Keiron D Bailey

Interests

Research

Structured Public InvolvementCollaborative GIS/geovisualizationTechnology and governancePerformance frameworks and indicators for public involvement

Teaching

GISEconomic Geography (undegraduate and graduate seminar)Collaborative Systems (graduate seminar)Problems in Regional DevelopmentGeographic Techniques

Courses

Scholarly Contributions

Books

• Bailey, K. D., & Grossardt, T. (2018). Transportation Planning and Public Participation: Theory, Process, and Practice 1st Edition. Elsevier. doi:https://www.elsevier.com/books/transportation-planning-and-public-participation/grossardt/978-0-12-812956-2
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  ransportation Planning and Public Participation: Theory, Process, and Practice explains why, and then how, transportation professionals can treat public participation as an opportunity to improve their projects and identify problems before they do real damage. Using fundamental principles based on extensive project-based research and insights drawn from multiple disciplines, the book helps readers re-think their expectations regarding the project process. It shows how public perspectives can be productively solicited, gathered, modeled, and integrated into the planning and design process, guides project designers on how to ask the proper questions and identify strategies, and demonstrates the tradeoffs of different techniques.Readers will find an analytic and evaluation framework - along with process design guidelines - that will help improve the usefulness and applicability of public input.
• Bailey, K. D., Grossardt, T., & Brumm, J. (2001). A Citizens Guide to Visualization. Lexington, KY: Kentucky Transportation Center.

Chapters

• Bailey, K. D. (2010). GIS in Policy. In Encyclopedia of Geography (B. Warf, ed.). Netherlands: Kluwer.
• Bailey, K. D. (2009). Public Involvement in Arizona’s Transportation Decision Making. In From Here to There: Transportation Opportunities for Arizona. 94th Arizona Town Hall(pp Ch. 17, p.207-214). Phoenix, AZ: 94th Arizona Town Hall.
• Bailey, K. D. (2004). “Towards Structured Public Involvement: Improving community involvement in transportation decision making,” Ch.89, pp.547-552. In WorldMinds: Association of American Geographers Centennial Volume (in B. Warf, D. Janelle and K. Hansen, eds).(pp 547-552). Netherlands: Kluwer.
• Bailey, K. D., & Grossardt, T. (2004). Community Visualization of a Light Rail Transit Oriented Development: Final Report for Transit IDEA Project 33. In Innovations Deserving Exploratory Analysis IDEA Program: Transportation Research Board(pp 1-21). Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board of the National Academies.
• Bailey, K. D., Grossardt, T., & Brumm, J. (2002). Enhancing Public Involvement through High Technology. In Transportation Research News(pp 18-19). Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board of the National Academies.

Journals/Publications

• Bailey, K. D. (2019). Coproduction and cogency: planning and river monsters. From Participation to Co-Production – Joint Research into Action (ed Simon, D., Bailey, K., Sitas, R., Valencia, S. & May, T., https://www.mistraurbanfutures.org/en/publication/participation-co-production, p.4-9. doi:https://www.mistraurbanfutures.org/sites/mistraurbanfutures.org/files/AAG-symposium-2018_0.pdf
• Bailey, K. D., Tong, D., Kuby, M., & Zhong, Q. (2019). Locating Alternative Fuel Stations for Maximizing Coverage and Ensuring Sufficient Spacing: a Case Study of CNG Truck Fueling. Process Integration and Optimization for Stability, p.1-16. doi:10.1007/s41660-019-00092-9
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  While a number of optimization models have been proposed for siting refueling/recharging stations for alternative fuel/electric vehicles, many of these approaches require detailed origin–destination (OD) data of refueling trips that are often very costly or challenging to obtain. This paper introduces two new arc-based coverage models for locating alternative fuel stations for regions where OD data are unavailable or unsuitable. Station spacing parameters are proposed to reduce redundant coverage while helping fill in regional coverage gaps. The first model is more suitable for early stages of planning, while the second addresses coverage overlap issues during later stages when a denser station network is formed. Both models can handle cases with a set of pre-existing stations. The new models are applied to planning a network of compressed natural gas (CNG) fueling stations for heavy-duty CNG-powered trucking in the Southwest USA. The models are generalizable to other regions, fuels, and vehicle types when applicable OD data are lacking.
• Bailey, K. D., Kuby, M., Tong, D., Wei, F., Fowler, J., Lopez, O., & Shaeffer, W. (2018). Collaborative Geodesign for Alternative-Fuel Station Location using “Collablocation” Software. Transportation Research Record, 2672(24), 98-108. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0361198118790375
• Bailey, K. (2015). Public Involvement. Transportation and Arizona: 106th Arizona Town Hall, 106(Chapter 8b.), p.88-90.
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  Full Town Hall Report
• Bailey, K. D., Grossardt, T., & Ripy, J. (2015). High Performance Public Involvement: Frameworks, Performance Measures and Data. Transportation Research Record, 2499, p.45-53. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2499-07
• Bailey, K. D. (2014). Cost-Effective High-Performance Local Mobility Study Using Structured Public Involvement: Case Study Versailles, KY. Transportation Research Board Proceedings of 93rd Annual Meeting, 14(2221), 19.
• Bailey, K. D., Grossardt, T., Ripy, J., Shouse, M., Mink, P., & Shields, C. (2014). Expert Systems Archaeological Predictive Model. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2403, 37-44.
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• Bailey, K. D., Creasey, T., Grossardt, T., & Ripy, J. (2013). Cost-Effective High-Performance Local Mobility Study Using Structured Public Involvement: Case Study Versailles, KY. Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board 93rd Annual Meeting, 16.
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  Cities are facing hard choices regarding transportation options. Mobility and access alternatives entail financial, environmental and other costs that impact different groups in different ways. Environmental Justice (EJ) is mandated. Public involvement is essential, and, in the face of tight budgets, public involvement protocols must be as efficient as possible and they must offer maximum documented performance. The Structured Public Involvement or SPI protocol developed by the authors has been applied successfully to a wide range of infrastructure planning and design questions. These protocols have demonstrated high performance across four criteria including C, clarity of design guidance and Q, anonymous real-time stakeholder processevaluations. This research reports on the cost-effective adaptation of an SPI protocol for a local-scale mobility study for Versailles, KY. The integration of public input data into a rational decision framework is explained. This research demonstrates a practical, efficient and high-performance method of involving citizens cost-effectively in local scale mobility option development and evaluation. Using a performance Q-metric of anonymous, real-time participant evaluation at open public meetings to measure process quality encourages more sustainable outcomes, both in terms of engineering outcomes and process legitimacy. Land use decisionmakers found the data useful. This study demonstrates (a) that high performance public involvement is not diametrically opposed to small-scale questions or local budgets and (b) that certain EJ aims are supported by such high performance public involvement delivery. The need for complementary EJ process and limits to the overall process design are considered.
• Bailey, K. D., Grossardt, T., Ripy, J., Shouse, M., Shields, C., & Mink, P. (2013). Expert System Predictive Archaeological Model. Transportation Research Board Proceedings of the 94th Annual Meeting, 16.
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  This paper reports on the deployment of a predictive model that combines spatial analysis and fuzzy logic modeling to translate expert archaeological knowledge into a predictive surface. Analytic predictive archaeological models have great utility for state departments of transportation (DOTs), and some states have invested millions of dollars in them. However, classic statistical modeling approaches often require too much data, and are misleading. They are subject to the question of whether areas are categorized as low probability a)because no sites are there or b) because there have been no surveys there. By contrast, this modeling process has the advantage of fewer data requirements to develop successful models, and is not subject to spatial bias. For this model, five influencing factors were defined by archaeologists and calculated using the ArcGIS platform. Input from a broad range of archaeologists fed a fuzzy logic induction process that was mapped to output probability functions. These data were geocoded into the ArcGIS platform, generating output surfaces showing the probability of encountering artifacts. The predictive results were tested using a blind control protocol against known archaeological data, using established model testing statistics. These models were shown to perform as well or better than traditional statistical models, and required much less data. The Kentucky implementation includes the superior predictive coverages and, more importantly, a suite of tools to allow the ArcGIS-competent archaeologist to design and execute new modeling routines, or build new models. As higher-quality geographic information systems (GIS) data becomes available, it will also give archaeologists means to update the model.
• Bailey, K. D., , T. G., & , J. R. (2012). Toward Environmental Justice in Transportation Decision Making with Structured Public Involvement. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 2320, 102-110.
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  Environmental justice (EJ), in the form of distributional justice, is mandated by a 1994 Executive Order. However, EJ is not easily achieved. EJ research can be divided into identification and mitigation strategies. EJ mitigation strategies intersect with public involvement, which in transportation has a long, and often controversial, history. This paper examines how a philosophy based on John Rawls' theories of procedural justice and access to justice can address the need to achieve distributional justice. To improve procedural justice, the authors examine how effective large-group processes can deliver high-performance public involvement. Methodological barriers and the role of technologies such as electronic polling and visualization are discussed. The authors propose four process metrics for public involvement. On the basis of data on structured public involvement projects, the authors argue that such processes enhance procedural justice and thereby address specific EJ aims. These data illustrate that realizing this potential improvement will require a philosophical shift to a higher Arnstein ladder level, the identification and use of appropriate methodologies for involving large groups, and the integration of their valuations into effective decision support systems.
• Bailey, K. D., & , T. G. (2011). Human Geography, Ideology and Institutional Normativity: Dimensions of the Research/Praxis Challenge. Dialogues in Human Geography, 1(2), 228-232. doi:http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2043820611404492
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  In response to Woods and Gardner’s (2011) article we note a number of points of agreement. These include the need to engage and collaborate with formal institutional representatives and structures even under less than ideal conditions, for example involving our lack of ability to deliver meaningful products in accord with stated (rhetorical) aims. In this way, we may ensure presentation of data and methods that may be otherwise plausibly deniable. However, we would like to raise the question of how broader societal aims might be better identified and served, and of how we as human geographers might work within the often random, and sometimes contradictory, environment of the academic-industrial complex to encourage such progress. We outline examples from our experience on large-scale projects in contested domains which highlight the need for human geographers to maintain multiple positionalities within democratic systems.
• Bailey, K. D., , T. G., , B. B., & , J. R. (2011). Planning, Technology and Legitimacy in Democratic Societies: the Role of Structured Public Involvement (SPI) in Integrated Transportation and Land Use Planning. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 38(3), 447-467. doi:http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1068/b35128
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  The authors have measured an Arnstein gap, that is, a significant difference between desired and actual levels of citizen participation in planning processes. This Arnstein gap exists because even well-intentioned professionals have an unrealistic expectation of achieving consensus across large planning scales. Further, it is often hoped or believed that technologies of representation will somehow accomplish consensus. The authors argue this is not possible without developing a stronger theoretical framework for their deployment in planning in democratic societies. The purpose of this research is to move the public closer to the center of the public infrastructure planning and design process in a productive, efficient, and more satisfactory manner, that is, to close the Arnstein gap. The authors adapt a participatory framework, called structured public involvement (SPI), for integrating visualization and geospatial technologies into large-scale public involvement in planning domains. The authors discuss how SPI using the casewise visual evaluation method is applied in collaboration with planners. A case study is presented of integrated transportation and land-use planning for an Indiana city. The results demonstrate that SPI achieves high levels of stakeholder satisfaction in addition to providing high-quality planning and design guidance for professionals.
• Bailey, K. D., , T. G., , J. R., , J. C., , T. S., & , S. W. (2011). Fostering Community Aesthetic Decision-Making: Structured Public Involvement in the Milton-Madison Bridge Replacement Process. Transportation Research Record 90th Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers DVD.
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  Involving large groups of people in complex infrastructure planning and design problems has historically been a considerable challenge for professionals and elected officials. For even the most well-intentioned professionals, increasing complexity has dictated decreasing group size, so that many complex decisions are based on the judgment of advisory panels, or even just the technical and professional team. This challenge is being met more directly by the profession, for example with such documents as the recently-completed “Bridge Aesthetic Sourcebook” published by the Bridge Aesthetics Subcommittee of the Transportation Research Board (TRB). While helpful, this is an incomplete substitute for the aesthetic tastes of the local community. However, this no longer need be the case. Using Structured Public Involvement, and needing only one large public meeting to gather data, the planning and design team for the Milton-Madison Bridge replacement project was able to measure in some detail the complex aesthetic preferences of the residents of Milton, KY and Madison, IN. This included, for example, measuring how the public’s preference for different design concepts was influenced by how light or dark the final color of the structure might be, and how those aesthetic tastes varied across subgroups, such as the Historic Preservation consulting parties. In this paper the authors demonstrate and discuss some of the information gathered and show how extensive aesthetic information can be gathered by other design teams faced with similar problems, so that it can be incorporated into the design process alongside cost, maintenance, and constructability issues.
• Bailey, K. D., & , T. G. (2010). Towards Structured Public Involvement: Justice, Geography and Collaborative Geovisual/Geospatial Decision Support Systems. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100(1), 57-86. doi:http://www.jstor.org/stable/40645335
• Bailey, K. D., , N. S., , T. G., & , J. R. (2010). Evaluation of Highway Design Parameters on Influencing Operator Speeds through Casewise Visual Evaluation. Transportation Research Record. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, 2195, 143-150. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2195-15
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  Designing highways to influence driver operating speed effectively through environmental feedback is a key research field requiring special attention. Virtual reality video simulations were used to record the influence of environmental elements on driver judgments about the appropriate driving speed. This study evaluated the use of various means that could affect operating speeds and affect driver behavior without compromising safety. Data were analyzed through the fuzzy set nonlinear modeling system of Casewise Visual Evaluation methodology to identify design factors that most strongly influenced perceived operator discomfort. The findings indicated that vegetation type and density and barrier type have a significant effect on driver discomfort and thus have the potential to influence operating speeds. Roadway width has a similar effect where narrower roadways increase driver discomfort. The results indicate that roadside features and certain road design elements can be used to affect driver operating speeds.
• Bailey, K. D. (2009). Working in an Eikaiwa wonderland: fulfilling fantasies through EFL. ESL Magazine, 9-14.
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  Working in an Eikaiwa Wonderland: fulfilling fantasies through EFL: Keiron Bailey examines English language conversation schools (eikaiwa) in Japan and investigates the relationship between business and ideology
• Bailey, K. D., , N. S., & , T. G. (2009). How Risk Perception affects Driver Operating Speeds. Advances in Transportation Studies, 17(A), 17-28.
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  Excessive speed is one of the primary safety hazards facing highway users. However, in many cases operating speeds exceed design speeds, and drivers generally ignore posted speed limits. The main objective of this research was to identify roadway elements and roadside features that could influence driver operating speeds in rural two-lane roads without compromising safety.Virtual Reality video simulations were employed and drivers recorded the influence of these elements on their judgments about the appropriate driving speed. The driver/participants viewed 22 models projected on a large screen in a darkened room, simulating the windshield of a vehicle.The viewing sessions simultaneously accommodated significant numbers of subjects and gathered their feedback through electronic audience response systems. The response feedback was modeled through use of a fuzzy set system allowing the inspection of interrelationships of many different design parameters. The arithmetic mean score for discomfort for each scenario ranged from 4.3 to 8.1, representing large variation among scenarios. Our results show that simulating the driving environment using visualization was effective in generating feedback, thus avoiding the expensive and time-consuming process of individually ‘processing’ subjects through a driving simulator.
• Bailey, K., , W. J., , R. G., & , T. G. (2009). A New Method for Public Involvement in Electric Transmission Line Routing. Transactions of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers on Power Transmission and Delivery. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers., 24(4), 2240-2247.
• Bailey, K. D. (2007). Akogare, ideology and ‘Charisma Man’ mythology; reflections on ethnographic research in the eikaiwa Wonderland. Gender, Place and Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 14(5), 585-608. doi:10.1080/09663690701562438
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  In light of recent reflexive ethnography based on frameworks of performativity, this work develops a phenomenological interpretation of my white, male, gaijin (foreign), English-speaking positionality inside Japan's private English conversation schools (eikaiwa). These eikaiwa are ubiquitous in modern urban areas. They are patronized predominantly by women who seek career enhancement, study and/or work abroad, and international romance. To understand the gendered participation patterns inside the eikaiwa I develop a phenomenological understanding of my positionality through a framework based on Occidentalism. This framework is grounded in the ideo-geographically specific notions of seken (surveillance) and akogare (desire). Akogare is instantiated and intensified inside eikaiwa by the performative aspects of staff, students and instructor practices in addition to eikaiwa texts and advertising and popular media discourses while seken, especially gender-normative seken, directed at women is minimized. This framework allows me to present a nuanced account of the interaction of my positionalities with those of the informants.
• Bailey, K. D., & Grossardt, T. (2007). Justice and the Public's Involvement in Infrastructure Planning. Practicing Planner.
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  ;Your Role: Coauthor;Other collaborative: Yes;Specify other collaborative: Collaborator at Kentucky Transportation Center;
• Bailey, K. D., , B. B., & , T. G. (2008). Integrated Transportation and Land Use Scenario Modeling by Visual Evaluation of Examples: Case Study of Jeffersonville, Indiana. Transportation Research Board. National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2076, 192-208. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2076-21
• Bailey, K. D., Grossardt, T., & Pride-Wells, M. (2007). Community Design of a Light Rail Transit-Oriented District using CAVE (Casewise Visual Evaluation). Socio-Economic Planning Sciences. Elsevier..
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  This paper proposes the casewise visual evaluation or CAVE, methodology and discusses its application to the participatory design of a transit-oriented development (TOD) in Louisville, Kentucky. CAVE is a fuzzy logic-based non-linear visual preference modeling system designed to provide design element guidance from composite visual scenarios under conditions of sparse data.The context of application in a low-income urban neighborhood is detailed. An architectural expert's design vocabulary allows model input and output to be structured. A small set of image samples was scored for preference using anonymous electronic polling in distributed neighborhood forums. Using fuzzy set theoretic software a community preference knowledge base (PKB) was built and interrogated. Four critical TOD design dimensions were selected: height, typology, density, and open space type. Preferred TOD design combinations were identified using the PKB and discussed. This project shows that CAVE can provide context-specific guidance for urban designers and that its strengths in effectively devolving design input and capturing local preferences are recognized by the community. The paper highlights the necessity for advanced geovisual analytic methods to be embedded into a structured public involvement (SPI) process.
• Bailey, K. D., Stamatiadis, N., Grossardt, T., & Ripy, J. (2007). Context Sensitive Methods to Influence Operating Speeds: Case Study of Rural Highway Using Casewise Visual Evaluation. Transportation Research Record. Transportation Research Board/National Academies, 2025, 90-97.
• Bailey, K. D., Williams, J., Bryant, B., Toole, L., Dietrick, J., Grossardt, T., & Ripy, J. (2007). Context-sensitive large bridge design using Casewise Visual Evaluation: Case Study Section 2 Ohio River Bridges Project. Transportation Research Record. Transportation Research Board/National Academies, 2028, 85-92. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2028-03
• Bailey, K. D. (2006). Marketing the Eikaiwa Wonderland: Ideology, akogare and gender alterities in English Conversation school advertising in Japan. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 24(1), 105-130. doi:https://doi.org/10.1068/d418
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  The English conversation school (eikaiwa) industry in Japan has grown significantly over the past twenty-five years. In this paper I perform a semiological analysis on a set of eikaiwa promotional materials gathered in Tokyo and Kanagawa during the period 1998–2002. This analysis relies on a framework of social modalities (Rose, 2001 Visual Methodologies Sage, London) within which a set of gendered Occidentalized longings (akogare) is discussed. Career development, establishment of relationships with white males, and the potentials for foreign travel and study are highlighted by these eikaiwa promotions. These factors are presented as radical gender alterities that work against the social modalities encountered in Japan. These modalities include a set of rigid life-course expectations and a mode of social regulation that strongly directs women's professional and personal development. While English-language learning and use contain potentials for epistemological challenge to ideologies of gender, the eikaiwa visually emphasize the development of new selfhood (atarashii jibun). In these promotions key signification is performed by white-male and Japanese-female pairings. According to Kelsky (2001 Women on the Verge Duke University Press, Durham, NC), the white male is represented as an agent of personal transformation and liberation associated with the development of new selfhood. The white male embodies an Occidentalist fantasy that is associated with personal freedom, career development, and individuation. Simultaneously, the promotions articulate with the valorization of female agency in the broader Japanese cultural sphere, and with what Kelsky (1999, page 238) terms “emergent erotic discourses of new selfhood”. Where women are featured, in contrast to Western promotional materials, their purpose is to appeal to other women. This is accomplished by presenting famous women in professionally iconic settings. When they do appear, Japanese males are infantalized and marginalized. The eikaiwa are therefore marketed as wonderlands, rich with radical gender alterities, within which the akogare of female students can be realized.
• Bailey, K. D., Grossardt, T., & Jewell, W. (2006). Principles of the EP-AMIS GIS/Multicriteria methodology for Participatory Electric Power Transmission Line Routing. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Power Systems Conference and Exposition, 385-388. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/PSCE.2006.296342
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  Geospatial decision support systems (GeoDSS) use a spatial data infrastructure and presentation medium such as GIS to promote collaborative analytic decision making. This paper describes the logical principles and application of a GeoDSS methodology employed for multistakeholder electric power transmission line routing. Layered spatial data are aggregated in ArcGIS for environmental, engineering, visibility and other criteria. A two-tiered analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used to identify and weight decision criteria. A participatory Delphi approach is used to compose the hierarchy and weight its features. AHP decision weights are calculated using element values and then integrated using a global criterion of impedance. GIS scripts integrate the data layers and generate a summary impedance surface that captures engineering, cultural, social and economic values. This GeoDSS is termed enhanced participatory analytic minimum impedance surface (EP-AMIS). EP-AMIS permits a range of simulations to be performed including spatial sensitivity analyses to evaluate corridor routing options quantitatively and model dynamic changes. EP-AMIS mobilizes the principles of distributive justice in a GeoDSS.
• Bailey, K. D. (2005). EP-AMIS: Enhanced Participatory GIS/Multicriteria Methodology. Proceedings of MapAsia2004. Beijing, China: GIS Development..
• Bailey, K. D., & Grossardt, T. (2005). Participatory Electric Power Transmission Line Placement using the EP-AMIS methodology. Proceedings of the 10th International GeoMultimedia Symposium, 137-142.
• Bailey, K. D., & Grossardt, T. (2004). Community Design of a Transit-Oriented Development using Casewise Visual Evaluation (CAVE).. ” in Schrenk, M. (ed) Proceedings of the 9th International GeoMultimedia Symposium 9:123-129. CORP2004. Vienna, Austria., 9, 123-129.
• Bailey, K. D., & Grossardt, T. (2004). Structured Public Involvement in the Design of a Transit Oriented Development. InfoTEXT: IT Newsletter of the American Planning Association, 13-15.
• Bailey, K. D., Grossardt, T., & Ripy, J. (2004). Better Visioning for Transit System Development: A Framework for the Improvement of Visualization and its Successful Application. Proceedings of the 83rd Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting. National Academies: Washington, D.C..
• Bailey, K. D., Grossardt, T., & Brumm, J. (2003). Structured Public Involvement: Problems and Prospects for Improvement. Transportation Research Record. National Academies, Washington, DC., 1858, 98-102.
• Bailey, K. D., & Grossardt, T. (2002). Community Design of a Light Rail Transit-Oriented Development. New IDEAS for Transit: Annual Progress Report of the Transit IDEA Program. National Academies: Washington, DC..
• Bailey, K. D., Grossardt, T., & Arno, A. (2002). “Developing the Next Generation of Technological Aids to Effective Public Involvement in Public Transportation” in. Proceedings of the American Public Transit Association Conference.
• Bailey, K. D., Grossardt, T., & Brumm, J. (2002). Integrating Visualization into Structured Public Involvement: A Case Study of Highway Improvement in Central Kentucky. Transportation Research Record, 1817, 50-57.
• Bailey, K. D., Grossardt, T., & Brumm, J. (2001). AMIS: Geographic Information System-based corridor planning methodology. Transportation Research Record, 1768, 224-232.
• Bailey, K. D., Grossardt, T., & Brumm, J. (2001). Towards Structured Public Involvement in Highway Design: A Comparative Study of Visualization Methods and Preference Modeling using CAVE (Casewise Visual Evaluation). Journal of Geographic Information and Decision Analysis, 5, 1-15.
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  The goal of this research is to develop a methodology that will improve public satisfaction with highway design and planning where visual presentation of design options is performed. A review of two visual assessment methodologies shows that these either cannot provide satisfactory design element guidance or are too resource-intensive to be useful in situations where many design elements are under consideration. A design principle called elemental decomposition is introduced and a Casewise Visual Assessment (CAVE) methodology is developed. Treating public preference as a complex non-linear system, CAVE employs fuzzy set theoretic modeling techniques to generate a preference knowledge base that can be used to investigate and quantify public preference for specific design strategies. CAVE’s robustness enables accurate modeling of public preferences even under conditions of partial knowledge. Using a combination of iterative focus group public involvement and an electronic scoring system to solicit rapid feedback the research team investigates the efficacy of three different visualization modes (2Dimensional, 3Dimensional and Virtual Reality) for a case study in the Bluegrass region of Kentucky. Public preference for these visualization modes is measured and the advantages of each mode are described. Using the preferred 3D visualization mode public preference for specific design elements is solicited and analyzed. Graphical preference surface models are presented and their features are discussed. Experimental shortcomings are summarized and future enhancements to CAVE are proposed. Emphasis is placed on the design and deployment of analytic methodologies for preference modeling within a framework of Structured Public Involvement.

Proceedings Publications

• Bailey, K. D., Grossardt., T., & , J. R. (2011, Spring). Toward Environmental Justice in Transportation Decision Making by Using Structured Public Involvement. In Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting.
• Bailey, K. D., & Grossardt, T. (2007, Fall). Culture, Justice and the Arnstein Gap: The Impact of Structured Public Involvement on U.S. Transportation Infrastructure Planning and Design. In pp.336-342 in Schrenk, M. (ed) Proceedings of the 12th International GeoMultimedia Symposium. CORP Vienna..
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  “Culture, Justice and the Arnstein Gap: The Impact of Structured Public Involvement on U.S. Transportation Infrastructure Planning and Design.” pp.336-342 in Schrenk, M. (ed) Proceedings of the 12th International GeoMultimedia Symposium. CORP2005. Vienna, Austria (with T. Grossardt).

Presentations

• Bailey, K. D. (2018, Spring 2018). From participation to co-production (panel). Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers. New Orleans, LA: Association of American Geographers.
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  David Simon and I are putting together an AAG session on this, bringing together some folks we know have thought about this topic a lot (both critically but also with an eye toward engagement with actual practice) to hash out this co-production idea that is sweeping a bunch of fields – mostly looking like (poorly framed, weakly warmed-over) participatory rhetoric. The abstract I drafted and David edited is below.So, a chance to work on participatory stuff (finally) – you’d be ideal for the session, and I would love to have you aboard. Edward R. CarrProfessor, International Development, Community, and EnvironmentDirector of IDCEClark University950 Main StreetWorcester, MA 01610-1477ph: 508.421.3895email: edcarr@clarku.eduweb: www.edwardrcarr.comweb: www.hurdl.org-----Participatory development approaches have a long history in policy and implementation, and have been the subject of an extended and well-rehearsed academic literature. Whether motivated by an instrumental desire to gather more and better information to inform the design of more effective projects, or a genuine belief in the traditional and/or local knowledge of the intended beneficiaries, participation became one of many silver bullets to solve development’s problems. Yet, careful consideration of the implementation of participatory approaches has uncovered a range of critical challenges, from the identification of appropriate participants, to the most appropriate processes to ensure the right people participate, to the timing of such processes to reflect and respect the time constraints and financial stresses faced by the poor and marginal. At the same time, widespread incorporation into institutional practice in performative ways, prompted critiques of participation as a bureaucratic ‘tyranny’. Recently, the terms co-production and co-creation have emerged from this tradition to inform new expectations of project design, where the beneficiaries or users of a given intervention participate in its design, research and implementation. The approach is now widely used in diverse contexts, both South and North – in the latter especially in relation to public sector engagement. In development contexts, drawing on participatory traditions, co-production is presented as a means of identifying and incorporating local and traditional knowledge into development interventions such that these projects perform better. On one hand, co-production moves beyond the problematic a priori valorization of either local/traditional knowledge (perhaps stressed by changing conditions) or scientific knowledge (perhaps not yet able to deliver what is needed in a manner more reliable than local/traditional sources of information) to create communities that can work across and combine these domains. Yet many questions arise, many of which are reminiscent of older participatory rhetoric, raising For whom do they perform better, the donor or developing? Who participates in co-production? What are the most effective means of implementing co-production? How are power relations dealt with? Put differently, can or will intended development beneficiaries really say no to a donor? (How) can we co-produce monitoring and evaluation and whose interests do these tools serve?
• Bailey, K. D., Kuby, M., & Wei, F. (2018, Jan). Geodesign for Planning a Regional Network of Alternative Fuel Stations. Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
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  Geodesign for Planning a Regional Network of Alternative Fuel StationsSunday, January 07, 2018, 1:30 PM-4:30 PM, Convention CenterMichael Kuby, Arizona State University, presidingSponsored by Standing Committee on Alternative Transportation Fuels and Technologies; Standing Committee on Public Involvement in Transportation; Standing Committee on Transportation and Air Quality; Standing Committee on Transportation Energy; and Standing Committee on Freight Transportation Planning and LogisticsThis hands-on workshop demonstrates a collaborative, participatory geodesign approach to planning for refueling infrastructure. Through analysis and discussion within and between groups, participants will prioritize locations for a fueling network in the American Southwest. Participants will use an intuitive, interactive, online mapping platform to visualize and evaluate station locations. The open-source tool can be adapted to different types of fueling and charging infrastructure at any geographic scale, including for passenger and freight vehicles. The example used in this workshop is for CNG truck-fueling networks, but the tool can be extended to other fuels such as biofuels, hydrogen, and electricity, such as for FAST Act planning.View AbstractsIntroduction of Geodesign Network Planning ToolMichael Kuby, Arizona State UniversityHands-on Use of COLLABLOCATION Tool and DiscussionKeiron Bailey, University of ArizonaAdapting the COLLABLOCATION Open-Source Software to New ApplicationsFangwu Wei, Arizona State University
• Bailey, K. D., Kuby, M., Fowler, J., Tong, D., Wei, F., Lopez, O., & Zhong, Q. (2018, April 2018). Open-Source Geodesign Platform for Multi-Facility Planning with Application to Alternative-Fuel Stations. Association of American Geographers Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA: Association of American Geographers.
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  A Open-Source Geodesign Platform for Multi-Facility Planning with Application to Alternative-Fuel StationsAuthors: Michael Kuby*, Arizona State University, Fangwu Wei, Arizona State University, Daoqin Tong, Arizona State University, Keiron Bailey, University of Arizona, Qing Zhong, University of Arizona, John Fowler, Arizona State University, Oscar G. Lopez, Arizona State UniversityTopics: Spatial Analysis & Modeling, Transportation Geography, EnergyKeywords: GIS, spatial analysis, freight, location, participatorySession Type: PaperDay: 4/10/2018Start / End Time: 2:40 PM / 4:20 PMRoom: Grand Ballroom D, Astor, 2nd FloorPresentation File: No File Uploaded
• Bailey, K. D., Grossardt, T., & Ripy, J. (2015, January). High-Performance Public Involvement Frameworks, Performance Measures, and Data. Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting. Washington, DC: National Academies.
• Bailey, K. D., Grossardt, T., Ripy, J., Shouse, M., Shields, C., & Minke, P. (2014, January). Expert Systems Archaeological Predictive Model. Transportation Research Board Annual Meeting. Washington, DC: National Academies.
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  ADC50 Historic and Archeological Preservation in Transportation Committee. Special presentation invitation by ADC50 Committee for meritorious evaluation.Committee Chair's invite email below:From: Gerencher, Christine Date: Fri, Nov 8, 2013 at 12:40 PMSubject: Re: Presentation of Kentucky Archaeological Expert Systems paper at TRB ADC50 committee meetingTo: Ted Grossardt Ted, You are correct in that the committee chose to present it during their meeting to allow for more conversation. As an aside, the person who lead the review of the paper said it was one of the best he has ever read in his many years working with the committee and is looking forward to the committee presentation/discussion. A projector/screen will be provided in the room should you wish to display slides and the committee would welcome both of you. The chair of the committee will be back from maternity leave next week, and I will encourage her to reach out to you about any further presentation details as the meeting date approaches. ChristySent from my iPad
• Bailey, K. D. (2013, April). High Performance Public Involvement. Arizona Department of Transportation Research Cafe. Arizona Department of Transportation, Phoenix AZ: ADoT.
• Bailey, K. D. (2013, Summer). Visualization, Geography and Governance:. Istanbul Technical University seminar. Istanbul Technical University.
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  How precisely can technologies such as GIS and geovisualization strengthen participation and thereby improve governance? It is tacitly assumed or claimed that goals such as participation, collaboration and transparency can be furthered using such systems. But it is not possible to design effective high performance participatory systems around unclear criteria or without attention to philosophies of citizenship and governance. Definitions for these criteria are disputed, and indicators and data for system performance are lacking.Key questions include: What is the role of consensus in participatory methods, and Is it possible to deliver high process satisfaction when all outcome options are more or less undesirable to large numbers of people?Keiron Bailey is Associate Professor in the School of Geography and Development at the University of Arizona and a Principal of Community Decisions LLC. He has worked for fifteen years on the design, delivery and measurement of participation and collaboration, with a focus on the role of geovisual and geospatial systems. He is co-developer of the Structured Public Involvement or SPI protocol and associated geovisual and geospatial analytic methods such as Casewise Visual Evaluation and Analytic Minimum Impedance Surface. He has published fifty peer-review articles on these topics in geography, planning, civil and electrical engineering and environmental management disciplines and his research has been funded by organizations such as the Federal Highway Administration; the National Science Foundation and the Federal Transit Administration.
• Bailey, K. D. (2012, 2012-03-01). 3550 Geography and Geoscience: Connection Points for Complementary Disciplines I. Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers. New York, NY.
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  ;Invited: Yes;Type of Presentation: Panel Discussant (Reporting Research);
• Bailey, K. D. (2012, 2012-03-01). C-GISci: Collaboration and Geographic Information Science. Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers. New York, NY.
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  ;Submitted: Yes;Type of Presentation: Academic Conference;
• Bailey, K. D. (2012, 2012-04-01). Round table: Participatory Methods. University of Melbourne/Open Forum. University of Melbourne.
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  Open forum hosted by U Melbourne researcher Dr. Chris Petitt. Attendance by City and local planners and research community.
• Bailey, K. D. (2012, 2012-04-01). Visualization, geography, and governance: the theory, design and delivery of high performance participatory systems. Invited presentation. University of Melbourne.
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  Keiron Bailey, Associate Professor, Geography, University of ArizonaVenue: Japanese Room MAIN ARCHITECTURE BUILDING, 1pm Thurs 19 Aprilhttp://www.abp.unimelb.edu.au/images/Bailey_19April.pdfHow precisely can technologies such as GIS and geovisualization strengthen participation and thereby improve governance? It is tacitly assumed or claimed that goals such as “participation, collaboration and transparency” can be furthered using such systems. But it is not possible to design effective high performance participatory systems around unclear criteria or without attention to philosophies of citizenship and governance. Definitions for these criteria are disputed, and indicators and data for system performance are lacking.Key questions include: What is the role of consensus in participatory methods, and Is it possible to deliver high process satisfaction when all outcome options are more or less undesirable to large numbers of people?Keiron Bailey is Associate Professor in the School of Geography and Development at the University of Arizona and a Principal of Community Decisions LLC. He has worked for fifteen years on the design, delivery and measurement of participation and collaboration, with a focus on the role of geovisual and geospatial systems. He is co-developer of the Structured Public Involvement or SPI protocol and associated geovisual and geospatial analytic methods such as Casewise Visual Evaluation and Analytic Minimum Impedance Surface. He has published fifty peer-review articles on these topics in geography, planning, civil and electrical engineering and environmental management disciplines and his research has been funded by organizations such as the Federal Highway Administration; the National Science Foundation and the Federal Transit Administration.(PS also a bit of an eclectic geographer who has also published in Society and Space, worked a lot in cultural geography);
• Bailey, K. D. (2012, 2012-05-01). Technology, Participation and Governance: the Design, Delivery of High Performance Public Involvement in Environmental Decision Making. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Seminar. Sofia, Bulgaria.
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  Семинар в департамент "География", Đ‘Đ;Type of Presentation: Academic Conference/Workshop;

Reviews

• Bailey, K. D. (2008. Review of "Negotiating the Transport System: User Contexts and Needs". Growth and Change.

Others

• Bailey, K. D., Grossardt, T., Hoover, A., Ormsbee, L., & Blandford, B. (2011, September). Community Visions for the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant Site. 1 UK/KRCEE Doc#: P25.1 2011. Prepared for US Department of Energy. https://www.uky.edu/WaterResources/assets/docs/pdf/get_file.pdf
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  Community Visions for the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant Site September 2011 Prepared by Kentucky Research Consortium for Energy and Environment Prepared for United States Department of Energy Portsmouth/Paducah Project OfficeAcknowledgment: This material is based upon work supported by the Department of Energy under Award Number DE-FG05-03OR23032.