity, specificity, or predictive value) of respective mutation findings. A comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central, and select conference abstracts (i.e., AACR, ASCO, SABCS, ECCO, and ESMO conferences between 2014 and 2017) identified 39 studies of patients with HR+, HER2- mBC. The median prevalence of mutation was 36% (range: 13.3% to 61.5%); identified testing approaches more commonly used tissue over liquid biopsies and primarily utilized next-generation sequencing (NGS), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or Sanger sequencing. There was concordance and stability between tissues (range: 70.4% to 94%) based on limited data. Given the clinical benefit of the PI3Ki alpelisib in patients with PIK3CA mutant HR+/HER2- mBC, determination of tumor mutation status is of importance in managing patients with HR+/HER2- mBC. Prevalence of this mutation and utility of test methodologies likely warrants mutation testing in all patients with this breast cancer subtype via definitive assessment of PIK3CA mutational status.
• Anderson, E. J., Mollon, L. E., Dean, J. L., Warholak, T. L., Aizer, A., Platt, E. A., Tang, G. H., & Davis, L. E. (2019). A systematic review of the prevalence and diagnostic workup of PIK3CA mutations in HR+/HER2– metastatic breast cancer.. Clinical Breast Cancer. Clin. Breast Cancer 2019.
• Anderson, E., Axon, D., Taylor, A., Towers, V., & Warholak, T. L. (2020). . Impact evaluation of a four-year academic-community partnership in provision of medication management and tertiary prevention services for rural patients with diabetes and/or hypertension.. Preventive Medicine Reports. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.101038
• Axon, D. R., Aljadeed, R., Potisarach, P., Forbes, S., DiLeo, J., & Warholak, T. (2020). Pilot study of focus groups exploring student pharmacists' perceptions of a medication management center internship. Currents in pharmacy teaching & learning, 12(9), 1123-1128.
  More info

  Student pharmacists are expected to participate in real-life, patient-centered experiences to help develop clinical knowledge and professional skills. This study explored student pharmacist intern perceptions of work experience at a medication management center (MMC). We also examined how working at the MMC helped fulfill curricular requirements, helped develop leadership skills, and provided professional development opportunities.
• Axon, D. R., Chinthammit, C., Tate, J., Taylor, A. M., Leal, S., Pickering, M., Black, H., Warholak, T., & Campbell, P. J. (2020). Current Procedural Terminology Codes for Medication Therapy Management in Administrative Data. Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy, 26(10), 1297-1300.
  More info

  Three pharmacist-specific Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes exist to facilitate medication therapy management (MTM) reimbursement (codes 99605, 99606, and 99607). However, no studies have used CPT codes in administrative claims databases to identify subjects who have received MTM services.
• Bingham, J. M., Silva Almodovar, A., Taylor, A. M., Axon, D. R., Nahata, M. C., Leal, S., Warholak, T., & Scovis, N. (2020). A Research Partnership to Enhance Postgraduate Pharmacy Residency Training Outcomes. Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland), 8(3).
  More info

  Pharmacy residents must complete research as part of their program; however, challenges exist in providing experiences that result in successful research dissemination outcomes. A university-based research team, integrated into an ambulatory care pharmacy residency program aimed to improve presentation and publication rates of pharmacy resident research projects. Data on the number of postgraduate year-2 (PGY2) residents and their productivity were collected and summarized to assess progress. A total of 13 residents completed their residency over seven years. Each resident produced one regional presentation, and one national presentation beginning in year four. To date, three peer-reviewed papers have been published, with another one in-press. Responses from residents found lack of guidance, lack of data availability for projects and feedback fatigue were barriers to a positive research experience. To address these problems, a university-based research team was integrated to provide research mentor guided support, ensure study feasibility, and provide structured feedback. This program evaluation highlighted the integration of a PGY2 ambulatory care pharmacy residency with a designated, interprofessional university-based research team. Future work is warranted to reduce research-related barriers and formally evaluate resident post-program knowledge, skills, and subsequent dissemination rates.
• Campbell, P., Axon, D., Taylor, A., Pickering, M., Black, H., Warholak, T. L., & Chinthammit, C. (2020). Associations of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) antagonist medication adherence and economic outcomes among commercially insured United States adults: a retrospective cohort.. Journal of the American Heart Association..
• Chinthammit, C., Axon, D. R., Anderson, S., Lott, B., Taylor, A. M., Pickering, M., Black, H., Warholak, T., & Campbell, P. J. (2020). A retrospective cohort study evaluating the relationship between statin medication adherence and economic outcomes in commercial health plans. Journal of clinical lipidology, 14(6), 791-798.
  More info

  Adherence to statin medications is suboptimal; however, the association of statin adherence, as defined in medication adherence quality measures, with healthcare service use and expenditure within one year has not been assessed in a commercially insured United States (US) population.
• Chinthammit, C., Bhattacharjee, S., Axon, D. R., Slack, M., Bentley, J. P., Warholak, T. L., Wilson, D. L., & Lo-Ciganic, W. H. (2020). Geographic Variation in the Prevalence of High-Risk Medication Use Among Medicare Part D Beneficiaries by Hospital Referral Region. Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy, 26(10), 1309-1316.
  More info

  Understanding geographic patterns of high-risk medication (HRM) prescribed and dispensed among older adults may help the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services and their partners develop and tailor prevention strategies.
• Guerra, B., Vaffis, S., Axon, D., Leal, S., Warholak, T. L., Taylor, A., & Scovis, N. (2020). Promatoras’ and Pharmacists’ Perceptions and Experiences of an Academic-Community Partnership providing telephonic Medication Therapy Management Services: A focus group study.. Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy.
• Hall-Lipsy, E., Anderson, E. J., Taylor, A. M., Warholak, T., Axon, D. R., Faqeeri, Z., & Jastrzab, R. (2020). Community health worker perspectives of an academic community medication therapy management collaboration. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA, 60(3), 475-480.e1.
  More info

  To qualitatively assess community health workers' (CHWs') perceptions of the challenges and benefits associated with participating in a collaborative, interprofessional medication therapy management (MTM) program for rural, underserved, predominantly Latinx, patients with diabetes and hypertension.
• Jamjoom, O., Marupuru, S., Taylor, A., Warholak, T. L., Scoot, N., & Bingham, J. (2020). Evaluating provider acceptance of pharmacist interventions in the Discharge Companion Program and its impact on readmission reduction. Journal of American Pharmacists Association..
• Lott, B. E., Anderson, E. J., Villa Zapata, L., Cooley, J., Forbes, S., Taylor, A. M., & Warholak, T. (2020). Pharmacists' perceptions of the pharmacists' patient care process and performance in a simulated patient interaction. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA, 60(6), 796-803.e3.
  More info

  To (1) evaluate the use of the pharmacists' patient care process (PPCP) by licensed pharmacists through a simulated patient activity and (2) describe pharmacists' awareness and perceptions of the PPCP in the state of Arizona.
• Lott, B. E., Anderson, E. J., Villa Zapata, L., Cooley, J., Forbes, S., Taylor, A. M., Manygoats, T., & Warholak, T. (2020). Expanding pharmacists' roles: Pharmacists' perspectives on barriers and facilitators to collaborative practice. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA.
  More info

  The pharmacy profession is shifting from transactional dispensing of medication to a more comprehensive, patient-centered model of care. Collaborative practice agreements (CPAs) extend the role of a pharmacist to initiate, monitor, modify, and discontinue drug therapies and provide other clinical services. Although collaborative practice has been shown to improve health system efficiency and patient outcomes, little is known about how pharmacists perceive CPAs. To explore pharmacists' perspectives of CPAs, including barriers and facilitators to CPA implementation.
• Marupuru, S., Axon, D. R., Campbell, P., Chinthammit, C., Forbes, S., Martin, R., Taylor, A. M., & Warholak, T. L. (2020). Exploring performance predictors among employees in a pharmacist-led medication management center. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA, 60(6), 809-817.
  More info

  Health care companies are increasingly interested in developing and maintaining employee motivation. However, this can be challenging with different professions working together in delivering telephonic medication therapy management services. The purpose of the study is to assess employees' perceptions of performance metrics, strategies to achieve those metrics, motivational work factors, and barriers to achievement at a medication management center (MMC).
• Miller, A., Smith, R., Woods, N., & Warholak, T. (2020). Analysis of medical tourism at the Andrade port of entry. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA.
  More info

  Medical tourism, a term used to describe the practice of traveling to obtain medical services or products, is known to occur along the U.S.-Mexico border and has for some time. Despite the ever-increasing number of local border crossings, there is little research or monitoring done on the prevalence of medical tourism or to show the products and services sought.
• Nau, D. P., Aronson, B., & Warholak, T. (2020). Is It Time for a Quality Rating System for Colleges of Pharmacy?. American journal of pharmaceutical education, 84(3), 7700.
  More info

  The quality of educational programs, including Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) programs, has largely escaped the societal trend towards public reporting. Recent criticisms of pharmacy academia by practitioners should prompt us to reexamine how the quality of pharmacy education is measured and reported to the public. In supporting greater transparency related to quality, important questions that should be addressed include: Is the current public reporting of quality indicators for pharmacy schools sufficient for determining the quality of education provided by a school? Can a quality rating system be developed that will not only provide a valid assessment of quality, but also be easy to interpret by potential applicants and employers? The intent of this commentary is to initiate a discussion centered around this issue and to encourage the development of a new measure of pharmacy school quality.
• Patel, M., Campbell, M., Mosleem, M., Spriggle, P., & Warholak, T. L. (2020). Identifying drug therapy problems through patient consultation at community pharmacies A Quality Improvement Project.. Journal of Patient Safety. doi:10.1097/PTS.0000000000000228
• Warholak, T. L. (2020). A successful research partnership to enhance postgraduate pharmacy residency training outcomes.. Pharmacy.
• Warholak, T. L. (2020). Assessing the relationship between medication adherence, as defined in quality measures, and disease state control, healthcare utilization, and costs in a retrospective database analysis of Medicare Supplemental beneficiaries using statin medications. Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy. doi:10.18553/jmcp.2020.26.12.1529.
• Axon, D. R., Augustine, J. M., Warholak, T. L., & Lee, J. K. (2019). Improving rating scales: Applying Rasch analysis to student pharmacists’ attitudes towards herbal medications.. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning.
• Bhattacharjee, S., Patanwala, A. E., Lo-Ciganic, W. H., Malone, D. C., Lee, J. K., Knapp, S. M., Warholak, T., & Burke, W. J. (2019). Alzheimer's disease medication and risk of all-cause mortality and all-cause hospitalization: A retrospective cohort study. Alzheimer's & dementia (New York, N. Y.), 5, 294-302.
  More info

  Identifying Alzheimer's disease (AD) pharmacologic treatment options that effectively reduce the risk of mortality and hospitalization in real-world settings is critical.
• Bingham, J., Campbell, P., Schussel, K., Taylor, A., Boesen, K., Harrington, A., Leal, S., & Warholak, T. L. (2019). The Discharge Companion Program: An Interprofessional Collaboration in Transitional Care Model Delivery.. Pharmacy.
• Chinthammit, C., Harrington, A., Taylor, A., Boesen, K., Martin, R., & Warholak, T. L. (2019). Retrospective Review of Exceptions for Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) in Recommendations for a Diabetic Medicare Population.. Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy.
• Hall-Lipsy, E., Axon, D. R., & Warholak, T. L. (2019). Community health worker perspectives of an academic-community Medication Therapy Management collaboration. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association.
• Hincapie, A. L., Alamer, A., Sears, J., & Warholak, T. L. (2019). Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Electronic Prescribing Incidents Reported by Community Pharmacists.. Applied Clinical Informatics.
• Martin, L., & Warholak, T. L. (2019). Health Information Technology Competencies for Pharmacists in Training.. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education.
• Almodovar, A. S., Axon, D. R., Coleman, A. M., Warholak, T., & Nahata, M. C. (2018). The Effect of Plan Type and Comprehensive Medication Reviews on High-Risk Medication Use. Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy, 24(5), 416-422.
  More info

  In 2007, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) instituted a star rating system using performance outcome measures to assess Medicare Advantage Prescription Drug (MAPD) and Prescription Drug Plan (PDP) providers.
• Augustine, J., Slack, M., Cooley, J., Bhattacharjee, S., Holmes, E., & Warholak, T. L. (2018). Identification of Key Business and Management Skills Needed for Pharmacy Graduates. American journal of pharmaceutical education, 82(8), 6364.
  More info

  To identify key business, management, and human resources skills needed by pharmacy graduates. Pharmacy preceptors were recruited for inclusion in one of four focus groups. At each focus group, participants were asked to complete a demographic questionnaire and to identify key skills that new graduates need but do not have. Each focus group was audio-recorded, transcribed, de-identified, and categorized using a data dictionary. Twenty-seven preceptors participated in the focus groups. Fourteen participants had a Doctor of Pharmacy degree. Participants were involved in management positions for a median of 10.5 years (range 5-21 years) and 50% (median) of their time was devoted to management responsibilities (range 20%-80%). Seven themes were identified as being most critical: communication, business skills, decision-making and time management, conflict resolution, leadership and professionalism, personnel management, and computer software techniques. Communication was the most prominent skill identified, followed by decision-making and business knowledge. These skills should be addressed in pharmacy curricula. Future research should focus on how to best teach these skills.
• Axon, D. R., Bhattacharjee, S., Warholak, T. L., & Slack, M. K. (2018). Xm Scores for Estimating Total Exposure to Multimodal Strategies Identified by Pharmacists for Managing Pain: Validity Testing and Clinical Relevance. Pain research & management, 2018, 2530286.
  More info

  To assess the validity of an exposure score obtained from the Xm tool for all pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies used by individuals to manage chronic pain.
• Bhattacharjee, S., Murcko, A. C., Fair, M. K., & Warholak, T. L. (2018). Medication prior authorization from the providers perspective: A prospective observational study. Research in social & administrative pharmacy : RSAP.
  More info

  The prior authorization (PA) process for medications used by community providers requires modernization. Therefore, a deeper understanding of current state of PA from the community provider perspective is imperative to inform and modernize this managed care tool.
• Bingham, J., Campbell, P., Leal, S., Taylor, A. M., Schussel, K., & Warholak, T. (2018). The Discharge Companion Pilot Program. Clinical diabetes : a publication of the American Diabetes Association, 36(2), 198-201.
  More info

  "Quality Improvement Success Stories" are published by the American Diabetes Association in collaboration with the American College of Physicians, Inc., and the National Diabetes Education Program. This series is intended to highlight best practices and strategies from programs and clinics that have successfully improved the quality of care for people with diabetes or related conditions. Each article in the series is reviewed and follows a standard format developed by the editors of . The following article describes a pilot project aimed at improving overall quality of care and reducing readmissions for patients discharged from a community hospital in Arizona.
• Campbell, P. J., Patel, M., Martin, J. R., Hincapie, A. L., Axon, D. R., Warholak, T. L., & Slack, M. (2018). Systematic review and meta-analysis of community pharmacy error rates in the USA: 1993-2015. BMJ open quality, 7(4), e000193.
  More info

  While much is known about hospital pharmacy error rates in the USA, comparatively little is known about community pharmacy dispensing error rates.
• German, A., Johnson, L., Ybarra, G., & Warholak, T. (2018). Assessment of pharmacists' self-reported preparedness to provide pharmacotherapy services to individuals with psychiatric disorders. The mental health clinician, 8(1), 1-6.
  More info

  The purpose of this study was to compare pharmacists' level of training and/or experience in psychiatric pharmacy to (1) their self-perceived preparedness to provide pharmacotherapy services to individuals with psychiatric disorders and (2) barriers to providing pharmacotherapy services to individuals with psychiatric disorders.
• Hinchman, A., Hodges, S., Backus, J., & Warholak, T. (2018). Implementation of Health Information Exchange at the Pima County Adult Detention Complex: Lessons Learned. Journal of correctional health care : the official journal of the National Commission on Correctional Health Care, 24(2), 183-196.
  More info

  Successful transition of patients between health care entities is difficult. Historically, the process of transitioning individuals through the corrections system with regard to health care was made even more challenging by the limitation of paper records. Recently, the advent of electronic medical records has improved health care nationwide. The use of health information exchange (HIE) systems in areas such as emergency medicine has also impacted patient outcomes. To date, this technology has not been used in the corrections system. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 correctional health care professionals, corrections staff, and public health entities to evaluate the novel implementation of HIE at a local correctional facility. This article describes the challenges and successes that occurred during the implementation and their implications for successful implementations in the future.
• Nelson, M. L., Dean, J. L., Hannum, C., & Warholak, T. (2018). Preceptor Perceptions of Team Quality Improvement Projects Conducted With the Educating Pharmacists in Quality Program. American journal of medical quality : the official journal of the American College of Medical Quality, 33(5), 555.
• Taylor, A. M., Axon, D. R., Campbell, P., Fair, M. K., Nelson, M., Boesen, K., Martin, R., & Warholak, T. L. (2018). What Patients Know About Services to Help Manage Chronic Diseases and Medications: Findings from Focus Groups on Medication Therapy Management. Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy, 24(9), 904-910.
  More info

  Managing and treating patients with multiple chronic conditions presents challenges on many levels. Pharmacist-delivered medication therapy management (MTM) services, mandated as part of the Medicare Part D drug benefit, are designed to help patients manage their chronic conditions and medications.
• Taylor, A. M., Bingham, J., Schussel, K., Axon, D. R., Dickman, D. J., Boesen, K., Martin, R., & Warholak, T. L. (2018). Integrating Innovative Telehealth Solutions into an Interprofessional Team-Delivered Chronic Care Management Pilot Program. Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy, 24(8), 813-818.
  More info

  Pharmacist-delivered medication therapy management (MTM) services can improve patient outcomes, yet little is known about outpatient, interprofessional telepharmacy programs.
• Warholak, T. L., Alfayez, O., & Leal, S. (2018). Documenting Meaningful Use Stage 1 and 2: A Comparison of Clinical Pharmacists to Other Healthcare Providers. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy.
• Warholak, T. L., Augustine, J., Slack, M., Cooley, J., Bhattacharjee, S., & Holmes, E. (2018). Identification of key business and management skills by preceptors for pharmacy graduates. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education.
• Warholak, T. L., Dean, J., Nelson, M., & Cameron, H. (2018). Pharmacy preceptor perceptions of the educating pharmacy students and pharmacists in quality (EPIQ) program team quality improvement projects. American Journal of Medical Quality.
• Warholak, T. L., German, A., German, L., & Ybarra, G. (2018). Assessment of Pharmacists’ Self-Reported Preparedness to Provide Pharmacotherapy Services to Individuals with Psychiatric Disorders. The Mental Health Clinician.
• Buhl, A., Augustine, J., Taylor, A. M., Martin, R., Boesen, K., & Warholak, T. L. (2017). Positive Medication Changes Resulting from Comprehensive and non-Comprehensive Medication Reviews in Medicare Part D Participants of a Medication Therapy Management Program. Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy, 23(3), 388-94.
• Terri, W. L., Bhattacharjee, S., Goldstone, L., & Q, I. (2017). Depression Treatment among Adults with Multiple Sclerosis in Ambulatory Care Settings in the United States. Multiple Sclerosis International, 9. doi:10.1155/2017/3175358
• Warholak, T. L., Chinthammit, C., Rupp, M., Armstrong, E., Modisett, T., & Snead, R. (2017). Evaluation of a guided continuous quality improvement program in community pharmacies. Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice.
• Warholak, T. L., Patel, M., Rosenthal, M., West, D., Ettienne, E., Nunlee-Bland, G., Nau, D., & Hincapie, A. (2017). Patient Perceptions of a Pharmacy Star Rating Model. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 57, 311-317.
• Zhou, L., Almutairi, A. R., Alsaid, N. S., Warholak, T. L., & Cooley, J. H. (2017). Establishing the Validity and Reliability Evidence of an Instrument Designed to Assess Rotations of Doctor of Pharmacy Students: A Rasch Analysis. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education., 81(8).
• AUGUSTINE, J., PELGER, M., BOESEN, K., & Warholak, T. L. (2016). Smoking quit rates at a pharmacist-provided pharmacotherapy and telephone counseling quit services. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association..
  More info

  Refereed Abstract
• Aguilar, A., McCracken, W., Hernandez, G., Chau, H., & Warholak, T. L. (2016). Comparing the Efficiency and Accuracy of Health Information Exchange (HIE) to the Traditional Process of Medical History Gathering During Admission at the Pima County Adult Detention Complex (PCADC). ., ?(?), ?.
• Augustine, J., Warholak, T. L., Hines, L., Sun, D., Brown, M., Hurwitz, J. T., Taylor, A., Cobaugh, D., Schlaifer, M., & Malone, D. C. (2016). Ability and use of comparative effectiveness research by Pharmacy and Therapeutic committee members and support staff: a one-year follow up. Journal of Managed Care and Specialty Pharmacy, 22(6), 618-625.
• Bhattacharjee, S., Goldstone, S., & Warholak, T. L. (2016). Prevalence, Patterns and Predictors of Psychotropic Polypharmacy among Elderly Individuals with Parkinson’s Disease In Long Term Care Settings In The United States.. Journal of Parkinson's Disease, 6(1), 247-55.
• Hincapie, A., MacKinnon, N., Malone, D. C., Slack, M. K., Roe, D., & Warholak, T. L. (2016). Relationship between Patients’ Perceptions of Care Quality and Patient Safety in 11 Countries: A Secondary Data Analysis. Quality and Management in Health Care, 25(1), 13-21.
• Villa Zapata, L., Malone, D., Murcko, A., & Warholak, T. L. (2016). Predictive modeling using a nationally representative database to identify patients at risk of developing microalbuminuria. International Urology and Nephrology, 48(2), 249-56.
• Warholak, T. L., Hincapie, A. L., Arya, V., Holdford, D., Stolpe, S., Fish, H., & West-Strum, D. (2016). Educating Pharmacists in Quality (EPIQ): Recipient, Academy for Healthcare Improvement 2015 Duncan Neuhauser Award for Curricular Innovation. Quality in Healthcare Journal, 25(1), 61-65.
• Warholak, T. L., Hinchman, A., Hodges, S., & Backus, J. (2016). Implementation of Health Information Exchange (HIE) at the Pima County Adult Detention Complex (PCADC): Lessons Learned. Journal of Correctional Health Care.
• AUGUSTINE, J., PELGER, M., BOESEN, K., & Warholak, T. L. (2015). Smoking quit rates at a pharmacist-provided pharmacotherapy and telephone counseling quit services. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 56(2), 129-36.
• Augustine, J., Jackowski, R., Warholak, T. L., Yehoshua, A., Ip, Q., & Armstrong, E. (2015). Perceptions of Student Pharmacists on Professionalism and Social Networking Sites: A Rasch Analysis. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 7(5), 645-655.
• Augustine, J., Yehoshua, A., Ip, Q., Jackowski, R., Warholak, T. L., & Armstrong, E. P. (2015). Perceptions of Student Pharmacists’ on Professionalism and Social Networking sites: a Rasch analysis. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 7(5), 645-655.
• Chinthammit, C., Armstrong, E. P., Boesen, K., Martin, R., & Warholak, T. L. (2015). The Cost-Effectiveness of Non-Comprehensive Medication Review Compared with Comprehensive Medication Review on Making Successful Medication Changes. Journal of Managed Care and Specialty Pharmacy, 20(5), 381-389a.
  More info

  Abstract
• Chinthammit, C., Armstrong, E. P., Boesen, K., Martin, R., Taylor, A. M., & Warholak, T. (2015). Cost-effectiveness of comprehensive medication reviews versus noncomprehensive medication review interventions and subsequent successful medication changes in a Medicare Part D population. Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy, 21(5), 381-9.
  More info

  An estimated 1.5 million preventable medication-related adverse events occur annually, with some resulting in serious injury and even death. To help address this issue, the Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services (CMS) now require medication therapy management (MTM) programs to offer comprehensive medication reviews (CMRs) to all Medicare Part D beneficiaries at least once a year. During a CMR, patients receive an extensive amount of medication and educational information. In contrast, noncomprehensive medication reviews (non-CMRs) are more targeted and focus on resolving a particular medication-related problem (MRP) via short patient consultations, patient letters, and direct provider interventions.  
• Chinthammit, C., Lee, A., Lemhang, B., Lim, S., Apgar, D., & Warholak, T. L. (2016). Medication error rates identified by pharmacists and nurses. ?.
• Derek, T., Malone, D. C., Warholak, T. L., Chong, J., Armstrong, E. P., Slack, M. K., Hsu, C., & Labiner, D. (2015). Healthcare Resource Burden of Newly Diagnosed Epilepsy Among the US Low-Income Elderly. European Geriatric Medicine, 6(3), 251-256.
• Derek, T., Malone, D. C., Warholak, T. L., Chong, J., Armstrong, E. P., Slack, M. K., Hsu, C., & Labiner, D. (2015). Healthcare Resource Burden of Newly Diagnosed Epilepsy Among the US Low-Income Elderly. European Geriatric Medicine, 6(3), 252-256. doi:10.1016
• Derek, T., Malone, D. C., Warholak, T. L., Chong, J., Armstrong, E. P., Slack, M. K., Hsu, C., & Labiner, D. (2015). Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy in the United States elderly and low income population. Journal of Clinical Neurology, ?(?), e pub ahead of print.
• Jennings, N., Mollon, L., Warholak, T. L., & Slack, M. K. (2015). Concept Learning in Pharmacy Education: a Rasch analysis of a concept-based drug literature evaluation exam. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 7(5), 645-655.
• Patel, M., Campbell, M., Moslem, M., Spriggel, P., & Warholak, T. (2015). Identifying Drug Therapy Problems Through Patient Consultation at Community Pharmacies: A Quality Improvement Project. Journal of patient safety, e publication ahead of print.
  More info

  This study aimed to identify drug therapy problems during patient counseling at prescription pickup in the community pharmacy setting.
• Slack, M. K., Warholak, T. L., & Augustine, J. (2014). A pretest-posttest assessment of concept learning in research design. Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning, 7, 729-37.
• Slack, M. K., Warholak, T. L., & Murphy, J. E. (2015). Writing a proposal for a scientific study: A course developed for PharmD students. Pharmacy Education Journal, 15.
• Slack, M. K., Warholak, T. L., Cooley, J. H., & Nelson, M. (2015). Assessment of an educational intervention to increase student scholarship. AJPE, 79(6), Article 80.
• Slack, M. K., Warholak, T. L., Cooley, J. H., & Nelson, M. (2015). Assessment of an educational intervention to increase student scholarship. American Journal of Pharmacy Education, 79(6), Article 80.
• Tang, D. H., Malone, D. C., Warholak, T. L., Chong, J., Armstrong, E. P., Slack, M. K., Hsu, C. H., & Labiner, D. M. (2015). Prevalence and Incidence of Epilepsy in an Elderly and Low-Income Population in the United States. Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea), 11(3), 252-61.
  More info

  The purpose of this study was to estimate the incidence and prevalence of epilepsy among an elderly and poor population in the United States.
• Tang, D. H., Malone, D. C., Warholak, T. L., Chong, J., Armstrong, E. P., Slack, M. K., Hsu, C., & Labiner, D. (2015). Prevalence and incidence of epilepsy in the United States elderly and low income population. Journal of Clinical Neurology, 11(3), e pub ahead of print 252-61.
• Warholak, T. L., Zale, A., Brandon, M., Park, S., & Rupp, M. T. (2015). Check it out: A practical approach for improving medication safety. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (Washington,D.C. : 1996), 55, 621-625.
  More info

  To evaluate the effect of incremental increases in patient information on the quality of pharmacists' clinical decisions related to legally mandated prospective drug utilization review (DUR) responsibilities.
• HINCAPIE, A. L., BOESEN, K., & Warholak, T. L. (2015). Understanding reasons for non-adherence to medications in a Medicare part D beneficiary sample: A pilot study. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 20(5), 391-399c.
  More info

  Refereed Abstract

Presentations

• Marupuru, S., Dhatt, H., Axon, D., Warholak, T. L., & Slack, M. (2021, December). Impact of Shared Decision Making on Outcomes among Patients with Pain: A Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis. Virtual ISPOR Europe Student Research Spotlight. Virtual.
• Mollon, L., Parikh, M., Warholak, T. L., & Campbell, P. (2021, May). Systematic review of community pharmacy access measurement in the United States. the PQA Annual Meeting.
• Planas, L., & Warholak, T. L. (2021, May). Faculty Perceptions of Gender Equity in Social and Administrative Sciences.. Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioner Virtual Meeting. Virtual.
• Warholak, T. L. (2021, August). CV/Professional Development Workshop.. Cancer Research: Present and Future. University of Arizona Cancer Center.
• Warholak, T. L. (2021, November). CV and Interviewing workshop.. Graduate Student Council Colloquium Presentation. University of Arizona College of Pharmacy.
• Warholak, T. L. (2021, September). Resilience and Women.. University of Arizona Health Sciences Wellness Wednesday Session.
• Warholak, T. L. (2018, April). Should Indication or Diagnosis be required on prescriptions?. AzPA.
• Warholak, T. L. (2018, December). Emerging USP standards: Improving patient safety with opioid standards. ASHP.
• Warholak, T. L. (2018, July). Successful collaboration between a university research team and a medication management center. AACP.
• Warholak, T. L. (2018, May). Medication Safety. ISQua.
• Warholak, T. L. (2018, May). Sandcastles: Building PQA’s Research Portfolio One Bucket at a Time.. PQA.
• Warholak, T. L. (2018, October). Understanding challenges in the safe use of medications – ISQua for the Specialist Certificate in Medication Safety. ISQua.
• Warholak, T. L. (2018, September). Designing and Conducting Pharmacoeconomic Studies. PharmacoEconomics Training Program.
• Warholak, T. L., Campbell, P., Oh, M., Axon, R., & Ekstrand, M. (2017, March). Psychometric Evaluation of the Health-Systems Alliance for Integrated Medication Management (HAIMM) Patient Experience Survey. Podium presentation at the APhA Annual Meeting and Exposition. San Francisco, CA.
• Axon, R., Warson, M., & Warholak, T. L. (2016, October). Evaluating the Quality of Community Pharmacy Services Around the World. Podium presentation at the International Society for Quality in Healthcare (ISQua) 33rd Annual Meeting. Tokyo, Japan.
• Cooley, J. H., Warholak, T. L., Nelson, M., Stolpe, S. S., Arya, V., Walsh, A., Montoya, A., Cooley, J. H., Warholak, T. L., Nelson, M., Stolpe, S. S., Arya, V., Walsh, A., & Montoya, A. (2016, May). Status of quality improvement education across U.S. colleges of pharmacy.. The Pharmacy Quality Alliance Annual Meeting.
• Hincapie, A., Garcia, E. E., & Warholak, T. L. (2016, July). Enhancing the Evidence for Medication Safety in Low and Middle Income Countries. Podium presentation at the International Society for Quality in Healthcare (ISQua) 33rd Annual Meeting. Tokyo, Japan..
• Johnson, M., Jastrzab, R., Hall-Lipsy, E. A., Taylor, A., Martin, R. T., & Warholak, T. L. (2016, May). Academic-community partnership to implement medication therapy management services in rural communities improves adherence to preventative health guidelines for rural patients with diabetes and/or hypertension. First Annual El Rio/ The Wright Center Virtual Health Research Fair. Tucson, Arizona: El Rio Community Health Center/The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Education.
  More info

  Awarded 2nd place
• Mutebi, A., Slack, M., Warholak, T. L., Hudgens, S., & Hudgens, S. J. (2016, October). Interpretation of Verbal Descriptors for Response Options Commonly Used in Verbal Rating Scales in Patient-Reported Outcome Instruments. International Society for Quality of Life Research. Vancouver, Canada.
• Warholak, T. L. (2016, Fall). PharmacoEconomics Training Program. Designing and Conducting PharmacoEconomic Studies. Tucson, AZ: The Center for Health Outcomes and Economic Research.
• Warholak, T. L. (2016, January). Managed Care Workshop. PharmacoEconomics Training Program. Malvern, Pennsylvania: The Center for Health Outcomes and PharmacoEconomic Research.
• Warholak, T. L. (2016, June). Innovative ways to Teach Quality, Safety & Performance Measurement. AACP Annual Meeting 2016. Anaheim, California.
• Warholak, T. L. (2016, Spring). PharmacoEconomics Training Program. Statistics in Pharmacoeconomics. Tucson, AZ: The Center for Health Outcomes and PharmacoEconomic Research .
• Watson, M. C., & Warholak, T. L. (2016, July). Creating an oasis in the desert: quality, improvement and community pharmacy practice. Podium presentation at the International Social Pharmacy Workshop. Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.
• Augustine, J., Seltzer, R., Pelger, M., Boesen, K., & Warholak, T. L. (2015, March). Smoking quit rates comparing smokers who received pharmacist-provided pharmacotherapy and a quitline services versus those who use only quitline services.. APhA 2015 Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA.
• Chinthammit, C., Rupp, M. T., Modisett, T., & Warholak, T. L. (2015, October). A randomized controlled study of the effectiveness of Pharmacy Quality Commitment - a standardized continuous quality improvement program in community pharmacies. the International Society for Quality in Healthcare (ISQua) 32nd Annual Meeting. Doha, Qatar.
• Johnson, M., Jastrzab, R., Hall-Lipsy, E. A., Taylor, A., Martin, R. T., & Warholak, T. L. (2015, Oct 31- Nov 4, 2015). Academic-community partnership to implement medication therapy management services in rural communities improves adherence to preventative health guidelines for rural patients with diabetes and/or hypertension. 143rd Annual American Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Exposition. Chicago, IL: American Public Health Association.
• Stolpe, S., & Warholak, T. L. (2015, February). Meeting New Quality Challenges. 27. AACP Interim Meeting, Teams Leading Change. Austin, TX.
• Warholak, T. L. (2015, June). Development of a Pharmacy STAR Rating System. The University of Mississippi College of Pharmacy. Oxford, MS.
• Warholak, T. L. (2015, San Diego). Research Roundtable on Quality Indicators in Health Care. APhA Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA.
• Warholak, T. L., Cooley, J., & Hincapie, A. L. (2015, October). Quality Improvement in the Education of Doctors of Pharmacy in the United States: A Project Update.. International Society for Quality in Healthcare (ISQua) 32nd Annual Meeting. Doha, Qatar.

Poster Presentations

• Arku, D., Almatruk, Z., Axon, D., & Warholak, T. L. (2021, December). Assessing the reliability and validity of an instrument used to measure student pharmacists’ experiences of teamwork in a quality improvement course. ISPOR Europe. Virtual.
• Arku, D., Felix, M., Axon, D., & Warholak, T. L. (2021, December). Evaluating health outcomes of participants enrolled in the Program of All Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) and elderly participants enrolled in other care giving programs. ISPOR Europe. Virtual.
• Axon, D., Warholak, T. L., Kloster, J., Morales, S., Eckert, B., Turner-Warren, T., Aseret-Manygoats, T., Ehiri, J., Riggs, S., & Kilungo, A. (2021, December). Identification of medication-related problems among rural community-dwelling patients receiving telephonic medication therapy management services. ISPOR Europe. Virtual.
• Cameron, C., Kim, S., Nguygen, V., Chien, J., Martin, J., & Warholak, T. L. (2021, July). A Scoping Review of Cumulative Exams as a Testing Modality. The 2021 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) Virtual Annual Meeting. Virtual.
• Choi, B., Kusi-Obeng, M., Axon, D., Cooley, J., & Warholak, T. L. (2021, December). Rating scale improvement: Applying Rasch analysis to student pharmacists’ perceptions of their professional identity.. ISPOR Europe. Virtual.
• Dhatt, H., Vaffis, S., Le, D., Campbell, P., Black, H., Kolobova, I., Axon, D., Nelson, M., & Warholak, T. L. (2021, April). Qualitative Analysis of Clinician-Patient Interactions during Real-World Telephonic Comprehensive Medication Reviews in the United States.. AMCP Annual Meeting.
• Dhatt, H., Vaffis, S., Le, D., Campbell, P., Black, H., Kolobova, I., Axon, R., Nelson, M., & Warholak, T. L. (2021). Qualitative analysis of clinician-patient interactions during real-world telephonic comprehensive medication reviews in the US. AMCP annual Meeting.
• Marupuru, S., Dhatt, H., Bingham, J., & Warholak, T. L. (2021, April). Evaluating the association of a novel adherence intervention with the proportion of days covered rate.. Virtual 2021 meeting. Academy of managed care pharmacy.
• Mollon, L., Parikh, M., Warholak, T. L., & Campbell, P. (2021, May). Systematic review of community pharmacy access measurement in the United States.. the PQA Annual Meeting..
• Unni, E., Planas, L., Warholak, T. L., Barner, J., Blakely, M., Clark, M., Devraj, R., Irwin, A., Nagel-Edwards, K., Quinones-Boex, A., Suda, K., & Thomas, T. (2021, July). Gender inequity perceptions among social and administrative sciences pharmacy faculty. AACP Virtual Annual Meeting. Virtual.
• Whaley, S., Bin Awad, N., Warholak, T. L., & Axon, D. (2021, December). Validation Assessment of a PAIN Interference Questionnaire Among Student Pharmacists at a United States University. ISPOR Europe.. Virtual.
• Warholak, T. L. (2020, May). Systematic review of community pharmacy access measurement in the United States.. the PQA Annual Meeting..
• Warholak, T. L. (2018, April). A systematic literature review of the prevalence of PIK3CA mutations and mutation hotspots in HR+/HER2– metastatic breast cancer. AACR. Chicago IL.
• Warholak, T. L. (2018, April). Biopsy and analytical testing methods used to identify PIK3CA mutations in hormone receptor positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor negative metastatic breast cancer: a systematic literature review. AACR.
• Warholak, T. L. (2018, April). Concordance of PIK3CA mutations in hormone receptor positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative breast cancer: a systematic literature review. AACR.
• Warholak, T. L. (2018, July). Objective, Structured Management Exams (OSMEs): An Innovative Way to Learn Business and Management Skills. AACP.
• Warholak, T. L. (2018, July). Student pharmacists’ experiences of teamwork in a professional pharmacy program. AACP.
• Warholak, T. L. (2018, June). A Systematic Literature Review of the Clinical Prognosis of HR+/HER2– Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer with and Without PIK3CA Mutation. ASCO.
• Warholak, T. L. (2018, May). A Rasch Analysis of Student Pharmacists’ Attitudes Towards Herbal Medications. ISPOR.
• Warholak, T. L. (2018, May). Comparison of All-Cause Mortality and All-Cause Hospitalization Risk for Medications to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease. ISPOR.
• Warholak, T. L. (2018, May). Use of the Patient Satisfaction with Pharmacist Services Questionnaire (PSPSQ) 2.0 in a telephonic Medication Therapy Management Center.. PQA.
• Warholak, T. L. (2018, September). Development and validity assessment of an exposure score tool for chronic pain self-management strategies. ISPOR.
• Warholak, T. L. (2018, September). Geographic variation of high risk medication use Among Medicare Beneficiaries in the United States. ISPOR.
• Augustine, J., Slack, M. K., Cooley, J. H., Holmes, E., Bhattacharjee, S., & Warholak, T. L. (2017, Summer 2017). Predictors of student performance on business and management role-playing scenarios. APhA Annual Meeting. San Francisco, CA: American Pharmacists Association.
• Augustine, J., Warholak, T. L., Slack, M. K., Cooley, J. H., Holmes, E., & Bhattacharjee, S. (2017, March 24-27). Predictors of student performance on business and management role-playing scenarios. APHA Annual Meeting. San Francisco, CA: APHA.
• Warholak, T. L. (2017, October). What do community pharmacists “do” and how can they help your quality initiatives?. ISQua 34th Annual Meeting. London, UK.
• Warholak, T. L., Augustine, J., Slack, M., Bhattacharjee, S., Cooley, J., & Holmes, E. (2017, March). Predictors of student performance on business and management role-playing scenarios. APhA Annual Meeting and Exposition. San Francisco, CA.
• Warholak, T. L., Axon, D. R., Watson, M., & Hincapie, A. (2017, October). Evaluating the Quality of Community Pharmacy Services Around the World. ISQua 34th Annual Meeting. London, UK.
• Warholak, T. L., Bhattacharje, S., Malone, D. C., Knapp, S., Lo-Ciganic, W., Lee, J., & Burke, W. (2017, October). Comparison of Fall and Fracture Risk for Medications to Treat Alzheimer’s Disease. AMCP Nexus. Dallas, Tx.
• Warholak, T. L., Bhattacharjee, S., Goldstone, L., & Ip, Q. (2017, May). Patterns and Predictors of Depression Treatment Among Adults with Multiple Sclerosis and Depression in Ambulatory Care Settings in the United States. ISPOR 22nd Annual International Meeting. Boston, MA.
• Warholak, T. L., Hincapie, A. L., Amir, A., & Weinstein, S. (2017, March). Reliability evaluation of an electronic prescribing error reporting system index. APhA Annual Meeting and Exposition. San Francisco, CA.
• Warholak, T. L., Kowalski, J., Chinthammit, C., Taylor, A., & Boesen, K. (2017, March). Evaluation of Intervention Alert Frequency and Acceptance Rates by Medicare Insurance Type in a Medicare Part D Population. AMCP Managed Care Specialty Pharmacy Annual Meeting. Denver, CO.
• Warholak, T. L., McManus, K., Metrejean, C., Schweitzer, K., & Cooley, J. (2017, May). Teaching at Quality and Safety at Schools/Colleges of Pharmacy in the United States: Exemplars. PQA Annual Meeting. National Harbor, MD.
• Warholak, T. L., Sears, J., Hincapie, A. L., Amir, A., & Goins, S. (2017, March). Qualitative Analysis of Electronic Prescribing Incidents Reported to Two National Error-Reporting Systems. APhA Annual Meeting and Exposition. San Francisco, CA.
• Augustine, J. M., Slack, M. K., Bhattacharjee, S., Cooley, J. H., E, H., & Warholak, T. L. (2016, March). Preceptors’ identification of key management skills for PharmD students. American Pharmacists Association Annual Meeting and Exposition. Baltimore, MD: APhA.
• Bhattacharjee, S., Goldstone, L. W., Bhattacharya, R., & Warholak, T. L. (2016, May). Prevalence, Patterns, And Predictors of Psychotropic Polypharmacy Among Community-Dwelling Elderly Individuals with Parkinson's Disease in The United States. ISPOR 21st Annual International Meeting. Washington, DC, USA.
• Jastrzab, R., Johnson, M., Hall-Lipsy, E. A., Taylor, A., Martin, R. T., & Warholak, T. L. (2016, May). Incorporating promotoras into Medication Therapy Management (MTM) services delivered in a rural Arizona border community. First Annual El Rio/ The Wright Center Virtual Health Research Fair. Tucson, Arizona: El Rio Community Health Center/The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Education.
  More info

  Poster awarded 1st place for Innovation
• Slack, M. K., Augustine, J., Erin, H., Cooley, J. H., Warholak, T. L., & Bhattacharjee, S. (2016, July 2016). Development and student feedback of an objective structured management exam (OSME). AACP Annual Meeting. Anaheim, CA: American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy.
• Slack, M. K., Slack, M. K., Augustine, J., Augustine, J., Holmes, E., Holmes, E., Bhattacharjee, S., Bhattacharjee, S., Warholak, T. L., Warholak, T. L., Cooley, J. H., & Cooley, J. H. (2016, March). Preceptors' identification of key management skills for PharmD students. American Pharmacists Association Annual Meeting. Baltimore, MD.
• Warholak, T. L. (2016, October). Patient Opinions of a Pharmacy Rating Model in the United States. ISQua’s 33rd International Conference. Tokyo, Japan.
• Warholak, T. L., Augustine, J., Slack, M., Bhattacharjee, S., Cooley, J., & Holmes, E. (2016, July). Development and student feedback of an Objective, Structured Management Exam (OSME). AACP Annual Meeting. Anaheim, California.
• Warholak, T. L., Hincapie, A., Arya, V., Holdford, D., Stolpe, S., Nelson, M., Campbell, P., Scarlatos, M., Fish, H., & West-Strum, D. (2016, July). Educating Pharmacists in Quality (EPIQ). AACP Annual Meeting. Anaheim, California.
• Warholak, T. L., Marin, L., Hincapie, A., Kjos, A. L., & Gallo, T. (2016, July). Health Information Technology Competencies: Results of a Focus Group. AACP Annual Meeting.
• Crescioni, M., Warholak, T. L., Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., Campus, I., Twelker, J. D., & Miller, J. M. (2015, May). Validation of Self-Reported Spectacle Compliance Among School Aged Children and Parents Using Rasch Analysis. Annual Meeting of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Denver, CO: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Dean, J., Nelson, M., & Warholak, T. L. (2015, July). Pharmacy preceptor perceptions of the educating pharmacy students and pharmacists in quality (EPIQ) program team quality improvement projects. AACP Annual Meeting 2014. National Harbor, Maryland: AACP.
• Jastrzab, R., Johnson, M., Hall-Lipsy, E. A., Taylor, A., Martin, R. T., & Warholak, T. L. (2015, Oct 31- Nov 4, 2015). Incorporating promotoras into Medication Therapy Management (MTM) services delivered in a rural Arizona border community. 143rd Annual American Public Health Association Annual Meeting and Exposition. Chicago, IL: American Public Health Association.
• Johnson, M., Jastrzab, R., Hall-Lipsy, E. A., Martin, R., Taylor, A., & Warholak, T. L. (2015, November/Fall). Academic-community partnership to implement medication therapy management (MTM) services in rural Arizona communities improves safety for patients with complex chronic conditions. 143 Annual American Public Health Association Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL: American Public Health Association.
• Liu, C., Chinthammit, C., & Warholak, T. L. (2015, July). Associated Outcomes for Wellness Program Evaluation: A Systematic Review. Poster presentation at the AACP Annual Meeting. National Harbor, MD: AACP.
• Slack, M. K., Warholak, T. L., Aguilar, A., & Augustine, J. (2015, Summer). The validation and use of a multiple-choice test to determine students' research methods performance. Annual Meeting of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. National Harbor, MD.
• Ward, K., Tedesco, M., Okerblom, D., Goldstone, L. W., & Warholak, T. L. (2015, April). A comparative study of psychiatric patients’ self-reported medication knowledge and attitudes with or without participation in a pharmacist-led education group. College of Psychiatric & Neurologic Pharmacists Annual Meeting. Tampa, FL: College of Psychiatric & Neurologic Pharmacists.
• Warholak, T. L., Crescioni, M., Campus, I., Twelker, J. D., Harvey, E., & Miller, J. (2015, May). Rasch analysis of self-reported spectacle compliance among school aged children and parents. The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting. Denver, CO: The Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Warholak, T. L., Patel, M., Johannesmeyer, H., West-Strum, D., & Rosenthal, M. (2015, October). Patient Assessment of a Pharmacy Star Rating Model.. Poster presentation at ISQua’s 32nd International Conference.. Doha, Qatar: ISQua.

Others

• Warholak, T. L. (2020, February). Key informant perceptions of telephonic comprehensive medication review services in the US.. J Manag Care Spec Pharm.
• Warholak, T. L. (2020, February). Student Refractive Error and Eyeglasses Questionnaire, SREEQ: Validation in children and young people with myopia. Value in Health.
• Warholak, T. L. (2020, January). Association of low-income subsidy/dual eligibility and disability with high-risk medication use among Part D Medicare beneficiaries.. Value in Health.
• Warholak, T. L. (2020, January). Differences in healthcare expenditure between opioid and non-opioid users among a national sample of community-based older united states adults with pain, 2015. Value in Health.
• Warholak, T. L. (2020, January). Health plan performance on high-risk medication use among Medicare Part D beneficiaries: impact of risk adjustment. Value in Health.
• Warholak, T. L. (2020, January). Prevalence and relative predictive value of demographic and pain characteristics for opioid use among a national sample of community-based older adults with pain in the United States. Value in Health.
• Warholak, T. L. (2020, January). Prevalence of Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes for Medication Therapy Management (MTM) services in administrative claims data. Value in Health.
• ALFAYEZ, O., LEAL, S., & Warholak, T. L. (2015, May). Documenting Meaningful Use Stage 1 and 2: A Comparison of Clinical Pharmacists to Other Healthcare Providers. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association..
  More info

  Refereed Abstract
• Bhattacharjee, S., Warholak, T. L., & Goldstone, L. W. (2015, October 2015). National estimates of prevalence and patterns of psychotropic polypharmacy among elderly individuals with Parkinson’s disease in nursing home and home healthcare settings in the United States.. Value Health.
• HARRINGTON, A., CHINTHAMMIT, C., MARTIN, R., BOESEN, K., & Warholak, T. L. (2015, May). Retrospective Review of Exceptions to Recommending Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) Therapy in a Diabetic Medicare Population. Journal of Managed Care and Specialty Pharmacy.
  More info

  Refereed Abstract
• Scarlatos, M., Warholak, T. L., Arya, V., & Stolpe, S. (2016, Feb). Innovation in Pharmacy Quality. Pharmacy Today.
• TAYLOR, A., MARTIN, R., BOESEN, K., & Warholak, T. L. (2015, May). Patients’ Perceptions of and Beliefs About Medication Therapy Management (MTM) Services. Journal of Managed Care and Specialty Pharmacy.
  More info

  Refereed Abstract