Leonard M Hammer

Interests

Teaching

modern israel, international law, international human rights, international organizations, international humanitarian law, environmental law

Research

modern israel, international law, international human rights, international organizations, international humanitarian law, environmental law

Courses

Scholarly Contributions

Books

• Breger, M. J., & Hammer, L. M. (2023).

  The Contest and Control of Jerusalem's Holy Sites

  . doi:10.1017/9781108886420
• Hammer, L. M. (2020).

  The International Human Right to Freedom of Conscience

  . doi:10.4324/9781003073826
• Hammer, L. M. (2018).

  The International Human Right to Freedom of Conscience: Some Suggestions for Its Development and Application

  . doi:10.4324/9781315187327
  More info

  Part 1 A brief history of the development of the to conscience: early developments later developments - the emergence of conscience as separate religion post World War I conclusion. Part 2 Analysis of the treaties and other documents: international treaties - UDHR, article 18, ICCPR, article 18 regional treaties - ECHR, article 9, AmCHR, article 12, AfrCHR, article 8 other significant documents - declaration on the elimination of all forms of intolerance and of discrimination based on religion or belief, documents referring to the to conscience conclusion. Part 3 The forum internum: the notion of a right and its implications the internal and external to conscience - Mill and the forum internum dimensions of the forum internum - identification problems, the broad scope of the forum internum, analogy to forum internum, freedom to, freedom from, significance for the forum internum, forum internum and conscience, dual notion of forum internum beliefs, developments and meaning of conscience, understanding conscience, conscience and moral action, conscience and thought conclusion. Part 4 The forum externum: forum internum and forum externum compared defining belief - narrow approach towards conscientious belief, conscience and religion, distinctions between religion and conscience, the negative, freedom from aspect, conscience and freedom of expression and assembly, distinctions between expression, assembly and conscience, broader approach limitations conclusion. Part 5 Military conscientious objection: military conscientious objection and customary law - sources within the treaties, recognition in international fora, decisions, declarations and resolutions, state practice selective conscientious objection - selective objection in resolutions and declarations, underlying problems, addressing the problems, current examples of selective conscientious objection, to asylum for military conscientious objectors, direction for the selective conscientious objector, objection to nuclear weapons conclusion. Part 6 Conscientious objection to taxes: tax objection - church tax, public support schemes, objection to military tax, military tax as a unique objection? conclusion. Part 7 Proposing a group-oriented approach to the to conscience: some general points regarding group beliefs - reference to the treaties, group beliefs defined, group and individual conflicts, forum internum and new religious movements conclusion.
• Hammer, L. M. (2016).

  A Foucauldian Approach to International Law

  . doi:10.4324/9781315564715
• Breger, M. J., Reiter, Y., & Hammer, L. M. (2013).

  The Zamzam well ritual in Islam and its Jerusalem connection AHMAD GHABIN

  . Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203137925-13
• Breger, M. J., Reiter, Y., & Hammer, L. M. (2012). Sacred Space in Israel and Palestine: Religion and Politics. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203137925
  More info

  Introduction Marshall Breger, Yitzhak Reiter and Leonard Hammer Part I: Designating and Grading Holy Places 1. "How Awesome is this Place": Holy Places in Jewish Law Aviad HaCohen 2. Holy Places and Sacred Spaces: Canonical Issues Kurt Martens 3. The Protection of Heritage and Holy Sites in International Law: A Palestinian Perspective Anwar Abu Eisheh 4. From Unknown Saint to State Site: The Jewish Dimension in the Sanctification Process of Tombs in the State of Israel Avi Sasson 5. The Renewal of the Pilgrimage to Nabi Musa Yifrach Zilberman 6. The Zamzam Well Ritual in Islam and its Jerusalem Connection Ahmad Ghabin Part II: Interpreting Religious Law in Light of Political Needs 7. The Place of Religious Aspirations for Sovreignty over the Temple Mount in Religious-Zionist Rulings Eliav Taub and Aviad Hollander 8. The Battle for the Muslim Cemeteries in Israel Sheikh Ahmad Natour Part III: The Role of Religious Leaders in Addressing Issues Pertaining to Holy Sites 9. Nationalising and Denationalising the Sacred: Shrines and Shifting Identities in the Israeli-Occupied Territories Glen Bowman 10. Political Holiness: Negotiating Holy Places in Eretz Israel/Palestine, 1937-2003 Lior Lehrs 11. Search for Common Ground: The Importance of Interfaith Cooperation for the Protection of Jerusalem's Holy Sites Sharon Rosen 12. Christian Palestinian Communities in Israel: Tensions between Laity, Clergy, and State Merav Mack
• Hammer, L. M., Emmert, F., Hammer, L. M., & Emmert, F. (2012).

  The European Convention on Human Rights and fundamental freedoms in Central and Eastern Europe

  .
  More info

  From a variety of perspectives, much has been written about the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the case law of the Court of Human Rights, and yet there seems to be a gap in the literature when it comes to the impact of the Convention in different countries, and on the question of why this impact may differ from one country to another. This book fills the gap with regard to the new Member countries of the Council of Europe (CoE) in Central and Eastern Europe, by way of a comprehensive analysis that provides truly comparable information from nearly all countries in the region. Country reports are included from all ten Central and Eastern European countries that have already joined the EU, as well as most of the other countries in the region that have joined the CoE and have ratified the ECHR after the end of communist party dictatorship. A couple of reports regarding countries that have also emerged from communism, but are not eligible for membership in the CoE, are also included for comparative purposes.
• Breger, M. J., Reiter, Y., & Hammer, L. M. (2010). Holy Places in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict : Confrontation and Co-existence. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203867457
  More info

  1. Introduction Marshall J. Breger, Yitzhak Reiter and Leonard Hammer 2. The Legal Regulation of Holy Sites Marshall J. Breger and Leonard Hammer 3. Protection of Holy Places in International Law: Objective and Subjective Approaches Leonard Hammer 4. Wars and Sacred Space: The Influence of The 1948 War on Sacred Space in the State of Israel Doron Bar 5. The Third Kind of Holy Places: The Case of Nachmanides' Cave in Jerusalem Michael Wygoda 6. The Waqf in Israel Since 1965: The Case of Acre Reconsidered Yitzhak Reiter 7. Holy Places in Urban Spaces: Foci of Confrontation or Catalyst for Development Rassem Khamaisi 8. The Pessimist's Guide to Religious Coexistence Ron E. Hassner 9. Contest or Cohabitation in Shared Holy Places: The Cave of the Patriarchs and Samuel's Tomb Yitzhak Reiter 10. Treatment of Antiquities on the Temple Mount/ Al-Haram Al-Sharif Jon Seligman 11. The Shihab Al-Din Mosque Affair in Nazareth: A Case Study of Muslim-Christian-Jewish Relations in the State of Israel Daphne Tsimhoni 12. Holy Shrines (Maqamat) in Modern Palestine/Israel and the Politics of Memory Mahmoud Yazbak 13. Self-Empowerment through the Sacred Culture and Representation in the Urban Landscape: The Mosque of Hassan Bey and the Arab Community of Jaffa Nimrod Luz 14. The Head of Husayn Ibn Ali: Its Various Places of Burial and the Miracles that it Performed Khalid Sindawi
• Hammer, L. M. (2007).

  A Foucauldian Approach to International Law: Descriptive Thoughts for Normative Issues

  .
  More info

  Foucault's challenging view of power and knowledge as the basis for interpreting the international system forms the central themes of this book. As the application of international law expands and develops this book considers how Foucault's approach may create a viable framework that is not beset by ontological issues. With International law essentially stuck within an older framework of outmoded statist approaches, and overly broad understanding of the significance of external actors such as international organizations; current interpretations are either rooted in a narrow attempt to demonstrate a functioning normative structure or interpret developments as reflective of some emerging and somewhat unwieldy ethical order. This book therefore aims to ameliorate the approaches of a number of different 'schools' within the disciplines of international law and international relations, without being wedded to a single concept. Current scholarship in international law tends to favour an unresolved critique, a utopian vision, or to refer to other disciplines like international relations without fully explaining the significance or importance of taking such a step. This book analyses a variety of problems and issues that have surfaced within the international system and provides a framework for consideration of these issues, with a view towards accounting for ongoing developments in the international arena. Contents
• Hammer, L. M. (1997).

  The International Human Right to Freedom of Conscience: An Approach to Its Application and Development.

  . doi:10.25501/soas.00034055

Chapters

• Hammer, L. M. (2020).

  A Brief History of the Development of the Right to Conscience

  . In Freedom of Conscience. doi:10.4324/9781003073826-2
• Hammer, L. M. (2020).

  Analysis of the Treaties and Other Documents

  . In Freedom of Conscience. doi:10.4324/9781003073826-3
• Hammer, L. M. (2020).

  Conclusion

  . In Freedom of Conscience. doi:10.4324/9781003073826-9
• Hammer, L. M. (2020).

  Conscientious Objection to Taxes

  . In Freedom of Conscience. doi:10.4324/9781003073826-7
• Hammer, L. M. (2020).

  Introduction

  . In Freedom of Conscience. doi:10.4324/9781003073826-1
• Hammer, L. M. (2020).

  Military Conscientious Objection

  . In Freedom of Conscience. doi:10.4324/9781003073826-6
• Hammer, L. M. (2020).

  Proposing a Group-Oriented Approach to the Right to Conscience

  . In Freedom of Conscience. doi:10.4324/9781003073826-8
• Hammer, L. M. (2020).

  The Forum Internum

  . In Freedom of Conscience. doi:10.4324/9781003073826-4
• Hammer, L. M. (2019).

  Human Security and the Socialization of Peace

  . In Peace. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78905-7_7
  More info

  A human security approach can engender a viable and lasting peacebuilding effort. The focus on the needs and security of the people, such as their social and economic developments, will better stabilize the security interests of a state in a postconflict situation. The difficulty has been how to realize such developments? Adopting a socialization framework of norms and rules can further institutionalize human security needs in a peace building context. Socialization involves a variety of actors beyond the state with a focus on the interests of people and their security (including civil society and grassroots organizations) and incorporates the essential elements of human security into a state’s internal infrastructure. Socialization can institutionalize and maintain the elements of human security approach in a measured and realistic manner.
• Hammer, L. M. (2019). Human Security and the Socialization of Peace. In The Palgrave Handbook of Global Approaches to Peace. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78905-7_7
  More info

  A human security approach can engender a viable and lasting peacebuilding effort. The focus on the needs and security of the people, such as their social and economic developments, will better stabilize the security interests of a state in a postconflict situation. The difficulty has been how to realize such developments? Adopting a socialization framework of norms and rules can further institutionalize human security needs in a peace building context. Socialization involves a variety of actors beyond the state with a focus on the interests of people and their security (including civil society and grassroots organizations) and incorporates the essential elements of human security into a state’s internal infrastructure. Socialization can institutionalize and maintain the elements of human security approach in a measured and realistic manner.
• Hammer, L. M. (2019). The Socialization of Peace and Human Security in A. Kulnazarova and V. Popovski, eds. The Palgrave Handbook of Global Approaches to Peace, Palgrave Press, USA, 2018 (invited) The International Law of Holy Places in the Old City of Jerusalem (co-author with Marshall Breger) in T. Najem, M. Molloy, M. Bell, and J. Bell, eds. Contested Sites in Jerusalem; The Jerusalem Old City Initiative, Volume Three, Routledge Press, USA, 2018 (invited). In Two different books - noted above.
• Hammer, L. M., & Breger, M. (2018). International Law of Holy Places in Jerusalem. In Contested Sites in Jerusalem: The Jerusalem Old City Initiative, Volume Three. Routledge.
• Hammer, L. M., & Simmons, W. P. (2017). The Human Right to Dignity and Commodification of Prisoners: Considering Worldwide Challenges to Prison Privatization. In Privatization, Vulnerability, and Social Responsibility(p. 30). UK: Ashgate.
• Hammer, L. M. (2014). Intellectual Freedom from within the International Human Right to Freedom of Thought, Conscience, Religion and Belief. In Handbook of Intellectual Freedom. library juice Press.
• Hammer, L. M. (2009).

  Protection of holy places in international law: objective and subjective approaches

  . In Sacred Space in Israel and Palestine. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203867457-8

Journals/Publications

• Hammer, L. (2022).

  Women and the Holy City: The Struggle over Jerusalem’s Sacred Space

  . Political Science Quarterly, 137(1), 187-189. doi:10.1002/polq.13290
• Hammer, L. (2021).

  Religious Freedom Under Scrutiny. By Heiner Bielefeldt and Michael Wiener

  . Journal of Church and State, 63(2), 322-323. doi:10.1093/jcs/csab010
• Hammer, L. M., & Ahmed, S. (2021).

  Refugee Camps Can Wreak Enormous Environmental Damages: Should Source Countries Be Liable for Them?

  . The Conversation.
• Hammer, L. (2020).

  Taiwan and Itu Aba (Taiping): Creating an ‘Island for All’ in the South China Sea

  . International Journal of Taiwan Studies, 3(1), 93-111. doi:10.1163/24688800-00301007
  More info

  One of the key decisions of the Law of the Sea Arbitration decision of 2016 was that the Itu Aba (Taiping) ‘island’ held by the Republic of China (roc) was not an island at all. Recognising the ongoing policy shifts by the roc since 2008 regarding the South China Sea, this article contends that the roc would do well to declare Itu Aba an international haven for scientific exploration. Such a move would buttress the roc’s international position, appease its allies, and allow it to maintain some form of control over its interests in the South China Sea.
• Hammer, L. M. (2020). Putting these all together:Taiwan and Itu Aba (Taiping): Creating An ‘Island For All’ in the South China Sea 3 International Journal of Taiwan Studies 93-111 (2020) // The International Human Right to Freedom of Religion or Belief: Referring to Foucault to Achieve the Descriptive Moment 26 Journal of Human Rights at Mofid University 113-140 (2019)// The ‘Socialization’ of Maritime Global Governance and Taiwan: Perceiving the Benefits 9 Journal of Globalization Studies 14-26 (2018)// Cultural Heritage Protection and Sacred Spaces: Considering Alternative Approaches From Within the Human Rights Framework 50 Columbia Human Rights Law Review 73-113 (2018). different journals for four articles from 2018-2020.
• Hammer, L. M., & Ahmed, S. (2020).

  Environmental responsibility and Rohingya refugees: potential grounds for justice

  . Local Environment, 25(11-12), 1021-1031. doi:10.1080/13549839.2020.1849078
• Hammer, L. M. (2019).

  The International Human Right to Freedom of Religion or Belief: Referring to Foucault to Achieve the Descriptive Moment

  . Mofid J H Rts. doi:10.22096/hr.2019.105279.1101
  More info

  این مقاله با تشخیص مشکلات ذاتی مرتبط با حقوق بشر بین­المللی در آزادی دین یا عقیده، رویکرد جایگزینی را به حق پیشنهاد می نماید. با توجه به اهمیت دانش و نقش آن در ترکیب با قدرت، می­توان از حق سخن گفت. اتخاذ مفاهیمی که ام. فوکو (M. Foucault)، پیشنهاد نموده، زمینه­ای را برای تفسیری انتقادی از دین یا عقیده به عنوان بخشی از گفتمان جاری اجتماعی فراهم می­سازد. نیازی نیست مظاهر یک دین یا عقیده را کشمکشی بین فرد و دولت دانست، بلکه باید آن را در چارچوبی گسترده­تر درک نمود. می­توان عوامل دیگری در جهت درک یک عقیده، از جمله اظهارات یک فرد معتقد، را بدون لزوم ارزیابی مزایای آن عقیده بررسی نمود.
• Hammer, L. M. (2019). I am listing my entire output for 2018 and 2019 below as this is too time consuming. Journals and publications noted below.
  More info

  Book:The Contest and Control of Jerusalem's Holy Sites (co-authored with M. Breger)Forthcoming, Cambridge University Press (2021)Articles:Taiwan and Itu Aba (Taiping): Creating An ‘Island For All’ in the South China Sea 3 International Journal of Taiwan Studies 93-111 (2020)The International Human Right to Freedom of Religion or Belief: Referring to Foucault to Achieve the Descriptive Moment 26 Journal of Human Rights at Mofid University 113-140 (2019)The ‘Socialization’ of Maritime Global Governance and Taiwan: Perceiving the Benefits 9 Journal of Globalization Studies 14-26 (2018)Cultural Heritage Protection and Sacred Spaces: Considering Alternative Approaches From Within the Human Rights Framework 50 Columbia Human Rights Law Review 73-113 (2018)Book Chapters:The Socialization of Peace and Human Security in A. Kulnazarova and V. Popovski, eds. The Palgrave Handbook of Global Approaches to Peace, Palgrave Press, USA 2018 (invited)The International Law of Holy Places in the Old City of Jerusalem (co-author with Marshall Breger) in T. Najem, M. Molloy, M. Bell, and J. Bell, eds. Contested Sites in Jerusalem; The Jerusalem Old City Initiative, Volume Three, Routledge Press, USA, 2018 (invited)
• Hammer, L. M. (2018). Cultural Heritage and Sacred Space. Columbia H Rts L Rev.
• Hammer, L. M. (2018). Maritime Global Governance and Taiwan. Journal of Globalisation Studies.
• Hammer, L. M. (2017). 2015 Comprehensive Agreement. Oxford J. of L. and Rel., 6, 162-179.
• Hammer, L. M. (2017).

  The “Socialization” of Maritime Global Governance and Taiwan Perceiving the Benefits

  . J of Globalization. doi:10.14666/2194-7759-6-2-004
  More info

  Certain maritime global governance frameworks exist and can at times even be effective. Yet, serious implementation matters and dire environmental circumstances persist. Control mechanisms are mainly in the hands of states or outmoded international organizations facing off against powerful economic intermediaries engaged in exploitation and driven by strong demand from export markets. Political interests also weaken the system, such as disallowing important maritime actors like Taiwan from taking a part in the process. Given that maritime global governance is constantly shifting due to a host of changing processes, proper governance requires structural alteration as well as temporal accountability. A socialization context for maritime global governance, that emphasizes partnership models incorporating both private and public actors (such as market-based bodies with civil society actors to inform and direct regulatory bodies), can not only improve maritime governance but also allow for participation by Taiwan. Including a wider range of stakeholders like media, politicians, interest groups, and consumers along with an assistive reference to new forms of technologies, can result in activating infrastructures that combine varying interests (like economic and environment) and result in a more effective form of maritime global governance. At the same time, it can open the door for Taiwan to effectively join in environmental initiatives and international projects relating to maritime governance.
• Hammer, L. M. (2017).

  The Socialization of Human Rights as an Inroad to Protect Sacred Space

  . Columb. H Rts L R..
• Hammer, L. M. (2017). The Holy See and the Palestinian Authority. Middle East Quarterly.
• Hammer, L. (2016). Comparative Commercial Contracts: Law, Culture and Economic Development. By Boris Kozolchyk. Journal of International Economic Law, 20(3), 735-740. doi:10.1093/jiel/jgw063
• Simmons, W. P., & Hammer, L. M. (2016).

  The human right to dignity and commodification of prisoners: Considering worldwide challenges to prison privatization

  . Book Chapter. doi:10.4324/9781315387543-22
• Simmons, W. P., & Hammer, L. M. (2015).

  Privatization of Prisons in Israel and Beyond: A Per Se Violation of the Human Right to Dignity

  . Santa Clara Intl L J.
• Simmons, W. P., & Hammer, L. M. (2015). Privatization of Prisons and Immigration Detention Facilities in Arizona: A Per Se Violation of Human Rights?. Santa Clara Journal of International Law, 40.
• Hammer, L. M. (2012).

  Israel as a Jewish and Democratic State: Jewish Law Association Studies XXI (2011). Edited by Asher Maoz.

  . Oxford J of Freedom of Rel.. doi:10.1093/ojlr/rwr004
• Hammer, L. (2011).

  Re-examining the extraterritorial application of the ECHR to northern Cyprus: the need for a measured approach

  . The International Journal of Human Rights, 15(6), 858-872. doi:10.1080/13642981003617204
  More info

  Extraterritorial application of the ECHR to Turkey in northern Cyprus in a whole scale manner is misplaced. Given the underlying reasoning behind the effective control standard that is linked to notions of international humanitarian law and occupied territory, and accounting for a historic understanding of the situation in northern Cyprus and how it developed, it is conceivable that Turkey should not maintain the full gamut of obligations under the ECHR.
• Hammer, L. M. (2006).

  From Public to Private Law in the Occupied Territories Expanding the Israeli Presence Via the Rule of Law

  . Journal of Intl. L..
  More info

  While the aspects of public international law clearly play a role in the Israeli Occupied Territories, one also should not ignore the private international law implications. Extraterritorial application of Israeli law has moved beyond the confines of applying solely to cases between Israelis, as had been the norm thus far, and into the penumbra of also applying to Palestinians who venture into Israeli-occupied towns. Slowly, one can discern a broadening of the Israeli rule of law, thus leading to an eventual application of Israeli law in the majority of instances, at least with regard to actions involving Israeli towns and companies. This can have a greater long term impact on the Israeli legal system's perception of the Israeli presence in the Occupied Territories.
• Hammer, L. M. (2004).

  Indigenous Peoples as a Catalyst for Applying the Human Right to Water

  . Neth. J H, Rts. doi:10.1163/157181104322784835
• Hammer, L. M. (2002).

  Selective Conscientious Objection and International Human Rights

  . Israel L r.. doi:10.1017/s0021223700018008
• Hammer, L. M. (1999).

  Migrant Workers in Israel: Towards Proposing a Framework of Enforceable Customary International Human Rights

  . Mich J Intl L.. doi:10.1177/092405199901700102
• Hammer, L. M. (1999).

  Part A: Articles Migrant Workers In Israel: Towards Proposing A Framework Of Enforceable Customary International Human Rights / Часть А: вопросы об иностранных рабочих в Израиле: на пути к предложению принудительной и стандартной системы международных прав человека

  . Chapter in a book in Russia.
• Hammer, L. (1998). Reconsidering The Israeli Courts' Application Of Customary International Law In The Human Rights Context. ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law, 5(1), 23-41.
• Hammer, L. M. (1998).

  Reconsidering The Israeli Courts' Application Of Customary International Law In The Human Rights Context

  . Nova Scotia J Intl L.

Presentations

• Hammer, L. M. (2021). The following took place in 2021:The Intentional Destruction of the Cultural Heritage of Mankind: What Are the Remedies under International Law? La Sapienza University of Rome, 2021 Forms of Reparation and their Effective Implementation 2021 International Virtual Exchange Conference, Online, 2021 Multi-nodal Pedagogy Across Continents Cultural Heritage in Law and Diplomacy: A Webinar, Online, 2021 Roundtable of six experts, sponsored by Tufts University, University of Oxford, and CSU-Fresno State International Studies Association, Human Rights and Foreign Policy, Online, 2021 The Hagia Sophia, Republic of Turkey, and Foreign Policy. Online events.
• Hammer, L. M. (2020, 2019-2020). Listing 3 at once -KIMEP University Law School, Almaty, Kazakhstan, 2019 Cultural Heritage Protection, Human Rights, and Jerusalem //2019 International Virtual Exchange Conference, Tacoma, Washington, USA Effective Video Conference Interaction between Students, Faculty, and Human Rights Practitioners around the Globe// LSA 2019 Conference, Washington, DC Cultural Heritage Protection and Human Dignity. KIMEP in Khazakhstan// IVEC conference in Washington// LSA conference in DC.
• Hammer, L. M. (2020, June). Socialization of cultural heritage. ACUNS - UN University.
• Hammer, L. M. (2017, Fall, 2017). Cultural Heritage Protection and the Socialization of Human Rights. The Social Practice of Human Rights. Dayton, Ohio.
• Hammer, L. M. (2017, Fall, 2017). Zionism and Modern Israel. International Relations Faculty. National Chengchi University: Taipei, Taiwan.
• Hammer, L. M. (2017, Spring, 2017). Cultural Heritage Protection: Critical Overview. Freedom of Religion. Jerusalem Israel: Van Leer Institute.
• Hammer, L. M. (2017, Spring, 2017). Holy See and Israel. Kennedy Center Guest Lecture. Brigham Young University.
• Hammer, L. M. (2017, Summer, 2017). South China Seas from an Environmental Perspective. Institute for International Relations. National Chengchi University: Tapei, Taiwan.
• Hammer, L. M., & Simmons, W. P. (2017, June). “Implications of Pervasive Maltreatment and Mislabeling of Female Trafficking Victims and Consensual Sex Workers in Arizona, USA: Towards a Comparative Perspective”. Irregular Migrants, Refugees or Victims of Human-Trafficking? Analysis, Advocacy and Assistance between Categorizations and (Self-) Identifications, International Seminar on Mixed Migration,. Bangkok Thailand.
• Hammer, L. M. (2016, Spring, 2016). The Environment and International Human Rights. Seri Equity Colloquium. Bren School, UC Santa Barbara.
• Hammer, L. M. (2015, Fall, 2015). International Law Approaches to Sacred Space. G20 Interfaith Summit. Istanbul, Turkey.
• Hammer, L. M. (2015, Fall, 2015). The BDS Law in Israel and Free Expression. Freedom of Expression and Religion in a Multicultural World. Istanbul, Turkey: Fatih Sultan Mehmet Waqf University.

Reviews

• Hammer, L. M. (2021. Two different book reviewsBook Review of Women and the Holy City: The Struggle over Jerusalem's Sacred Space by Lihi Ben Shitrit __ Political Science Quarterly __ (2021) Book Review of Religious Freedom Under Scrutiny by Heiner Bielefeldt and Michael Wiener __ Journal of Church and State __ (2021).
• Hammer, L. M. (2016. Book review of international comparative commercial law. journal of international economic law.
• Hammer, L. M. (2014. O. H. Cinar Conscientious Objection to Military Service in International Human Rights Law.