Lisa Shubitz

Interests

Research

Valley Fever, vaccines, mouse models, improving disease outcomes

Courses

No activities entered.

Scholarly Contributions

Journals/Publications

• Shubitz, L. (2014). Modeling nikkomycin Z dosing and pharmacology in murine pulmonary coccidioidomycosis preparatory to phase 2 clinical trials.. J Infect Dis. 209(12):1949-54, 2014 Jun 15..
• Shubitz, L. F., Roy, M. E., Nix, D. E., & Galgiani, J. N. (2013). Efficacy of Nikkomycin Z for respiratory coccidioidomycosis in naturally infected dogs. Medical Mycology, 51(7), 747-754.
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  PMID: 23488972;Abstract: Nikkomycin Z (NikZ) is a chitin synthase inhibitor with antifungal efficacy against Coccidioides spp. and other endemic fungi. Dogs suffer a rate and range of natural coccidioidomycosis similar to humans and were considered an excellent model for initially testing NikZ against naturally acquired disease. Twelve dogs with coccidioidal pneumonia that had been present for an average of three months were treated with 250 mg (5-15 kg) or 500 mg (> 15-30 kg) twice daily for 60 days. Nine dogs completed the course of treatment and seven dogs had improvement in disease based on radiographs, clinicopathological parameters, physical examination findings, and subjective assessment by owners; three dogs had resolution or near resolution of disease. Based on this small study, NikZ shows efficacy to treat naturally acquired coccidioidomycosis and merits further development for trials in humans. © 2013 ISHAM.
• Shubitz, L., Roy, M., Nix, D., & Galgiani, J. (2013). Efficacy of Nikkomycin Z for Respiratory Coccidioidomycosis in Naturally Infected Dogs. Medical Mycology.
• Barker, B., Tabor, J., Shubitz, L., Perrill, R., & Orbach, M. (2012). Detection and phylogenetic analysis of Coccidioides posadasii in Arizona soil samples. Fungal Ecology, 5, 163-176.
• Muhammed, M., Feldmesser, M., Shubitz, L. F., Lionakis, M. S., Sil, A., Wang, Y., Glavis-Blom, J., Lewis, R. E., Galgiani, J., Casadevall, A., Kontoyiannis, D. P., & Mylonakis, E. (2012). Mouse models for the study of fungal pneumonia: A collection of detailed experimental protocols for the study of Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Fusarium, Histoplasma and combined infection due to Aspergillus-Rhizopus. Virulence, 3(3), 15-.
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  Abstract: Mouse models have facilitated the study of fungal pneumonia. In this report, we present the working protocols of groups that are working on the following pathogens: Aspergillus, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Fusarium, Histoplasma and Rhizopus. We describe the experimental procedures and the detailed methods that have been followed in the experienced laboratories to study pulmonary fungal infection; we also discuss the anticipated results and technical notes, and provide the practical advices that will help the users of these models. ©2012 Landes Bioscience.
• Muhammed, M., Feldmesser, M., Shubitz, L. F., Lionakis, M. S., Sil, A., Wang, Y., Glavis-Bloom, J., Lewis, R. E., Galgiani, J. N., Casadevall, A., Kontoyiannis, D. P., & Mylonakis, E. (2012). Mouse models for the study of fungal pneumonia: a collection of detailed experimental protocols for the study of Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Fusarium, Histoplasma and combined infection due to Aspergillus-Rhizopus.. Virulence, 3(3), 329-338.
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  PMID: 22546902;PMCID: PMC3442846;Abstract: Mouse models have facilitated the study of fungal pneumonia. In this report, we present the working protocols of groups that are working on the following pathogens: Aspergillus, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Fusarium, Histoplasma and Rhizopus. We describe the experimental procedures and the detailed methods that have been followed in the experienced laboratories to study pulmonary fungal infection; we also discuss the anticipated results and technical notes, and provide the practical advices that will help the users of these models.
• Muhammed, M., Feldmesser, M., Shubitz, L., Lionakis, M., Sil, A., Wang, Y., Glavis-Bloom, J., Lewis, R., Galgiani, J., Casadevall, A., Kontoyiannis, D., & Mylonakis, E. (2012). Mouse models for the study of fungal pneumonia: a collection of detailed experimental protocols for the study of Coccidioides, Cryptococcus, Fusarium, Histoplasma and combined infection due to Aspergillus-Rhizopus. Virulence 2012, 3(3), 329-338.
• Shubitz, L. F., Dial, S. M., & Galgiani, J. N. (2011). T-lymphocyte predominance in lesions of canine Coccidioidomycosis. Veterinary Pathology, 48(5), 1008-1011.
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  PMID: 20930107;Abstract: Coccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal infection endemic to the southwestern United States. Although cell-mediated immunity is considered critical in control of the infection, little is known of the cellular population in naturally occurring lesions. To characterize the lymphocytic infiltration, archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues (subcutis, pericardium/heart, lung, bone, and synovium) from 18 dogs with coccidioidomycosis were studied with immunohistochemistry for CD3 and CD79a. In nearly all lesions, T lymphocytes were more numerous than B lymphocytes and were distributed throughout the lesion with concentration in the periphery of granulomas, whereas B lymphocytes were mostly confined to the periphery of granulomas. The predominance of T lymphocytes in lesions of canine coccidioidomycosis was independent of the tissue evaluated, the number of intralesional organisms, and the nature or severity of the inflammatory response. © The American College of Veterinary Pathologists 2011.
• Shubitz, L., Dial, S., & Galgiani, J. (2011). T-lymphocyte predominance in lesions of canine coccidioidomycosis. Veterinary Pathology, 48(5), 1008-11.
• Graupmann-Kuzma, A., Valentine, B. A., Shubitz, L. F., Dial, S. M., Watrous, B., & Tornquist, S. J. (2008). Coccidioidomycosis in dogs and cats: A review. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 44(5), 226-235.
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  PMID: 18762558;Abstract: The dimorphic fungi Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii are the causative agents of coccidioidomycosis. Dogs and cats residing in and visiting endemic areas are at risk of exposure to infectious arthrospores. The primary infection is pulmonary and frequently results in chronic cough. Disseminated disease is common and causes cutaneous, osseous, cardiac, ocular, nervous system, or other organ disease. Radiographic changes include a variable degree of interstitial pulmonary infiltration, hilar lymphadenopathy, and osseous lesions. Serological titers support the diagnosis, but definitive diagnosis relies on identification of Coccidioides in cytological or tissue samples. Coccidioidomycosis should be considered in any dog or cat that has been potentially exposed during the previous 3 years and is presented with chronic illness, respiratory signs, lameness, lymphadenopathy, nonhealing cutaneous lesions, or neurological, ocular, or cardiac abnormalities. © 2008 American Animal Hospital Association.
• Shubitz, L. F., Dial, S. M., Perrill, R., Casement, R., & Galgiani, J. N. (2008). Vaccine-induced cellular immune responses differ from innate responses in susceptible and resistant strains of mice infected with Coccidioides posadasii. Infection and Immunity, 76(12), 5553-5564.
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  PMID: 18852250;PMCID: PMC2583549;Abstract: Susceptibility to Coccidioides spp. varies widely in humans and other mammals and also among individuals within a species. Among strains of mice with various susceptibilities, immunohistopathology revealed that C57BL/6 mice were highly susceptible to the disease following intranasal infection, DBA/2n mice were intermediate, and Swiss-Webster mice were innately resistant. Resistant Swiss-Webster mice developed prominent perivascular/peribronchiolar lymphocytic cuffing and well-formed granulomas with few fungal elements and debris in the necrotic center, surrounded by a mantle of macrophages, lymphocytes, and fibrocytes. Susceptible C57BL/6 mice became moribund between 14 and 18 days postinfection, with overwhelming numbers of neutrophils and spherules and very few T cells, the drastic reduction of which was associated with failure and death, while intermediate DBA/2n mice controlled the fungal burden but demonstrated progressive lung inflammation with prominent suppuration, and they deteriorated clinically. Vaccinated C57BL/6 mice had an early and robust lymphocyte response, which included significantly higher Mac2+, CD3+, and CD4+ cell scores on day 18 than those of innately resistant SW mice and DBA/2n mice; they also had prominent perivascular/ peribronchiolar lymphocytic infiltrates not present in their unvaccinated counterparts, and they appeared to be resolving lesions by day 56 compared to the other two strains, based on significantly lower disease scores and observably smaller and fewer lesions with few spherules and neutrophils. Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
• Shubitz, L. F. (2007). Comparative aspects of coccidioidomycosis in animals and humans. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1111, 395-403.
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  PMID: 17332082;Abstract: Coccidioides spp. appear capable of infecting all mammals and at least some reptiles. Development of disease as a result of infection is species-dependent. Dogs seem to have a susceptibility similar to that of humans, with subclinical infections, mild-to-severe primary pulmonary disease, and disseminated disease. Whereas central nervous system disease in humans is typically meningitis, brain disease in dogs and cats takes the form of granulomatous parenchymal masses. Osteomyelitis is the most common form of disseminated disease in the dog, while skin lesions predominate in the cat. Orally administered azole antifungal agents are the backbone of therapy in animals as they are in humans. © 2007 New York Academy of Sciences.
• Shubitz, L., & Shubitz, L. -. (2007). Comparative aspects of coccidioidomycosis in animals and humans. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1111.
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  Coccidioides spp. appear capable of infecting all mammals and at least some reptiles. Development of disease as a result of infection is species-dependent. Dogs seem to have a susceptibility similar to that of humans, with subclinical infections, mild-to-severe primary pulmonary disease, and disseminated disease. Whereas central nervous system disease in humans is typically meningitis, brain disease in dogs and cats takes the form of granulomatous parenchymal masses. Osteomyelitis is the most common form of disseminated disease in the dog, while skin lesions predominate in the cat. Orally administered azole antifungal agents are the backbone of therapy in animals as they are in humans.
• Shubitz, L. F., Galgiani, J. N., Tian, Z., Zhong, Z., Timmermans, P., & Katz, L. (2006). Efficacy of ambruticin analogs in a murine model of coccidioidomycosis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 50(10), 3467-3469.
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  PMID: 17005834;PMCID: PMC1610061;Abstract: Ambruticin S, an antifungal cyclopropyl-pyran acid, showed curative effects against murine coccidioidal infection. Two analogs of this compound with greater in vitro potency were tested against lethal murine Coccidioides infection. Both improved the survival of mice over that of controls; one resulted in near-sterilization of infection. Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
• Shubitz, L. F., Yu, J., Hung, C., Kirkland, T. N., Peng, T., Perrill, R., Simons, J., Xue, J., Herr, R. A., Cole, G. T., & Galgiani, J. N. (2006). Improved protection of mice against lethal respiratory infection with Coccidioides posadasii using two recombinant antigens expressed as a single protein. Vaccine, 24(31-32), 5904-5911.
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  PMID: 16759762;Abstract: Two recombinant antigens which individually protect mice from lethal intranasal infection were studied in combination, either as a mixture of two separately expressed proteins or as a single chimeric expression product. Mice vaccinated with either combination survived longer than mice given single antigens. Immunized mice also exhibited specific IgG immunoglobulins and yielded splenocytes which produced interferon-γ in response to either antigen. The chimeric antigen has the practical advantage of offering enhanced protection from multiple components without increasing production costs. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
• Butkiewicz, C. D., Shubitz, L. F., & Dial, S. M. (2005). Risk factors associated with Coccidioides infection in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 226(11), 1851-1854.
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  PMID: 15938057;Abstract: Objective - To evaluate potential risk factors for Coccidioides infection among dogs living in a region in which the organism is endemic (Pima and Maricopa counties, Arizona). Design -Community-based longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. Animals - 104 healthy 4- to 6-month-old puppies (longitudinal study) and 381 4- to 18-month-old dogs with unknown serostatus (cross-sectional study). Procedure - Dogs in the longitudinal study were tested 3 times at 6-month intervals for anticoccidioidal antibodies; dogs in the cross-sectional study were tested only once. Owners of all dogs completed a questionnaire on potential environmental exposures. Results - In the longitudinal study, the relative risk of infection for dogs that were outdoors during the day was 4.9 times the risk for dogs that were kept indoors. Seropositive dogs in the cross-sectional study were 6.2 times as likely to have access to > 1 acre to roam as were seronegative dogs. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the odds of infection increased with age (odds ratio [OR], 1.1), amount of roaming space (OR, 2.4), and walking in the desert (OR, 2.2). Walking on sidewalks had a protective effect (OR, 0.4). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance - Results suggest that in regions in which the organism is endemic, dogs that spend more time outdoors or have more land in which to roam are at greater risk of infection with Coccidioides spp.
• Shubitz, L. F., & Dial, S. M. (2005). Coccidioidomycosis: A diagnostic challenge. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice, 20(4), 220-226.
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  PMID: 16317911;Abstract: Coccidioidomycosis is a systemic fungal infection acquired endemically in the southwestern United States. Clinical disease is quite common in the dog; though less frequently recognized in the cat, disease is often severe at the time of diagnosis. Diagnosis can be a challenge because serology, while specific, is not very sensitive and quantitative titration of antibodies does not correlate entirely with clinical disease in dogs. Radiographs, serum biochemistry tests and complete blood counts are beneficial additions to the database when establishing a diagnosis; cytology, histopathology, and culture are definitive when available. Advanced imaging can detect central nervous system and subtle skeletal lesions. Disease can occur in most organs of the body and may prove a diagnostic challenge requiring several modalities. Coccidioidomycosis may need to be considered both in animals in the endemic region and in those with a travel history through it. © 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
• Shubitz, L. F., Butkiewicz, C. D., Dial, S. M., & Lindan, C. P. (2005). Incidence of Coccidioides infection among dogs residing in a region in which the organism is endemic. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 226(11), 1846-1850.
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  PMID: 15938056;Abstract: Objective - To determine the incidence of Coccidioides infection among dogs residing in a region in which the organism is endemic (Pima and Maricopa counties, Arizona) and estimate the rate of clinical illness. Design - Community-based longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. Animals - 124 healthy 4-to 6-month-old seronegative puppies (longitudinal study) and 381 4- to 18-month-old dogs with unknown serostatus (cross-sectional study). Procedure - Dogs in the longitudinal study were tested at 6-month intervals for at least 1 year for anticoccidioidal antibodies. Dogs that became ill were evaluated for coccidioidomycosis. Dogs in the cross-sectional study were tested for anticoccidioidal antibodies once, and clinical abnormalities were recorded. Results - 28 of the 104 (27%) dogs that completed the longitudinal study developed anticoccidioidal antibodies. Thirty-two of the 381 (8%) dogs in the cross-sectional study had anticoccidioidal antibodies. Five seropositive dogs in the longitudinal study and 13 seropositive dogs in the cross-sectional study had clinical signs of disease. The remaining seropositive dogs were otherwise healthy and were classified as subclinically infected. Survival analysis indicated that the cumulative probability of infection by 2 years of age was 28%, and the cumulative probability of clinical infection by 2 years of age was 6%. Titers for clinically and subclinically infected dogs overlapped. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance - Results suggested that young dogs living in the study area had a high likelihood of becoming infected with Coccidioides spp, but few developed clinical illness. Serologic testing alone was insufficient for a diagnosis of clinical disease because of the overlap in titers between clinically and subclinically infected dogs.
• Peng, T., Shubitz, L., Simons, J., Perrill, R., Orsborn, K. I., & Galgiani, J. N. (2002). Localization within a proline-rich antigen (Ag2/PRA) of protective antigenicity against infection with Coccidioides immitis in mice. Infection and Immunity, 70(7), 3330-3335.
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  PMID: 12065470;PMCID: PMC128045;Abstract: Subunits of a proline-rich coccidioidal antigen (Ag2/PRA) of Coccidioides immitis were analyzed by comparison as vaccines in mice. The optimal dose of plasmid vaccine encoding full-length Ag2/PRA was determined to be between 10 and 100 μg. Mice vaccinated with plasmids encoding amino acids (aa) 1 to 106 were as protective as full-length Ag2/PRA (aa 1 to 194). The subunit from aa 27 to 106 was significantly but less protective. Plasmids encoding aa 90 to 151 or aa 90 to 194 were not protective. Analogous results were obtained with recombinant vaccines of the same amino acid sequences. In addition, mixtures of aa 90 to 194 with either aa 1 to 106 or aa 27 to 106 did not enhance protection compared to the active single-recombinant subunits alone. Humoral response of total immunoglobulin G (IgG) and subclasses IgG1 and IgG2a were detectable in subunit vaccinations but at significantly (100-fold) lower concentrations than after vaccination with plasmids encoding full-length Ag2/PRA. Since virtually all protection by vaccination with full-length Ag2/PRA can be accounted for in the first half of the protein (aa 1 to 106), this subunit could make a multicomponent vaccine more feasible by reducing the quantity of protein per dose and the possibility of an untoward reactions to a foreign protein.
• Shubitz, L., Peng, T., Perrill, R., Simons, J., Orsborn, K., & Galgiani, J. N. (2002). Protection of mice against Coccidioides immitis intranasal infection by vaccination with recombinant antigen 2/PRA. Infection and Immunity, 70(6), 3287-3289.
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  PMID: 12011027;PMCID: PMC127985;Abstract: Subcutaneous vaccination with recombinant antigen 2/PRA (rAg2/PRA) protected BALB/c mice against intranasal infection with Coccidioides immitis. Subcutaneously vaccinated C57BL/6 mice and intranasally vaccinated BALB/c mice were protected against larger numbers of infecting spores. Weight loss correlated with lethality, but histologic appearance did not. These studies support rAg2/PRA vaccination to prevent coccidioidomycosis.
• Abuodeh, R. O., Shubitz, L. F., Siegel, E., Snyder, S., Peng, T., Orsborn, K. I., Brummer, E., Stevens, D. A., & Galgiani, J. N. (1999). Resistance to Coccidioides immitis in mice after immunization with recombinant protein or a DNA vaccine of a proline-rich antigen. Infection and Immunity, 67(6), 2935-2940.
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  PMID: 10338502;PMCID: PMC96603;Abstract: Two inbred strains of mice (BALB/c and C57BL/6) were vaccinated with either recombinant expression protein of a Coccidioides immitis spherule- derived proline-rich antigen (rPRA) in monophosphoryl lipid A-oil emulsion adjuvant or a DNA vaccine based on the same antigen. Four weeks after vaccination, mice were infected intraperitoneally with arthroconidia. By 2 weeks, groups of mice receiving saline or plasmids with no PRA insert exhibited significant weight loss, and quantitative CFUs in the lungs ranged from 5.9 to 6.4 log10. In contrast, groups of mice immunized with either rPRA or DNA vaccine had significantly smaller pulmonary fungal burdens, ranging from 3.0 to 4.5 log10 fewer CFUs. In vitro immunologic markers of lymphocyte proliferation and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release after splenocytes were stimulated with rPRA correlated with protection. Also, plasma concentrations of rpRA-specific total immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG1, and IgG2a showed increases in vaccinated mice. These studies expand earlier work by demonstrating protection in mice which differ in H-2 background, by using an adjuvant that is potentially applicable to human use, and by achieving comparable protections with a DNA-based vaccine. Our in vitro results substantiate a Th1 response as evidenced by IFN-γ release and increased IgG2a. However, IgG1 was also stimulated, suggesting some Th2 response as well. PRA is a promising vaccine candidate for prevention of coccidioidomycosis and warrants further investigation.
• Siegel, E. M., Shubitz, L., Zimmermann, C. R., Orsborn, K. I., Pappagianis, D., Sterling, C. R., & Galgiani, J. N. (1997). DNA vaccination of mice to immunize against Coccidioides immitis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 25(2), 357-.
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  Abstract: Life-long immunity follows most coccidioidal infections and vaccination with killed spherule vaccine protects mice from later infection. Indirect evidence implicates a proline-rich antigen (PRA) as a stimulus of cellular immunity. To study this directly, a 597 bp PCR amplimer encoding PRA was inserted into plasmid vectors VR1012 and VR1020 (Vical, San Diego CA). DNA sequencing verified orientation and reading frame. Female Swiss-Webster mice, 6-8 weeks old, received 100 μg i.m. of plasmid DNA. ELISA with recombinant PRA was used to detect a humoral response. After a single vaccination with either vector, PRA-specific IgG was detected by 2 wks (mean±SEM OD of 0.347±0.038 versus 0.128±0.004 for vector control mice, serum diluted 1:320, p
• Cama, V. A., Marshall, M. M., Shubitz, L. F., Ortega, Y. R., & Sterling, C. R. (1994). Treatment of acute and chronic Cryptosporidium parvum infections in mice using clarithromycin and 14-OH clarithromycin.. The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology, 41(5), 25S.
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  PMID: 7804227;

Presentations

• Shubitz, L. (2014, April). VT-1161, a novel CYP51 inhibitor, improved survival in a murine model of coccidioidal meningitis. Coccidioidomycosis Study Group. Phoenix: Coccidioidomycosis Study Group.
• Shubitz, L. -. (2012). Valley Fever Case Studies and Solutions. Continuing education for veterinarians through Arizona Veterinary Medical Association. Glendale, AZ.
• Shubitz, L. -. (2012). Valley Fever Case Studies and Solutions. Valley Fever Technician Continuing Education. Phoenix: Veterinary Health Care Team of Arizona, part of Arizona VMA.
• Shubitz, L. -. (2012). Valley Fever in Dogs and Cats - intro for out of state new veterinarians. Cocci lecture - New Interns at Southern Arizona Veterinary Specialists. Tucson, AZ.
• Shubitz, L. -. (2012). Valley Fever in Dogs. Valley FEver in Dogs - Lay presentation on Valley Fever. Tucson, AZ: Cavalier King Charles Spaniel Club.
• Shubitz, L. -., Trinh, H., Lewis, M., Galgiani, J., Garvey, E., Hoekstra, W., Moore, W., & Schotzinger, R. (2012, March 24, 2012). VT-1161 Reduces Fungal Burden and Improves Survival in Murine Respiratory Coccidioidomycosis. Coccidioidomycosis Study Group,. Tucson, Arizona: Coccidioidomycosis Study Group.
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  VT-1161 Reduces Fungal Burden and Improves Survival in Murine Respiratory CoccidioidomycosisLisa F. Shubitz1, Hien Trinh1, Lourdes Lewis1, John Galgiani1, Edward P. Garvey2, William J. Hoekstra2, William R. Moore2, Robert J. Schotzinger21Valley Fever Center for Excellence, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; 2Viamet Pharmaceuticals, Raleigh, North CarolinaVT-1161 is a CYP51 inhibitor that has shown efficacy in murine models of candidiasis and cryptococcosis. In this study, VT-1161 was tested in a respiratory model of coccidioidomycosis in mice. In addition to its antifungal activity, VT-1161 has a very long half-life and can be detected in murine serum several days after dosing has been discontinued.Methods: Swiss-Webster mice were infected with a lethal dose of 500 spores of C. posadasii, strain Silveira, intranasally and treatment was begun on day 5. Mice were orally gavaged once daily with 10 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg of VT1161 in 20% CremaphorEL (CrEL), 25 mg twice daily of fluconazole, or CrEL only. Mice were treated for 7 days and half the mice (n=8) were sacrificed 1 day after discontinuing treatment and the other half of the mice (n=8) were observed for 14 additional days and sacrificed. Mice were weighed and scored grossly for disease; lungs were weighed and quantitatively cultured; and spleens were cultured in toto to determine dissemination. Plasma levels of VT-1161 were determined at 1 and 14 days after last dose.Results: By averages, all groups lost weight during the drug treatment period, possibly due to stress of the gavage procedure. Mice in the sham treatment group lost the most weight and appeared ill, with all 16 animals being euthanized for moribundity by day 14 post-infection. Mice treated with 10 mg/kg VT-1161 lost more weight than mice in either the 50 mg/kg VT-1161 group or the fluconazole treatment group. At one day post-treatment, mice treated with either sham or 10 mg/kg VT-1161 had significantly higher lung weights (P
• Shubitz, L., Trinh, H., Lewis, L., Galgiani, J., Garvey, E., Hoekstra, W., Moore, W., & Schotzinger, R. (2012). VT-1161 Reduces Fungal Bruden and Improves Survival in Murine Respiratory Coccidioidomycosis. Coccidioidomycosis Study Group, oral presentation. Tucson, AZ.
• Shubitz, L. -. (2011). Valley Fever Case Studies and Solutions. Continuing education for veterinarians through Arizona Veterinary Medical Association. Glendale, AZ.
• Shubitz, L. -. (2011). Valley Fever Technician Continuing Education. Valley Fever Case Studies and Solutions - a case based approach to what is and is not Valley Fever demonstrated with case studies including x-rays, blood work, diagnostic tests.. Phoenix: Veterinary Health Care Team of Arizona, part of Arizona VMA.
• Shubitz, L. -. (2011). Valley Fever in Animals. Presentation on Valley Fever. Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Whippet Association.
• Shubitz, L. -. (2011). Valley Fever in Dogs and Cats - intro for out of state new veterinarians. Cocci lecture - New Interns at Southern Arizona Veterinary Specialists. Tucson.
• Shubitz, L., Nix, D., Butkiewicz, ., & Galgiani, J. (2011). NIkkomycin Z Treatment of Client Owned Dogs with Coccidioidomycosis: Preliminary Report. Coccidioidomycosis Study Group, oral presentation. Davis, CA, UC Davis.

Poster Presentations

• Shubitz, L. (2014, September). VT-1161m a novel fungal CYP51 inhibitor, improved survival in murine models of coccidioidomycosis. ICAAC. New Orleans: ICAAC.
• Helfrich, F., Shubitz, L., Peng, Y., Knox, K., Ampel, N., Galgiani, J., & Wysocki, V. (2011, November). Proteomic Identification of Fungal Antigens. Not Provided in APROL. San Diego.
• Shubitz, L., Perrill, R., Lewis, M., Dial, S., & Galgiani, J. (2011, April). Early Post-Infection Detection of Coccidioides in Intranasally Infected Mice. Coccidioidomycosis Study Group. Davis, CA.