Jeff Stone
- Professor, Psychology
- Professor, Psychiatry
- Distinguished Professor
- Member of the Graduate Faculty
Contact
- (520) 626-2438
- Psychology, Rm. 312
- Tucson, AZ 85721
- jeffs@arizona.edu
Awards
- University of Arizona Disguished Professor
- Liesl Folks, Ph.D., MBASenior Vice President for Academic Affairs and ProvostUniversity of Arizona, Spring 2020
- Fellowship
- Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Fall 2017
- Fellow
- Association for Psychological Science, Spring 2017
- Faculty Fellow, Student Transfer Center
- Office of the Senior Vice President for Student Affairs and Enrollment Management, Fall 2014
- Cross Appointment, Professor of Psychiatry
- Department of PsychiatryCollege of MedicineAHSCUniversity of Arizona, Spring 2014
Interests
No activities entered.
Courses
2024-25 Courses
-
Research
PSY 900 (Fall 2024) -
Topics In Social Psych
PSY 596A (Fall 2024)
2023-24 Courses
-
Directed Research
PSYS 392 (Spring 2024) -
Directed Research
PSYS 492 (Spring 2024) -
Honors Directed Research
PSYS 392H (Spring 2024) -
Honors Thesis
PSY 498H (Spring 2024) -
Prejudice
PSYS 462 (Spring 2024) -
Research
PSY 900 (Spring 2024) -
Directed Research
PSYS 492 (Fall 2023) -
Honors Thesis
PSY 498H (Fall 2023) -
Independent Study
PSY 399 (Fall 2023) -
Independent Study
PSY 499 (Fall 2023) -
Research
PSY 900 (Fall 2023) -
Social Psyc Of Attitudes
PSY 461A (Fall 2023)
2022-23 Courses
-
Directed Research
PSYS 392 (Spring 2023) -
Directed Research
PSYS 492 (Spring 2023) -
Dissertation
PSY 920 (Spring 2023) -
Honors Directed Research
PSYS 392H (Spring 2023) -
Honors Thesis
NSCS 498H (Spring 2023) -
Master's Report
PSY 909 (Spring 2023) -
Prejudice
PSYS 462 (Spring 2023) -
Directed Research
PSYS 392 (Fall 2022) -
Directed Research
PSYS 492 (Fall 2022) -
Dissertation
PSY 920 (Fall 2022) -
Honors Thesis
NSCS 498H (Fall 2022) -
Honors Thesis
PSY 498H (Fall 2022) -
Independent Study
PSY 399 (Fall 2022) -
Independent Study
PSY 499 (Fall 2022) -
Topics In Social Psych
PSY 596A (Fall 2022)
2021-22 Courses
-
Honors Thesis
PSY 498H (Summer I 2022) -
Directed Research
PSYS 392 (Spring 2022) -
Directed Research
PSYS 492 (Spring 2022) -
Honors Directed Research
PSYS 392H (Spring 2022) -
Honors Thesis
PSY 498H (Spring 2022) -
Independent Study
PSY 499 (Spring 2022) -
Independent Study
PSY 699 (Spring 2022) -
Prejudice
PSYS 462 (Spring 2022) -
Research
PSY 900 (Spring 2022) -
Directed Research
PSYS 492 (Fall 2021) -
Honors Directed Research
PSYS 492H (Fall 2021) -
Honors Thesis
PSY 498H (Fall 2021) -
Independent Study
PSY 699 (Fall 2021) -
Research
PSY 900 (Fall 2021) -
Social Psyc Of Attitudes
PSY 461A (Fall 2021)
2020-21 Courses
-
Directed Research
PSYS 492 (Summer I 2021) -
Directed Research
PSYS 392 (Spring 2021) -
Directed Research
PSYS 492 (Spring 2021) -
Honors Directed Research
PSYS 492H (Spring 2021) -
Honors Thesis
PSY 498H (Spring 2021) -
Independent Study
PSY 399 (Spring 2021) -
Prejudice
PSYS 462 (Spring 2021) -
Directed Research
PSYS 392 (Fall 2020) -
Directed Research
PSYS 492 (Fall 2020) -
Honors Thesis
PSY 498H (Fall 2020) -
Independent Study
PSY 399 (Fall 2020) -
Research
PSY 900 (Fall 2020) -
Social Psyc Of Attitudes
PSY 461A (Fall 2020) -
Topics In Social Psych
PSY 596A (Fall 2020)
2019-20 Courses
-
Directed Research
PSYS 492 (Summer I 2020) -
Directed Research
PSYS 392 (Spring 2020) -
Directed Research
PSYS 492 (Spring 2020) -
Honors Directed Research
PSYS 492H (Spring 2020) -
Honors Independent Study
PSY 499H (Spring 2020) -
Honors Thesis
PSY 498H (Spring 2020) -
Independent Study
PSY 199 (Spring 2020) -
Independent Study
PSY 399 (Spring 2020) -
Independent Study
PSY 499 (Spring 2020) -
Master's Report
PSY 909 (Spring 2020) -
Topics in Social Psyc
PSY 496A (Spring 2020) -
Directed Research
PSYS 392 (Fall 2019) -
Directed Research
PSYS 492 (Fall 2019) -
Honors Directed Research
PSYS 392H (Fall 2019) -
Honors Independent Study
PSY 499H (Fall 2019) -
Honors Thesis
PSY 498H (Fall 2019) -
Independent Study
PSY 399 (Fall 2019) -
Independent Study
PSY 499 (Fall 2019) -
Research
PSY 900 (Fall 2019) -
Topics In Social Psych
PSY 596A (Fall 2019)
2018-19 Courses
-
Directed Research
PSYS 392 (Spring 2019) -
Directed Research
PSYS 492 (Spring 2019) -
Honors Directed Research
PSYS 392H (Spring 2019) -
Honors Independent Study
PSY 299H (Spring 2019) -
Honors Independent Study
PSY 499H (Spring 2019) -
Independent Study
PSY 399 (Spring 2019) -
Directed Research
PSY 492 (Fall 2018) -
Directed Research
PSYS 392 (Fall 2018) -
Independent Study
PSY 299 (Fall 2018) -
Independent Study
PSY 399 (Fall 2018) -
Independent Study
PSY 499 (Fall 2018) -
Research
PSY 900 (Fall 2018)
2017-18 Courses
-
Directed Research
PSYS 492 (Summer I 2018) -
Honors Thesis
PSY 498H (Spring 2018) -
Independent Study
PSY 399 (Spring 2018) -
Independent Study
PSY 499 (Spring 2018) -
Independent Study
PSY 599 (Spring 2018) -
Social Psyc Of Attitudes
PSY 461A (Spring 2018) -
Directed Research
PSYS 392 (Fall 2017) -
Honors Thesis
PSY 498H (Fall 2017) -
Independent Study
PSY 499 (Fall 2017) -
Independent Study
PSY 599 (Fall 2017) -
Independent Study
PSY 699 (Fall 2017) -
Topics in Social Psyc
PSY 496A (Fall 2017)
2016-17 Courses
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Dissertation
PSY 920 (Spring 2017) -
Honors Directed Research
PSYS 492H (Spring 2017) -
Honors Independent Study
PSY 399H (Spring 2017) -
Honors Thesis
PSY 498H (Spring 2017) -
Independent Study
PSY 399 (Spring 2017) -
Independent Study
PSY 499 (Spring 2017) -
Master's Report
PSY 909 (Spring 2017) -
Topics In Social Psych
PSY 596A (Spring 2017) -
Dissertation
PSY 920 (Fall 2016) -
Honors Thesis
PSY 498H (Fall 2016) -
Independent Study
PSY 399 (Fall 2016) -
Independent Study
PSY 499 (Fall 2016) -
Social Psyc Of Attitudes
PSY 461A (Fall 2016) -
Thesis
PSY 910 (Fall 2016)
2015-16 Courses
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Dissertation
PSY 920 (Spring 2016) -
Honors Independent Study
PSY 399H (Spring 2016) -
Honors Thesis
PSY 498H (Spring 2016) -
Independent Study
PSY 399 (Spring 2016) -
Independent Study
PSY 499 (Spring 2016) -
Internship
PSY 493 (Spring 2016) -
Research
PSY 900 (Spring 2016) -
Senior Capstone
PSY 498 (Spring 2016) -
Social Psyc Of Attitudes
PSY 461A (Spring 2016)
Scholarly Contributions
Chapters
- Zestcott, C. A., & Stone, J. A. (2020). The role of persuasion in health behavior change. In The Wiley Encyclopedia of Health Psychology (K. Sweeny, M. Robbins & L. M. Cohen, Eds)(pp 747-754). John Wiley & Sons Ltd. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119057840.ch128
- Wolsiefer, K. J., & Stone, J. A. (2019). Addressing Bias in Healthcare: Confrontation as a Tool for Patient and Provider Self-Advocacy.. In In M. Monteith & R. Mallet (Eds) Confronting Prejudice and Discrimination: The Science of Changing Minds and Behaviors(pp 275-297). Academic Press.
- Focella, E., & Stone, J. A. (2013). The use of hypocrisy for promoting environmentally sustainable behaviors.. In Encouraging Sustainable Behavior (H. van Tripp, Ed.)(pp 203-218). New York, NY: Psychology Press.
Journals/Publications
- Liu, F. F., Coifman, J., McRee, E., Stone, J., Law, A., Gaias, L., Reyes, R., Lai, C. K., Blair, I. V., Yu, C. L., Cook, H., & Lyon, A. R. (2022). A Brief Online Implicit Bias Intervention for School Mental Health Clinicians. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(2).More infoClinician bias has been identified as a potential contributor to persistent healthcare disparities across many medical specialties and service settings. Few studies have examined strategies to reduce clinician bias, especially in mental healthcare, despite decades of research evidencing service and outcome disparities in adult and pediatric populations. This manuscript describes an intervention development study and a pilot feasibility trial of the Virtual Implicit Bias Reduction and Neutralization Training (VIBRANT) for mental health clinicians in schools-where most youth in the U.S. access mental healthcare. Clinicians ( = 12) in the feasibility study-a non-randomized open trial-rated VIBRANT as highly usable, appropriate, acceptable, and feasible for their school-based practice. Preliminarily, clinicians appeared to demonstrate improvements in implicit bias knowledge, use of bias-management strategies, and implicit biases (as measured by the Implicit Association Test [IAT]) post-training. Moreover, putative mediators (e.g., clinicians' VIBRANT strategies use, IAT scores) and outcome variables (e.g., clinician-rated quality of rapport) generally demonstrated correlations in the expected directions. These pilot results suggest that brief and highly scalable online interventions such as VIBRANT are feasible and promising for addressing implicit bias among healthcare providers (e.g., mental health clinicians) and can have potential downstream impacts on minoritized youth's care experience.
- Torres, T. K., Chase, D. M., Salani, R., Hamann, H. A., & Stone, J. (2022). Implicit biases in healthcare: implications and future directions for gynecologic oncology. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.More infoHealth disparities have been found among patients with gynecologic cancers, with the greatest differences arising among groups based on racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic factors. Although there may be multiple social barriers that can influence health disparities, another potential influence may stem from healthcare system factors that unconsciously perpetuate bias toward patients who are racially and socioeconomically disadvantaged. More recent research suggested that providers hold these implicit biases (automatic and unconscious attitudes) for stigmatized populations with cancer, with emerging evidence for patients with gynecologic cancer. These implicit biases may guide providers' communication and medical judgments, which, in turn, may influence the patient's satisfaction with and trust in the provider. This narrative review consolidated the current research on implicit bias in healthcare, with a specific emphasis on oncology professionals, and identified future areas of research for examining and changing implicit biases in the field of gynecologic oncology.
- Chase, D. M., Salani, R., Farley, J., Torres, T., & Stone, J. (2021). Unwittingly biased: A note to gynecologic cancer providers. Gynecologic oncology, 160(3), 646-648.
- Wolsiefer, K. J., Mehl, M., Moskowitz, G. B., Cagno, C. K., Zestcott, C. A., Tejeda-Padron, A., & Stone, J. (2021). Investigating the Relationship between Resident Physician Implicit Bias and Language Use during a Clinical Encounter with Hispanic Patients. Health communication, 1-9.More infoPrior research suggests that the implicit biases of physicians are negatively associated with quality of medical care and patient satisfaction among minority patients. However, relatively little is known about how physicians express these subtle forms of bias in patient interactions. This study examined the implicit and explicit anti-Hispanic biases of 53 resident physicians and the relationship between anti-Hispanic bias and language use during outpatient medical appointments with 291 Hispanic patients. Physician implicit bias was positively associated with use of interrogatives and work-related words and negatively associated with the use of prepositions and relativity-related words (e.g., words related to time and the future). These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence suggesting that, in addition to nonverbal and paraverbal behaviors, providers may communicate implicit bias to patients through the words they use during a clinical visit.
- Zestcott, C. A., Ruiz, J. M., Tietje, K. R., & Stone, J. (2021). The Relationship Between Racial Prejudice and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Risk at the State and County Level. Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine.More infoRobust evidence shows that perceived discrimination among stigmatized groups is associated with negative health outcomes. However, little work has examined whether holding prejudiced attitudes toward others is associated with health risks for prejudiced individuals.
- Zestcott, C. A., Spece, L., McDermott, D., & Stone, J. (2021). Health Care Providers' Negative Implicit Attitudes and Stereotypes of American Indians. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 8(1), 230-236.More infoResearch suggests that implicit biases held by health care providers may play a role in perpetuating health disparities. However, minimal work has examined the presence of providers' negative implicit attitudes and stereotypes of American Indians. The current work examined implicit attitudes and stereotypes toward American Indians among 111 health care providers using the Implicit Association Test. Results revealed evidence of negative implicit attitudes toward American Indians. In addition, results showed that providers implicitly stereotype American Indians as noncompliant. This effect was moderated by self-reports of cultural competency and implicit bias training experience such that those reporting cultural competency or implicit bias training reported lower implicit stereotyping than those reporting no cultural competency or implicit bias training. Moreover, medical students reported lower implicit stereotyping than medical residents and practicing physicians. Implications of providers' implicit biases on treatment of American Indian patients and implicit bias reduction research are discussed.
- Breathett, K., Yee, E., Pool, N., Hebdon, M., Crist, J. D., Yee, R. H., Knapp, S. M., Solola, S., Luy, L., Herrera-Theut, K., Zabala, L., Stone, J., McEwen, M. M., Calhoun, E., & Sweitzer, N. K. (2020). Association of Gender and Race With Allocation of Advanced Heart Failure Therapies. JAMA network open, 3(7), e2011044.More infoRacial bias is associated with the allocation of advanced heart failure therapies, heart transplants, and ventricular assist devices. It is unknown whether gender and racial biases are associated with the allocation of advanced therapies among women.
- Hagiwara, N., Dovidio, J. F., Stone, J., & Penner, L. A. (2020). Applied Racial/Ethnic Healthcare Disparities Research Using Implicit Measures. Social cognition, 38(Suppl), s68-s97.More infoMany healthcare disparities studies use the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to assess bias. Despite ongoing controversy around the IAT, its use has enabled researchers to reliably document an association between provider implicit prejudice and provider-to-patient communication (provider communication behaviors and patient reactions to them). Success in documenting such associations is likely due to the outcomes studied, study settings, and data structure unique to racial/ethnic healthcare disparities research. In contrast, there has been little evidence supporting the role of providers' implicit bias in treatment recommendations. Researchers are encouraged to use multiple implicit measures to further investigate how, why, and under what circumstances providers' implicit bias predicts provider-to-patient communication and treatment recommendations. Such efforts will contribute to the advancement of both basic social psychology/social cognition research and applied health disparities research: a better understanding of implicit social cognition and a more comprehensive identification of the sources of widespread racial/ethnic healthcare disparities, respectively.
- Pu, J., Donovan, F. M., Ellingson, K., Leroy, G., Stone, J., Bedrick, E., & Galgiani, J. N. (2020). Clinician Practice Patterns that Result in the Diagnosis of Coccidioidomycosis Before or During Hospitalization. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.More infoCoccidioidomycosis (CM) is common and important within endemic regions, requiring specific testing for diagnosis. Long delays in diagnosis have been ascribed to ambulatory clinicians, but how their testing practices have impacted patient care have not been systematically unexplored.
- Solola, S., Luy, L., Herrera-Theut, K., Zabala, L., Torabzadeh, E., Bedrick, E. J., Yee, E., Larsen, A., Stone, J., McEwen, M., Calhoun, E., Crist, J. D., Hebdon, M., Pool, N., Carnes, M., Sweitzer, N., & Breathett, K. (2020). Race and Gender-Based Perceptions of Older Adults: Will the Youth Lead the Way?. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00903-7More infoOlder individuals encounter the greatest racial/gender biases. It is unknown whether younger generations, who often lead culture shifts, have racial and gender biases against older populations.
- Stone, J., Moskowitz, G. B., Zestcott, C. A., & Wolsiefer, K. J. (2020). Testing active learning workshops for reducing implicit stereotyping of Hispanics by majority and minority group medical students. Stigma and health, 5(1), 94-103.More infoThe present research tested if having first year medical students complete active learning workshops would reduce their implicit stereotyping of Hispanics as medically noncompliant. The workshops were tested with 78-majority (White) group, 16-target minority (Hispanic, African-American and American-Indian) group, and 42-non-target minority (Asian-American and foreign born students from East Asia and Southeast Asia) group students in the 2018 and 2021 classes in the American Southwest. Prior to the workshops, students completed an implicit association test (IAT), and then participated in two workshops that covered the psychology of intergroup bias, the role of implicit bias in patient care, and activities for learning six strategies for controlling the implicit stereotyping of patients. The results showed that before the workshops, the level of implicit stereotyping of Hispanics was significant for the majority and non-target minority group students, but it was not significant for the target minority group students. After the workshops, target minority students again showed no bias, and implicit stereotyping was significantly lower for the majority group students, but not for the non-target minority students. The results suggest that the workshops may have been effective for majority group and target minority group students, but that more cultural tailoring of the materials and activities may be necessary to address implicit bias among some minority group medical students.
- Zestcott, C. A., Dickens, J., Brancamonte, N., Stone, J. A., & Harrison, C. K. (2020). One and done: Examining the relationship between years of college basketball experience and career statistics in the National Basketball Association.. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 44(4), 299-315.
- Breathett, K., Yee, E., Pool, N., Hebdon, M., Crist, J. D., Knapp, S., Larsen, A., Solola, S., Luy, L., Herrera-Theut, K., Zabala, L., Stone, J., McEwen, M. M., Calhoun, E., & Sweitzer, N. K. (2019). Does Race Influence Decision Making for Advanced Heart Failure Therapies?. Journal of the American Heart Association, 8(22), e013592.More infoBackground Race influences medical decision making, but its impact on advanced heart failure therapy allocation is unknown. We sought to determine whether patient race influences allocation of advanced heart failure therapies. Methods and Results Members of a national heart failure organization were randomized to clinical vignettes that varied by patient race (black or white man) and were blinded to study objectives. Participants (N=422) completed Likert scale surveys rating factors for advanced therapy allocation and think-aloud interviews (n=44). Survey results were analyzed by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and multivariable regression to identify factors influencing advanced therapy allocation, including interactions with vignette race and participant demographics. Interviews were analyzed using grounded theory. Surveys revealed no differences in overall racial ratings for advanced therapies. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression selected no interactions between vignette race and clinical factors as important in allocation. However, interactions between participants aged ≥40 years and black vignette negatively influenced heart transplant allocation modestly (-0.58; 95% CI, -1.15 to -0.0002), with adherence and social history the most influential factors. Interviews revealed sequential decision making: forming overall impression, identifying urgency, evaluating prior care appropriateness, anticipating challenges, and evaluating trust while making recommendations. Race influenced each step: avoiding discussing race, believing photographs may contribute to racial bias, believing the black man was sicker compared with the white man, developing greater concern for trust and adherence with the black man, and ultimately offering the white man transplantation and the black man ventricular assist device implantation. Conclusions Black race modestly influenced decision making for heart transplant, particularly during conversations. Because advanced therapy selection meetings are conversations rather than surveys, allocation may be vulnerable to racial bias.
- Liang, J., Wolsiefer, K., Zestcott, C. A., Chase, D., & Stone, J. (2019). Implicit bias toward cervical cancer: Provider and training differences. Gynecologic oncology, 153(1), 80-86.More infoImplicit prejudice and stereotyping may exist in health care providers automatically without their awareness. These biases can correlate with outcomes that are consequential for the patient. This study examined gynecologic oncology care providers' implicit prejudice and stereotyping toward cervical cancer.
- Zestcott, C. A., & Stone, J. A. (2019). Experimental evidence that a patient’s tattoo increases their assigned health care cost liability.. Stigma and Health, 4(4), 442–449. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000161
- Breathett, K., Allen, L. A., Helmkamp, L., Colborn, K., Daugherty, S. L., Blair, I. V., Jones, J., Khazanie, P., Mazimba, S., McEwen, M., Stone, J., Calhoun, E., Sweitzer, N. K., & Peterson, P. N. (2018). Temporal Trends in Contemporary Use of Ventricular Assist Devices by Race and Ethnicity. Circulation. Heart failure, 11(8), e005008.More infoThe proportion of racial/ethnic minorities receiving ventricular assist devices (VADs) has previously been less than expected. It is unclear if trends have changed since the broadening of access to insurance in 2014 and the rapid adoption of VAD technology.
- Tajeu, G. S., Halanych, J., Juarez, L., Stone, J., Stepanikova, I., Green, A., & Cherrington, A. L. (2018). Exploring the Association of Healthcare Worker Race and Occupation with Implicit and Explicit Racial Bias. Journal of the National Medical Association, 110(5), 464-472.More infoRacial bias is associated with suboptimal healthcare treatment for minorities. Research focuses on bias among physicians rather than non-physician healthcare staff (e.g., receptionists). Patients spend considerable amounts of time with non-physician staff. Therefore, we investigate differences in implicit and explicit racial bias by healthcare staff race and occupation using the Implicit Association Test and Modern Racism Scale, respectively.
- Zestcott, C. A., Stone, J., & Landau, M. J. (2017). The Role of Conscious Attention in How Weight Serves as an Embodiment of Importance. Personality & social psychology bulletin, 43(12), 1712-1723.More infoInconsistency among findings in the embodied cognition literature suggests a need for theoretical boundary conditions. The current research proposes that conscious attention of a bodily state can moderate its influence on social judgment. Three studies tested this possibility in the case of the demonstrated effect of weight sensations on judgments of an abstract idea's importance. Studies 1 and 2 showed that participants rated a topic as more important when holding a moderately heavy, compared with light, clipboard. However, when the clipboard was very heavy, participants rated the survey topic as less important compared with when the clipboard was moderately heavy. The differences in importance ratings were not caused by derogation of the topic or the activation of a different metaphor. In Study 3, the importance rating difference between light and moderately heavy clipboards was eliminated by explicitly drawing perceiver's attention to the clipboard's weight. Implications and future directions are discussed.
- Zestcott, C., Stone, J. A., & Landau, M. (2017). Attention moderates the embodiment of weight as importance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43, 1712-1723.
- Focella, E., Stone, J. A., Fernandez, N., Cooper, J., & Hogg, M. (2016). Vicarious hypocrisy: Bolstering attitudes and taking action after exposure to a hypocritical in-group member. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 62, 89-102.
- Robb, J., & Stone, J. A. (2016). Implicit Bias toward People with Mental Illness: A Systematic Literature Review. Journal of Rehabilitation.
- Stone, J. A., & Kwan, V. (2016). How group processes influence, maintain, and overcome health disparities. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations: Special Issue on Health Disparities, 19, 411-414.
- Zestcott, C. A., Blair, I. V., & Stone, J. A. (2016). Examining the presence, consequences, and reduction of implicit bias in health care: A narrative review.. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations: Special Issue on Health Disparities, 19, 528-542.
- Zestcott, C., Bean, M., & Stone, J. A. (2015). Evidence of Negative Implicit Attitudes Toward Individuals with a Tattoo. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations. doi:10.1177/1368430215603459More infopublished on line Sept, 2015.
- Covarrubias*, R., & Stone, J. A. (2015). Self-monitoring strategies as a unique predictor of Latino male student achievement.. Journal of Latinos and Education, 14, 55-70.
- Focella*, E., Bean*, M., & Stone, J. A. (2015). Confrontation and beyond: Examining a stigmatized target's use of a prejudice reduction strategy.. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 9, 100-114.
- Bean*, M., Focella*, E., Covarrubias*, R., Stone, J. A., Moskowitz, G., & Badger, T. A. (2014). Evidence for nursing and medical students’ stereotypes of Hispanic and American Indian patients.. Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice, 7, 14-22.
- Bean, M. G., Covarrubias, R., & Stone, J. (2014). How Hispanic Patients Address Ambiguous versus Unambiguous Bias in the Doctor's Office. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44(11), 693-707.More infoTwo studies examined Hispanic individuals' preferences for using ten different bias reduction strategies when interacting with a doctor whose beliefs about their group were either ambiguous or clearly biased. Consistent with predictions, participants who imagined interacting with a doctor whose beliefs were ambiguous preferred strategies that facilitate positive doctor-patient interactions, whereas participants whose doctor explicitly endorsed negative stereotypes about their group preferred strategies that address stereotype content. The results also revealed that, regardless of whether the doctor's beliefs were ambiguous or clearly biased, stigma consciousness predicted participants' preferences for using strategies that address stereotype content. These findings suggest that both doctors' behavior and individual-level factors influence how minority individuals choose to behave in a healthcare setting.
- Bean, M. G., Stone, J., Moskowitz, G. B., Badger, T. A., & Focella, E. S. (2013). Evidence of nonconscious stereotyping of hispanic patients by nursing and medical students. Nursing Research, 62(5), 362-367.More infoPMID: 23995470;PMCID: PMC3763916;Abstract: BACKGROUND: Current research on nonconscious stereotyping in healthcare is limited by an emphasis on practicing physicians' beliefs about African American patients and by heavy reliance on a measure of nonconscious processes that allows participants to exert control over their behaviors if they are motivated to appear nonbiased. OBJECTIVES: The present research examined whether nursing and medical students exhibit nonconscious activation of stereotypes about Hispanic patients using a task that subliminally primes patient ethnicity. It was hypothesized that participants would exhibit greater activation of noncompliance and health risk stereotypes after subliminal exposure to Hispanic faces compared with non-Hispanic White faces and, because ethnicity was primed outside of conscious awareness, that explicit motivations to control prejudice would not moderate stereotype activation. METHODS: Nursing and medical students completed a sequential priming task that measured the speed with which they recognized words related to noncompliance and health risk after subliminal exposure to Hispanic and non-Hispanic White faces. They then completed explicit measures of their motivation to control prejudice against Hispanics. RESULTS: Both nursing and medical students exhibited greater activation of noncompliance and health risk words after subliminal exposure to Hispanic faces, compared with non-Hispanic White faces. Explicit motivations to control prejudice did not moderate stereotype activation. DISCUSSION: These findings show that, regardless of their motivation to treat Hispanics fairly, nursing and medical students exhibit nonconscious activation of negative stereotypes when they encounter Hispanics. Implications are discussed. © 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
- Schmader, T., Croft, A., Whitehead, J., & Stone, J. (2013). A Peek Inside the Targets' Toolbox: How Stigmatized Targets Deflect Discrimination by Invoking a Common Identity. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35(1), 141-149.More infoAbstract: In an effort to identify effective strategies for reducing prejudice, this research tested whether stigmatized individuals can evoke a common identity to deflect discrimination. In an initial survey, gay/lesbian/bisexual participants reported a preference for evoking common identity in intergroup interactions. In two experiments, straight male perceivers in a managerial role-playing paradigm were more likely to select a gay man for an interview if he had primed a common identity. Evoking a common identity did not similarly benefit straight candidates. Findings suggest that integrating prejudice reduction and persuasion research can identify strategies that empower targets to effectively cope with prejudice. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
- Stone, J. A. (2013). Stereotype threat. The Encyclopedia of Sport and Exercise Psychology.
- Voisin, D. R., Stone, J. A., & Becker, M. (2013). The role of normative standards on the mode of cognitive dissonance reduction among smokers.. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, 57-67.
- Voisin, D., Stone, J., & Becker, M. (2013). The Impact of the Antitobacco Norm on the Selected Mode of Cognitive Dissonance Reduction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(1), 57-67.More infoAbstract: Two experiments tested the hypothesis that when behavior violates an antismoking injunctive norm, dissonance is aroused, but the injunctive norm constrains how people reduce their discomfort. In Experiment 1, participants with positive or negative attitudes toward public smoking wrote an essay for or against a ban on public smoking. Whereas attitude change occurred for those whose counter-attitudinal essay supported the antismoking norm, those whose counter-attitudinal essay violated the antismoking norm did not change their attitudes to reduce dissonance. In Experiment 2, participants who wrote against the ban on public smoking eschewed attitude change in favor of reducing dissonance through trivialization and act rationalization. The discussion focuses on how maintaining social connections makes cognitions resistant to change when dissonance is aroused. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
- Bean, M. G., & Stone, J. (2012). Another View from the Ground: How Laws Like SB1070 and HB2281 Erode the Intergroup Fabric of Our Community. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 12(1), 144-150.More infoAbstract: In this commentary, we discuss the articles included in ASAP's special issue on Arizona's Senate Bill 1070 and explore the means by which intergroup bias related to the support and implementation of this law may be reduced. Specifically, we briefly discuss the overall conclusions that can be drawn from the articles included in this volume and address questions that still remain regarding the potential effects of this law. Next, we explore potential strategies for reducing bias between Whites and Latinos, and we discuss the limitations Arizona's House Bill 2281 will impose on our ability to successfully improve intergroup relations in Arizona. © 2011 The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues.
- Gaffney, A. M., Hogg, M. A., Cooper, J., & Stone, J. (2012). Witness to hypocrisy: Reacting to ingroup hypocrites in the presence of others. Social Influence, 7(2), 98-112.More infoAbstract: How is one's reaction to a fellow ingroup member's normative hypocrisy affected by the presence of a third party observer who is an ingroup member or an outgroup member? To investigate this question we experimentally manipulated the group membership and reaction of a third party to ingroup hypocrisy in a 2 × 2 design (N = 78) and measured participants' personal endorsement of pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors that were normative of the ingroup. As predicted from a social identity analysis of the function of norms and prototypes in social influence processes, personal endorsement of pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors was strongest when an outgroup member remarked negatively on the hypocrisy, and weakest when an outgroup member did not appear to notice the hypocrisy. © 2012 Psychology Press, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business.
- Moskowitz, G. B., & Stone, J. (2012). The proactive control of stereotype activation: Implicit goals to not stereotype. Zeitschrift fur Psychologie / Journal of Psychology, 220(3), 172-179.More infoAbstract: Stereotypes are typically conceived of as controlled through conscious willing. We propose that goals can lead to stereotype control even when the goals are not consciously noted. This is called proactive control since goal pursuit occurs not as a reaction to a stereotype having been activated and having exerted influence, but as an act of goal shielding that inhibits stereotypes instead of activating them. In two experiments proactive control over stereotypes toward African Americans was illustrated using a lexical decision task. In Experiment 1, participants with egalitarian goals showed slower responses to stereotypic words when following an African American male face (relative to following a White face). Experiment 2 illustrated African American faces facilitated responses to stimuli relevant to egalitarian goals; White faces did not. Together, these studies indicate that, without consciously trying, participants with egalitarian goals' implicit reaction to African Americans included triggering fairness goals and inhibiting stereotypes. © 2012 Hogrefe Publishing.
- Moskowitz, G. B., Stone, J., & Childs, A. (2012). Implicit stereotyping and medical decisions: Unconscious stereotype activation in practitioners' thoughts about African Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 102(5), 996-1001.More infoPMID: 22420815;PMCID: PMC3325336;Abstract: Objectives. We investigated whether stereotypes unconsciously influence the thinking and behavior of physicians, as they have been shown to do in other professional settings, such as among law enforcement personnel and teachers. Methods.We conducted 2 studies to examine whether stereotypes are implicitly activated in physicians. Study 1 assessed what diseases and treatments doctors associate with African Americans. Study 2 presented these (and control terms) to doctors as part of a computerized task. Subliminal images of African American and White men appeared prior to each word, and reaction times to words were recorded. Results. When primedwith an African American face, doctors reactedmore quickly for stereotypical diseases, indicating an implicit association of certain diseases with African Americans. These comprised not only diseases African Americans are genetically predisposed to, but also conditions and social behaviorswith no biological association (e.g., obesity, drug abuse). Conclusions. We found implicit stereotyping among physicians; faces they never consciously saw altered performance. This suggests that diagnoses and treatment of African American patients may be biased, even in the absence of the practitioner's intent or awareness.
- Stone, J. A. (2012). A hidden toxicity in the term student-athlete: Stereotype threat for athletes in the college classroom.. Wake Forest Journal of Law & Policy, 2(1), 179-197.
- Stone, J., Harrison, C. K., & Mottley, J. (2012). "Don't call me a student-athlete": The effect of identity priming on stereotype threat for academically engaged African American college athletes. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 34(2), 99-106.More infoAbstract: Academically engaged African American college athletes are most susceptible to stereotype threat in the classroom when the context links their unique status as both scholar and athlete. After completing a measure of academic engagement, African American and White college athletes completed a test of verbal reasoning. To vary stereotype threat, they first indicated their status as a scholar-athlete, an athlete, or as a research participant on the cover page. Compared to the other groups, academically engaged African American college athletes performed poorly on the difficult test items when primed for their athletic identity, but they performed worse on both the difficult and easy test items when primed for their identity as a scholar-athlete. The unique stereotype threat processes that affect the academic performance of minority college athletes are discussed. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
- Moskowitz, G. B., Peizhong, L. i., Ignarri, C., & Stone, J. (2011). Compensatory cognition associated with egalitarian goals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(2), 365-370.More infoAbstract: Two experiments examine nonconscious processes that facilitate pursuing egalitarian goals. It was hypothesized that when working on a task not known to be relevant to egalitarian goals there is heightened ability to detect opportunities to goal pursuit (goal-relevant people) embedded in the task, even when they are best ignored for optimal performance. Further, this selective attention should cease when the goal is sated, despite increased semantic accessibility of these opportunities that results from satiation. Experiment one introduced egalitarian goals via writing an essay about failing to be egalitarian to Black men. Next, an ostensibly unrelated task presented Black and White men in an array of faces as distracters to a focal task. Task performance was disrupted only by arrays containing Black men, and only among participants primed with egalitarian goals. This was not due to increased semantic accessibility of the concept "Black men." Experiment two had all participants write failure essays and then write second essays. Half wrote affirming essays about egalitarianism and Black men. Despite this increased semantic accessibility of the group "Black men," distracted attention was not evidenced. Instead, the goal had been satisfied and goal pursuit shut down. In contrast, the remaining participants wrote affirming essays in an irrelevant domain. Despite the decreased semantic accessibility, goal accessibility remained and was evidenced by selective attention to Black men. These findings reveal Black men are associated not with stereotypes, but egalitarian goals. They also point to the role goal completion versus self affirmation play in goal pursuit. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
- Stone, J., & Fernandez, N. C. (2011). When thinking about less failure causes more dissonance: The effect of elaboration and recall on behavior change following hypocrisy. Social Influence, 6(4), 199-211.More infoAbstract: The present experiment examined the effect of elaboration and recall on the dissonance that motivates hypocrites to change their behavior when they think about their past failures. After advocating the use of sunscreen, participants recalled either two or eight past failures under low or high-elaboration conditions. The results showed that under low elaboration, 68% who recalled eight past failures acquired a sample of sunscreen compared to 39% who recalled two past failures. However, under high elaboration, 82% participants who recalled two past failures acquired a sample of sunscreen compared to 52% who recalled eight past failures. The discussion focuses on new insights into the processes that impact the recruitment of cognitions into the dissonance ratio when people conduct an act of hypocrisy. © 2011 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
- Stone, J., & Focella, E. (2011). Hypocrisy, dissonance and the self-regulation processes that improve health. Self and Identity, 10(3), 295-303.More infoAbstract: This paper explores the use of hypocrisy and cognitive dissonance for motivating changes in health. Hypocrisy occurs when people publicly advocate a health behavior and are then made mindful that they have not performed the target health behavior regularly in the past. The discrepancy poses a threat to their self-integrity, which hypocrites reduce by bringing their own health attitudes and behavior into line with the standards for good health. After examining the research that supports the use of hypocrisy for changing health attitudes and behavior, we finish by discussing how hypocrisy represents a powerful strategy for engaging the self-regulation processes that improve health. © 2010 Psychology Press.
- Stone, J., & Moskowitz, G. B. (2011). Non-conscious bias in medical decision making: What can be done to reduce it?. Medical Education, 45(8), 768-776.More infoPMID: 21752073;Abstract: Context Non-conscious stereotyping and prejudice contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in health care. Contemporary training in cultural competence is insufficient to reduce these problems because even educated, culturally sensitive, egalitarian individuals can activate and use their biases without being aware they are doing so. However, these problems can be reduced by workshops and learning modules that focus on the psychology of non-conscious bias. The Psychology of NON-Conscious Bias Research in social psychology shows that over time stereotypes and prejudices become invisible to those who rely on them. Automatic categorisation of an individual as a member of a social group can unconsciously trigger the thoughts (stereotypes) and feelings (prejudices) associated with that group, even if these reactions are explicitly denied and rejected. This implies that, when activated, implicit negative attitudes and stereotypes shape how medical professionals evaluate and interact with minority group patients. This creates differential diagnosis and treatment, makes minority group patients uncomfortable and discourages them from seeking or complying with treatment. Pitfalls in Cultural Competence Training Cultural competence training involves teaching students to use race and ethnicity to diagnose and treat minority group patients, but to avoid stereotyping them by over-generalising cultural knowledge to individuals. However, the Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) standards do not specify how these goals should be accomplished and psychological research shows that common approaches like stereotype suppression are ineffective for reducing non-conscious bias. To effectively address bias in health care, training in cultural competence should incorporate research on the psychology of non-conscious stereotyping and prejudice. Training in Implicit Bias Enhances Cultural Competence Workshops or other learning modules that help medical professionals learn about non-conscious processes can provide them with skills that reduce bias when they interact with minority group patients. Examples of such skills in action include automatically activating egalitarian goals, looking for common identities and counter-stereotypical information, and taking the perspective of the minority group patient. © Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011.
- Stone, J., Whitehead, J., Schmader, T., & Focella, E. (2011). Thanks for asking: Self-affirming questions reduce backlash when stigmatized targets confront prejudice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47(3), 589-598.More infoAbstract: Two experiments tested the prediction that stigmatized individuals can avoid backlash when they confront others about bias if they first ask questions designed to activate self-affirmation processes. Experiment 1 showed that compared to a no-strategy control condition, highly prejudiced perceivers tended to express less desire to meet an Arab-American when he asked them to take his perspective on prejudice, but they expressed more desire to meet him when he asked self-affirming questions prior to making the perspective-taking request. Experiment 2 replicated this effect with a different affirmation and revealed that asking self-affirming questions reduced perceptions that the target was being confrontational when asking others to take his perspective. Together, these studies show that stigmatized targets can effectively challenge prejudiced individuals to reduce their biases if they first use a subtle strategy that reduces defensiveness. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
- Martin, B. E., Harrison, C. K., Stone, J., & Lawrence, S. M. (2010). Athletic voices and academic victories: African american male student-athlete experiences in the Pac-Ten. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 34(2), 131-153.More infoAbstract: The purpose of this study was to explore participants' academic experiences and confidence about their academic achievement. Participants (N = 27) consisted of high-achieving African American male student-athletes from four academically rigorous American universities in the Pac-Ten conference. Most of the participants competed in revenue-generating sports and were interviewed to obtain a deeper understanding of their successful academic experiences. Utilizing a phenomenological approach four major themes emerged: "I Had to Prove I'm Worthy," "I'm a Perceived Threat to Society," "It's About Time Management," and "It's About Pride and Hard Work." Stereotype threat and stereotype reactance are investigated in relation to findings. Recommendations for scholars and practitioners that work with student-athletes are also articulated. © 2010 SAGE Publications.
- Harrison, K. C., Stone, J., Shapiro, J., Yee, S., Boyd, J. A., & Rullan, V. (2009). The role of gender identities and stereotype salience with the academic performance of male and female college athletes. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 33(1), 78-96.More infoAbstract: An experiment was conducted to examine factors that moderate the experience of academic identity threat among college athletes who represent a stigmatized group on most college campuses (Yopyk & Prentice, 2005). It was hypothesized that because they are more engaged in academics, female college athletes would be especially threatened by the prospect of confirming the "dumb-jock" stereotype. As predicted, female college athletes performed more poorly when their athletic and academic identities were explicitly linked, but only on moderately difficult test items. The results also revealed that male college athletes performed significantly better (see stereotype reactance and self-affirmation) on more difficult test items when only their athletic identity was primed prior to the test. This is an important finding as there is little research on the impact of positive stereotypes on performance. The discussion focuses on the different motivational processes (i.e. self-affirmation) that impact the academic performance of male and female college athletes when aspects of their campus identity are primed within a classroom context. © 2009 Sage Publications.
- Lawrence, S. M., Harrison, C. K., & Stone, J. (2009). A day in the life of a male college athlete: A public perception and qualitative campus investigation. Journal of Sport Management, 23(5), 591-614.More infoAbstract: Perceptual confirmation paradigm (PCP) rooted in social psychology, can be implemented to frame sport science research questions (Stone, Perry, & Darley, 1997). Public perception of college athletes' lives has been scarcely investigated in the sport sciences (Keels, 2005) using the PCP to prime stereotypes. The purpose of this study was to prime stereotypes about a day in the life of a college athlete by using qualitative inquiry to assess college students' (N = 87) perceptions. Participants provided written responses about a day in the life of a college athlete. Two different college athlete targets were used " Tyrone Walker" (n = 44) and " Erik Walker" (n = 43). Four major themes and one minor theme emerged which are descriptive of the participants' perceptions. Findings were related to the leadership responsibilities of sport management practitioners in higher education. Future research inquiries and relevant suggestions were articulated for sport management scholars in the 21st century. © 2009 Human Kinetics, Inc.
- Chalabaev, A., Sarrazin, P., Stone, J., & Cury, F. (2008). Do achievement goals mediate stereotype threat?: An investigation on females' soccer performance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30(2), 143-158.More infoPMID: 18490787;Abstract: This research investigated stereotype threat effects on women's performance in sports and examined the mediation of this effect by achievement goals. The influence of two stereotypes-relative to the poor athletic ability and the poor technical soccer ability of women-were studied. Fifty-one female soccer players were randomly assigned to one of three conditions, introducing the task as diagnostic of athletic ability, technical soccer ability, or sports psychology. Next, they filled out a questionnaire measuring achievement goals and performed a soccer dribbling task. Results showed that compared with the control condition, females' performance significantly decreased in the athletic ability condition and tended to decrease in the technical soccer ability condition. Moreover, participants endorsed a performance-avoidance (relative to performance-approach) goal when the stereotypes were activated. However, this goal endorsement was not related to performance. The implications of these results for understanding the role of stereotypes in gender inequalities in sports are discussed. © 2008 Human Kinetics, Inc.
- Chalabaev, A., Stone, J., Sarrazin, P., & Croizet, J. (2008). Investigating physiological and self-reported mediators of stereotype lift effects on a motor task. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 30(1), 18-26.More infoAbstract: Achievement gaps between social groups may result from stereotype threat effects but also from stereotype lift effects-the performance boost caused by the awareness that an outgroup is negatively stereotyped. We examined stereotype lift and threat effects in the motor domain and investigated their mediation by task involvement and self-confidence, measured by heart rate reactivity and self-reported indices. Males and females performed a balance task about which negative stereotypes about either males or females were given. No gender information was given in a control condition. Results showed no stereotype threat but a stereotype lift effect, participants performing significantly better after negative outgroup stereotypes were explicitly linked to performance on the balance task compared to the control condition. Concerning males, this effect was mediated by higher self-confidence and task involvement. The implications of these results for understanding the gender inequalities in the motor domain are discussed.
- Schmader, T., & Stone, J. (2008). Toward a problem-focused understanding of prejudice. Psychological Inquiry, 19(2), 108-113.
- Stone, J., & McWhinnie, C. (2008). Evidence that blatant versus subtle stereotype threat cues impact performance through dual processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(2), 445-452.More infoAbstract: An experiment tested three competing hypotheses for how blatant and subtle stereotype threat cues influence the performance of female sports participants on a golf-putting task. A "predominant" model predicts that blatant threat cues have a more negative effect on performance than subtle threat cues, whereas an "additive" model predicts that both cues combine to have a greater negative effect than either threat cue alone. However, a "dual process" model predicts that each threat cue has an independent negative influence through separate mechanisms. To test these predictions, we varied the presence of blatant (e.g., the task frame) and subtle cues (e.g., the gender of the experimenter) for negative stereotypes about female athletes, and then measured both the number of strokes required to finish the course and accuracy on the last putt of each hole. The results supported the dual process model prediction: females required more strokes to finish the golf task when it was framed as measuring gender differences compared to racial differences in athletic ability, and females performed less accurately on the last putt of each hole in the presence of a male versus a female experimenter. The discussion focuses on how the presence of multiple stereotype threat cues can induce independent mechanisms that may have separate but simultaneously deleterious effects on performance. © 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
- Cooper, J., Blanton, H., Halberstadt, J., Hogg, M., McConnell, A. R., Murray, S. L., Shelton, J. N., Skowronski, J. J., Stone, J., & Williams, K. (2007). Editorial. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(2), 167-.
- Heath, W. P., Stone, J., Darley, J. M., & Grannemann, B. D. (2003). Yes, I did it, but don't blame me: Perceptions of excuse defenses. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 31(2), 187-226.More infoAbstract: According to some, it is increasingly common for defendants to admit they committed an offense but to argue that they shouldn't be held legally responsible because they have an excuse. The present study was conducted to investigate views of excuse defenses. Forty-three participants rated 15 different excuse defenses (e.g., steroid use) on a number of characteristics (e.g., persuasiveness of defense). Participants also indicated whether they would be willing to change an assigned sentence (increase or decrease sentence, recommend treatment or probation) in the presence of each excuse defense. Ratings revealed that excuses vary in persuasiveness, with the persuasiveness of an excuse associated with the defendant's perceived amount of responsibility for the act and control over the criminal act and excusing condition. Defendants providing excuses seen as more persuasive tended to receive shorter sentences and more treatment recommendations. Possible factors influencing judgments are discussed.
- Stone, J. (2003). Self-consistency for low self-esteem in dissonance processes: The role of self-standards. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29(7), 846-858.More infoPMID: 15018673;Abstract: The self-consistency revision of cognitive dissonance theory predicts that people with low self-esteem are less likely to experience dissonance arousal compared to people with high self-esteem. Two experiments investigated how the accessibility of different self-standards in the context of a dissonant act activates the consistency role of self-esteem in the process of cognitive dissonance arousal. In Experiment 1, after participants wrote a counter-attitudinal essay, priming personal self-standards caused more attitude change for those with high compared to low self-esteem, whereas priming no standards or priming normative self-standards caused the same level of attitude change among both self-esteem groups. Experiment 2 showed that the self-consistency effect for low self-esteem participants only occurred among those who were high in self-certainty when personal self-standards were primed. The importance of self-standards for understanding the role of self-esteem in dissonance processes is discussed.
- Stone, J., & Cooper, J. (2003). The effect of self-attribute relevance on how self-esteem moderates attitude change in dissonance processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(5), 508-515.More infoAbstract: An experiment was conducted to examine the conditions under which self-esteem operates as an expectancy, as a resource, or does not influence cognitive dissonance processes. Based on the self-standards model of dissonance (Stone & Cooper, 2001), it was predicted that following a high-choice counter-attitudinal behavior: (a) priming positive self-attributes that were relevant to the discrepant behavior would cause participants with high self-esteem to report more attitude change as compared to participants with low self-esteem, (b) priming positive self-attributes that were irrelevant to the behavior would cause participants with high self-esteem to report less attitude change as compared to participants with low self-esteem, and (c) priming neutral self-attributes would eliminate self-esteem moderation of attitude change. The results of the attitude change measure supported the predictions. The discussion explores different processes by which the accessibility of cognitions about the self mediate dissonance arousal and reduction. © 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
- Stone, J. (2002). Battling doubt by avoiding practice: The effects of stereotype threat on self-handicapping in White athletes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(12), 1667-1678.More infoAbstract: Two experiments examined the use of behavioral self-handicapping as a strategy for coping with stereotype threat. Using sports as the performance context, it was predicted that if a sports test was framed as a measure of "natural athletic ability," White participants would feel threatened about confirming the negative stereotype about poor White athleticism and would practice less before the lest as compared to control groups. The data from Experiment 1 supported the prediction and showed that the effect of stereotype threat on self-handicapping was moderated by participants' level of psychological engagement in sports. Experiment 2 showed that engaged White participants practiced less than engaged Hispanic participants when their performance was linked to natural athletic ability. The discussion focuses on the processes by which the salience of a negative stereotype in a performance context induces proactive strategies for coping with the implications of a poor performance. © 2002 by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.
- Stone, J., & Cooper, J. (2001). A Self-Standards Model of Cognitive Dissonance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37(3), 228-243.More infoAbstract: This article presents a new model for understanding the role of the self in cognitive dissonance processes. We focus on the controversies among three major theories of how cognitions about the self mediate dissonance processes: Self-consistency (Aronson, 1992), Self-affirmation (Steele, 1988), and the New Look perspective (Cooper & Fazio, 1984). It is argued that each of these contemporary revisions of dissonance theory assumes that dissonance begins when people commit a behavior and then assess the meaning of the behavior against a standard for judgment. However, each approach makes different predictions for how self-knowledge mediates dissonance because each assumes different self-attributes and standards are used to assess the psychological meaning of a given behavior. The proposed model suggests that the basis of dissonance motivation and the role played by cognitions about the self depend on the type of self-standards made accessible in the context of discrepant behavior. By examining the ways in which people use self-standards to assess the social appropriateness or personal quality of their behavior and use self-attributes to reduce their discomfort, the proposed model can predict the conditions under which each of the contemporary views of the self in dissonance is the most accurate explanation of the process of dissonance arousal and reduction. © 2001 Academic Press.
- Galinsky, A. D., Stone, J., & Cooper, J. (2000). The reinstatement of dissonance and psychological discomfort following failed affirmations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30(1), 123-147.More infoAbstract: The research in this article examined the consequences of a failed attempt to reduce dissonance through a self-affirmation strategy. It was hypothesized that disconfirming participants' affirmations would reinstate psychological discomfort and dissonance motivation. In Experiment 1, high-dissonance participants who affirmed on a self-relevant value scale and received disconforming feedback about their affirmations expressed greater psychological discomfort (Elliot & Devine, 1994) than either affirmation-only participants or low-dissonance/affirmation disconformed participants. In Experiment 2, disconfirmation of an affirmation resulted in increased attitude change. The results of both experiments suggested that a failed attempt to reduce dissonance reinstates psychological discomfort and dissonance motivation. We discuss how the reduction of psychological discomfort may play a role in the success of affirmations in reducing dissonance-produced attitude change. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- Stone, J., Sjomeling, M., Lynch, C. I., & Darley, J. M. (1999). Stereotype threat effects on black and white athletic performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1213-1227.More infoAbstract: Two experiments showed that framing an athletic task as diagnostic of negative racial stereotypes about Black or White athletes can impede their performance in sports. In Experiment 1, Black participants performed significantly worse than did control participants when performance on a golf task was framed as diagnostic of "sports intelligence." In comparison, White participants performed worse than did control participants when the golf task was framed as diagnostic of "natural athletic ability." Experiment 2 observed the effect of stereotype threat on the athletic performance of White participants for whom performance in sports represented a significant measure of their self-worth. The implications of the findings for the theory of stereotype threat (C. M. Steele, 1997) and for participation in sports are discussed.
- Stone, J., Cooper, J., Wiegand, A. W., & Aronson, E. (1997). When Exemplification Fails: Hypocrisy and the Motive for Self-Integrity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(1), 54-65.More infoPMID: 9008374;Abstract: Two experiments investigated how the dissonance that follows a hypocritical behavior is reduced when 2 alternatives are available: a direct strategy (changing behavior to make it less hypocritical) or an indirect strategy (the affirmation of an unrelated positive aspect of the self). In Experiment 1, after dissonance was aroused by hypocrisy, significantly more participants chose to reduce dissonance directly, despite the clear availability of a self-affirmation strategy. In Experiment 2, participants again chose direct resolution of their hypocritical discrepancy, even when the opportunity to affirm the self held more importance for their global self-worth. The discussion focuses on the mechanisms that influence how people select among readily available strategies for dissonance reduction.
- Stone, J., Perry, Z. W., & Darley, J. M. (1997). "White men can't jump": Evidence for the perceptual confirmation of racial stereotypes following a basketball game. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 19(3), 291-306.More infoAbstract: An experiment was conducted to demonstrate the perceptual confirmation of racial stereotypes about Black and White athletes. In a 2 × 2 design, target race (Black vs. White) and target athleticism (perceived athletic vs. unathletic) were manipulated by providing participants with a photograph of a male basketball player. Participants then listened to a college basketball game and were asked to evaluate the target's athletic abilities, individual performance, and contribution to his team's performance. Multivariate analyses showed only a main effect for target race on the measures of ability and team performance. Whereas the Black targets were rated as exhibiting significantly more athletic ability and having played a better game, White targets were rated as exhibiting significantly more basketball intelligence and hustle. The results suggest that participants relied on a stereotype of Black and White athletes to guide their evaluations of the target's abilities and performance.
- Cooper, J., & Stone, J. (1996). Gender, computer-assisted learning, and anxiety: With a little help from a friend. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 15(1), 67-91.More infoAbstract: This study examined the effects of learning group gender composition and the use of nonverbal communication by a computer on performance and motivation following a computer-assisted biology lesson. The results showed that before the lesson began, group gender composition influenced self-reports of experience and knowledge about computers and also how subjects arranged their computer desktop. During the lesson, when a computer image of a human face was present on the screen, girls who reported low anxiety performed better and were more motivated to use the program relative to girls who reported high anxiety. In contrast, boys who reported high anxiety performed better and were more motivated to use the program when the tutor was present on the screen relative to boys who reported low anxiety. The implications of these findings for classroom gender organization and for using gender-appropriate educational software are discussed.
- Aronson, E., Fried, C., & Stone, J. (1991). Overcoming denial and increasing the intention to use condoms through the induction of hypocrisy. American Journal of Public Health, 81(12), 1636-1638.More infoPMID: 1746661;PMCID: PMC1405296;Abstract: Feelings of hypocrisy were induced in college students to increase condom use. Hypocrisy was created by making subjects mindful of their past failure to use condoms and then having them persuade others about the importance of condoms for AIDS prevention. The induction of hypocrisy decreased denial and led to greater intent to improve condom use relative to the control conditions. The implications of these findings for AIDS prevention are discussed.
Presentations
- Stone, J. A. (2017, February 20). Addressing implicit bias in health care. Invited research presentation for the College of Agriculture and Life SciencesCollege of Agriculture and Life Sciences.
- Stone, J. A. (2016, April 13). Addressing implicit bias in patient care. Invited presentation for the Cancer Prevention and Control (CPC) Seminar Series. University of Arizona Cancer Center.
- Stone, J. A. (2016, August 3). Addressing implicit bias in public health nursing practice.. Keynote address for the Wisconsin Public Health Nursing Conference. Stevens Point, WI: Wisconsin Public Health Nursing Association.
- Stone, J. A. (2016, Jan 28-30). Testing A Brief, Active Learning Workshop For Reducing Implicit Bias Among Medical Students. 17th annual Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference/ Symposium on health disparities. San Diego, CA: Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference.
- Stone, J. A. (2016, July 21-24). Testing A Brief, Active Learning Workshop For Reducing Implicit Bias Among Medical Students.. Invited presentation for the 5th European Meeting on the Psychology of Attitudes: Experience-Based Versus Information-Based Attitude Processes. Cologne, Germany: University of Cologne.
- Stone, J. A. (2016, Nov 17). Addressing implicit bias in patient care. Keynote address at the American Association of Colleges of Nursing Conference. Anaheim, California: American Association of Colleges of Nursing.
- Stone, J. A. (2016, November 14). Addressing implicit bias in health care. JDP Dilemmas in Inequality Lecture/workshop Series. Princeton University: Princeton University.
- Stone, J. A. (2016, October 7). Addressing implicit bias in health care. Sociology Brown Bag. University of Arizona: Department of Sociology.
- Stone, J. A. (2015, April). Addressing implicit bias in patient care. Colloqium Speaker. Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA: Department of Psychology.
- Stone, J. A. (2015, December 11). Vicarious hypocrisy: Bolstering attitudes and taking action after exposure to a hypocritical in-group member. Colloqium Speaker. University of Nice: University of Nice.
- Stone, J. A. (2015, December 7). Vicarious hypocrisy: Bolstering attitudes and taking action after exposure to a hypocritical in-group member. Keynote presentation at the "Dissonance: Current issues and practices" Conference. Aix-En-Provence, France: Aix-En-Provence University, France.
- Stone, J. A. (2015, December 9). Vicarious hypocrisy: Bolstering attitudes and taking action after exposure to a hypocritical in-group member. Colloqium Speaker. University of Nimes, France: University of Nimes, France.
- Stone, J. A. (2015, June). Addressing implicit bias in patient care.. AZ-Pride Health Disparities Summer Institute Training Program. College of Medicine, University of Arizona: AZ-Pride Health Disparities Summer Institute.
- Stone, J. A. (2015, November). Addressing implicit bias in patient care. Psychiatry Ground Rounds. Banner - UMC South, Behavioral Health Pavilion, Room 1233: Department of Psychiatry, COM, University of Arizona.
- Focella, E., & Stone, J. A. (2014, February). Vicarious hypocrisy: Dissonance caused by exposure to a hypocritical ingroup member. Symposium participant at the 15th annual Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference. Austin, TX.
- Stone, J. A. (2014, June). Vicarious hypocrisy: The use of attitude bolstering to reduce dissonance after exposure to a hypocritical ingroup member.. Symposium participant at the International Society for Justice Research 15th Biennial Conference. New York University, NY.
- Stone, J. A. (2014, November). Addressing implicit bias in patient care. Colloqium for the Department of Psychology. Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA: Department of Psychology.
- Stone, J. A. (2014, October). Addressing implicit bias in patient care. Invited address for the Minority Health and Health Disparities Research Center at the University of Alabama, Birmingham. Birmingham, AL.
- Stone, J. A. (2013, December). Reducing personal and interpersonal biases in health. Colloquium for the Department of Psychology at the University of Texas. San Antonio, TX.
- Stone, J. A. (2012, April). Prejudice reduction by a stigmatized target: A target empowerment model. Presentation for the Psychology Departments at the Lehigh University. Bethlehem, PA.
- Stone, J. A. (2012, April). The use of hypocrisy to change health behavior.. Colloquium for the Department of Psychology at Northern Arizona University. Flagstaff, AZ.
- Stone, J. A. (2012, April). The use of hypocrisy to change health behavior. Colloquium for the Department of Psychology at Princeton University. Princeton.
- Stone, J. A. (2012, December). Implicit Stereotyping of Hispanic Patients: Nonconscious Expectations for Noncompliance. 2012 Science of Eliminating Health Disparities Summit in Washington. Washington D.C..
- Stone, J. A. (2012, March). Prejudice reduction by a stigmatized target: A target empowerment model. Presentation for the Psychology Departments at the University of British Columbia. B.C., Canada.
- Stone, J. A. (2012, March). Stereotyping and prejudice in sports. Presentation for the DeVoss School of Sports Management at the University of Central Florida. Orlando, FlL.
- Stone, J. A. (2012, May). Vicarious hypocrisy: Bolstering attitudes and taking action after exposure to a hypocritical in-group member. Presentation for a medium group meeting of the European Association of Experimental Social Psychology. Ghent, Belgium.
Poster Presentations
- Torrejon, A., Zestcott, C., & Stone, J. A. (2017, Jan 19-21). Implicit Bias Reduction via Recategorization for Tattooed Individuals Who Wear Eyeglasses. 18th Annual Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference. San Antonio, TX: Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference.
- Zestcott, C., & Stone, J. A. (2017, Jan 19-21). Examining a Dual-Process Model of Embodied Cognition. 18th Annual Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference. San Antonio, TX: Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference.
- Torrejon, A., Zestcott, C., & Stone, J. A. (2016, Jan 28-30). Eyeglasses Reduce Implicit Prejudice Toward People With a Tattoo. 17th Annual Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference. San Diego, CA: Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference.
- Zestcott, C., & Stone, J. A. (2016, Jan 28-30). The Role of Conscious Attention in How Weight Serves as an Embodiment of Importance. 17th Annual Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference. San Diego, CA: Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference.
- Stone, J. A., & Zestcott, C. A. (2015, February). Positively Valenced Images Do Not Reduce Implicit Prejudice Toward Tattooed Individuals. 16th Annual Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference. Long Beach, CA: Personality and Social Psychology Conference.
- Stone, J. A. (2014, December 4). How Hispanic patients address ambiguous versus unambiguous bias in the doctor’s office. National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Grantees' Conference. Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health.
- Stone, J. A., Bean, M., & Covarrubias, R. (2014, December). How Hispanic patients address ambiguous versus unambiguous bias in the doctor’s office. National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities Grantees' Conference. Washington DC: NIH.
- Westcott, C., Bean, M., & Stone, J. A. (2014, February 13-15, 2014). Evidence of implicit bias against people with a tattoo.. 15th Annual Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference. Austin, TX.
- Stone, J. A., & Focella, E. (2013, January). A target’s use of humor reduces bias when it acknowledges his out-group membership and puts the highly prejudiced at ease. 14th Annual Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference. New Orleans, LA.
- Stone, J. A., Bean, M., & Covarrubias, R. (2013, January). Confronting bias in the doctor’s office: The role of provider bias, stigma consciousness, and health agency in predicting how Hispanic patients address discrimination in health care. 14th Annual Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference. New Orleans, LA.
- Stone, J. A., Bean, M., Moskowitz, G., & Focella, E. (2013, January). Implicit Stereotyping of Hispanic Patients: Nonconscious Expectations for Noncompliance. 14th Annual Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference. New Orleans, LA.
- Stone, J. A., & Focella, E. (2012, January). Presenting Warmth to Make Counter-stereotyping A More Effective Bias-Reduction Strategy for Women. 13th Annual Society for Personality and Social Psychology Conference. San Diego, CA.
Others
- Stone, J. A. (2015, September). Intergroup bias in medicine: Causes, consequences and prevention. Workshop for 1st year students.More infoTaught a workshop on implicit bias for 1st year medical students in the College of Medicine at the University of Arizona
- Stone, J. A. (2014, March). Intergroup bias in medicine: Causes, consequences and prevention. Workshop for grant funded research.More infoTaught and measured the effectiveness of a two face-to-face workshops on implicit bias for the 2nd year medical students in the College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
- Stone, J. A. (2014, September). Intergroup bias in health care: Causes, consequences and prevention. Workshop for grant funded research.More infoTaught and tested the effectiveness of a face-to-face workshop on reducing implicit bias for the MEPN and BSN nursing students in the College of Nursing, University of Arizona,
- Stone, J. A., Stone, J. A., & Stone, J. A. (2014, September). Intergroup bias in medicine: Causes, consequences and prevention. Workshop for grant funded research.More infoTaught and tested the effectiveness of a workshop on implicit bias for 1st year medical students in the College of Medicine at the University of Arizona
- Stone, J. A. (2013, March). Intergroup bias in medicine: Causes, consequences and prevention. Workshop.More infoWorkshop for the 2nd year medical students in the College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
- Stone, J. A. (2013, September and October). Intergroup bias in health care: Causes, consequences and prevention. Workshop.More infoWorkshops for the MEPN and BSN nursing students in the College of Nursing, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
- Stone, J. A. (2013, September). Intergroup bias in medicine: Causes, consequences and prevention. Workshop.More infoWorkshops for the 1st year medical students in the College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.