Michael Bogan

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Scholarly Contributions

Chapters

• Bogan, M., Ballesteros-Cordova, C., Bennett, S., Darin, M., Findley, L., & Valera-Romero, A. (2021). Oases: Finding hidden biodiversity gems in the southern Sonoran Desert. In Standing between Life and Extinction: Ethics and Ecology of Conserving Aquatic Species in North American Deserts(pp 272-284). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226694504.001.0001
• Bogan, M., Chester, E., Datry, T., Murphy, A., Robson, B., Ruhi, A., Stubbington, R., & Whitney, J. (2017). Resistance, Resilience, and Community Recovery in Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams. In Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams: Ecology and Management(pp 349-376). Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803835-2.00013-9
• Stubbington, R., Bogan, M. T., Bonada, N., Boulton, A. J., Datry, T., Leigh, C., & Vander Vorste, R. (2017). The Biota of Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams: Aquatic Invertebrates. In Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams: Ecology and Management. Elsevier Inc. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803835-2.00007-3
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  Intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES) support diverse and sometimes distinctive aquatic invertebrate communities. Although flow intermittence has been linked to reduced taxa richness, the highly variable environmental conditions that characterize IRES can enhance both taxonomic and functional diversity, with different invertebrates characterizing flowing, pool, dry, and flow-resumption phases. Aquatic invertebrate communities, which include specialist taxa, have a diverse range of adaptations to promote their survival in the pools and dry bed sediments that characterize IRES channels during nonflowing phases. These tolerant organisms and recolonists from outside of IRES channels allow communities to recover once flow resumes. IRES invertebrate communities have been affected by human activity, especially where flow regimes have been altered by climate change, water resource pressures, and changing land use. Restoration initiatives, from riparian revegetation projects to conservation strategies that protect individual species, are therefore needed to safeguard aquatic invertebrate community diversity in IRES. © 2017 Copyright
• Stubbington, R., Bogan, M., Bonada, N., Boulton, A., Datry, T., Leigh, C., & Vander Vorste, R. (2017). The Biota of Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams: Aquatic Invertebrates. In Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams: Ecology and Management(pp 217-243). Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-803835-2.00007-3

Journals/Publications

• Allen, D. C., Burgin, A. J., Seybold, E. C., Dodds, W. K., Busch, M. H., Bergstrom, A., Krabbenhoft, C. A., Boersma, K. S., Stegen, J. C., Olden, J. D., Atkinson, C. L., Jones, C. N., Datry, T., Godsey, S. E., Shogren, A. J., Walters, A. W., Plont, S., Walker, R. H., Shanafield, M., , Mims, M. C., et al. (2025). Shared leadership can promote success in collaborative research networks in ecology. Functional Ecology. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.70109
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  While collaborative science is becoming the norm in ecology, many ecologists participating in collaborations are less aware of the body of research that studies the processes by which collaborative teams organize and communicate. Here, we discuss how we successfully used a shared leadership model in the Dry Rivers Research Coordination Network. We discuss how this model promoted our success in different stages of the project, using the Tuckman model of team development: forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. Shared leadership in the forming phase helped us recruit a diverse membership from different scientific disciplines. In the storming and norming phases, shared leadership was especially useful in ensuring that all voices were heard in establishing group norms that promoted adhesion among and investment by RCN members. Shared leadership in the performing phase was crucial in providing opportunities for early career members to lead projects, and in the adjourning phase we reflected upon our entire collaboration to identify that shared leadership was crucial to our success, generating the thesis for this commentary. It is our hope that others may find this discussion of our experience in implementing a shared leadership model useful in developing their own fruitful collaborations. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
• Bogan, M., Hamdhani, H., Eppehimer, D., Hollien, K., & Gill, B. (2025). Macroinvertebrate community development and resilience to channel dredging following flow restoration using effluent in an urban desert river. Restoration Ecology, 33(2). doi:10.1111/rec.14250
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  Freshwater species face numerous threats across the globe, including urbanization. Within cities in regions with drier climates, dewatering and channelization of rivers commonly occur and reduce or eliminate freshwater biodiversity. The discharge of effluent (treated wastewater) has been used to restore flow in some of these rivers, but our knowledge is negligible about how ecological communities develop and change in these unique but increasingly common ecosystems. In this study, we quantified aquatic macroinvertebrate community development in the Santa Cruz River (Arizona, U.S.A.), where effluent-restored flow more than 100 years after the river dried up. We tracked community development over a 2-year period in reaches where flow had been restored and compared those findings with data from a reference reach. Our study period also encompassed a massive disturbance where effluent releases temporarily ceased and sediment was dredged from the channel, allowing us to quantify the impacts of urban channel maintenance activities on recovering communities. Macroinvertebrate colonization was rapid following the initial flow restoration and channel dredging, with density and species richness values reaching or exceeding those of the reference reach within a few months, but community composition remained quite distinct after 2 years. Flow duration and the number of dry days in the month prior to sampling were the most influential factors in macroinvertebrate metrics. Simply adding effluent to dewatered urban rivers has the potential to restore diverse aquatic fauna, but targeted reintroductions may be needed for sensitive or dispersal-limited taxa.
• Leathers, K., Herbst, D., Bogan, M., Jeliazkov, G., & Ruhí, A. (2025). Ecological pathways connecting riverine drought to community change across space and time. Ecological Monographs, 95(Issue 3). doi:10.1002/ecm.70035
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  Climate change is intensifying droughts via reduced snowpack and accelerated snowmelt in high mountains globally, altering community structure in snow-dependent rivers. To predict impending ecological change in rivers, we must understand the importance of the abiotic and biotic mechanisms connecting hydrologic change to biodiversity change and whether these mechanisms operate similarly across space and time. Here, we studied abiotic effects of drought and invertebrate communities in a minimally disturbed watershed in California's Sierra Nevada. Our study employed a highly replicated design of 60 nested sites (capturing microhabitat to reach-level variation) and over two decades of change (2002–2023) in a subset of sites, including the driest period on record. We used spatial stream network (SSN) models and autoregressive (AR) models to partition the spatial and temporal variance into covariate-driven versus autocorrelation effects. Structural equation modeling allowed us to identify causal pathways connecting hydrologic change to invertebrate community change. We found that drought-driven variation in temperature, water velocity, and fine sediment all explained variation in abundance in over a third of the species in the community. Notably, the influence of abiotic effects differed across space and time: no taxa had their variance explained by the same abiotic effect in the same direction across space and time, and total spatial variance explained by abiotic effects for each species had no relationship with its temporal counterpart. We also found that community dissimilarity across space was poorly explained by abiotic effects, while temporal dissimilarity was driven by differences in temperature and water velocity causing species turnover. Finally, we tested the scale dependency of our inferences by changing the extent and resolution of our data (resampling from seasonal to interannual; from microhabitat to watershed-level data) and found that pathways of community change varied depending on scale and on whether comparisons were made across space or time. These differences between space and time likely arise from some ecological drivers operating more strongly in one dimension and from spatial and temporal autocorrelation in species abundances masking environmental effects. Our study illustrates that projecting riverine community composition under future hydroclimates requires accounting for mechanism context dependency over space and time.
• al-Jamal, A., Ruhi, A., Mohammadi, R., Bogan, M., & Fournier, R. (2025). Aquatic top predator prefers terrestrial prey in an intermittent stream. Ecology, 106(1). doi:10.1002/ecy.4518
• Foulquier, A., Datry, T., Corti, R., von Schiller, D., Tockner, K., Stubbington, R., Gessner, M., Boyer, F., Ohlmann, M., Thuiller, W., Rioux, D., Miquel, C., Allen, D., Altermatt, F., Arce, M., Arnon, S., Banas, D., Banegas-Medina, A., Beller, E., , Blanchette, M., et al. (2024). Unravelling large-scale patterns and drivers of biodiversity in dry rivers. Nature Communications, 15(1). doi:10.1038/s41467-024-50873-1
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  More than half of the world’s rivers dry up periodically, but our understanding of the biological communities in dry riverbeds remains limited. Specifically, the roles of dispersal, environmental filtering and biotic interactions in driving biodiversity in dry rivers are poorly understood. Here, we conduct a large-scale coordinated survey of patterns and drivers of biodiversity in dry riverbeds. We focus on eight major taxa, including microorganisms, invertebrates and plants: Algae, Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Arthropods, Nematodes and Streptophyta. We use environmental DNA metabarcoding to assess biodiversity in dry sediments collected over a 1-year period from 84 non-perennial rivers across 19 countries on four continents. Both direct factors, such as nutrient and carbon availability, and indirect factors such as climate influence the local biodiversity of most taxa. Limited resource availability and prolonged dry phases favor oligotrophic microbial taxa. Co-variation among taxa, particularly Bacteria, Fungi, Algae and Protozoa, explain more spatial variation in community composition than dispersal or environmental gradients. This finding suggests that biotic interactions or unmeasured ecological and evolutionary factors may strongly influence communities during dry phases, altering biodiversity responses to global changes.
• Price, A. N., Zimmer, M. A., Bergstrom, A., Burgin, A. J., Seybold, E. C., Krabbenhoft, C. A., Zipper, S., Busch, M. H., Dodds, W. K., Walters, A., Rogosch, J. S., Stubbington, R., Walker, R. H., Stegen, J. C., Datry, T., Messager, M., Olden, J., Godsey, S. E., Shanafield, M., , Lytle, D., et al. (2024). Biogeochemical and community ecology responses to the wetting of non-perennial streams. Nature Water, 2(Issue 9). doi:10.1038/s44221-024-00298-3
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  Transitions between dry and wet hydrologic states are the defining characteristic of non-perennial rivers and streams, which constitute the majority of the global river network. Although past work has focused on stream drying characteristics, there has been less focus on how hydrology, ecology and biogeochemistry respond and interact during stream wetting. Wetting mechanisms are highly variable and can range from dramatic floods and debris flows to gradual saturation by upwelling groundwater. This variation in wetting affects ecological and biogeochemical functions, including nutrient processing, sediment transport and the assembly of biotic communities. Here we synthesize evidence describing the hydrological mechanisms underpinning different types of wetting regimes, the associated biogeochemical and organismal responses, and the potential scientific and management implications for downstream ecosystems. This combined multidisciplinary understanding of wetting dynamics in non-perennial streams will be key to predicting and managing for the effects of climate change on non-perennial ecosystems.
• Bogan, M. (2023). Carp Fever! The Introduction of Carp into Territorial Arizona and Its Lasting Legacy. Journal of the Southwest, 65(4). doi:10.1353/jsw.2023.a922448
• Bogan, M., Quanrud, D. M., Eppehimer, D., & Hamdhani, H. (2021). Seasonal and longitudinal water quality dynamics in three effluent-dependent rivers in Arizona. TBD.
• Crabot, J., Mondy, C. P., Usseglio-Polatera, P., Fritz, K. M., Wood, P. J., Greenwood, M. J., Bogan, M. T., Meyer, E. I., & Datry, T. (2021). A global perspective on the functional responses of stream communities to flow intermittence. Ecography, 44(10), 1511-1523.
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  The current erosion of biodiversity is a major concern that threatens the ecological integrity of ecosystems and the ecosystem services they provide. Due to global change, an increasing proportion of river networks are drying and changes from perennial to non-perennial flow regimes represent dramatic ecological shifts with potentially irreversible alterations of community and ecosystem dynamics. However, there is minimal understanding of how biological communities respond functionally to drying. Here, we highlight the taxonomic and functional responses of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities to flow intermittence across river networks from three continents, to test predictions from underlying trait-based conceptual theory. We found a significant breakpoint in the relationship between taxonomic and functional richness, indicating higher functional redundancy at sites with flow intermittence higher than 28%. Multiple strands of evidence, including patterns of alpha and beta diversity and functional group membership, indicated that functional redundancy did not compensate for biodiversity loss associated with increasing intermittence, contrary to received wisdom. A specific set of functional trait modalities, including small body size, short life span and high fecundity, were selected with increasing flow intermittence. These results demonstrate the functional responses of river communities to drying and suggest that on-going biodiversity reduction due to global change in drying river networks is threatening their functional integrity. These results indicate that such patterns might be common in these ecosystems, even where drying is considered a predictable disturbance. This highlights the need for the conservation of natural drying regimes of intermittent rivers to secure their ecological integrity.
• Crabot, J., Mondy, C. P., Usseglio-Polatera, P., Fritz, K. M., Wood, P. J., Greenwood, M. J., Bogan, M. T., Meyer, E. I., & Datry, T. (2021). A global perspective on the functional responses of stream communities to flow intermittence. Ecography, 44(Issue 10). doi:10.1111/ecog.05697
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  The current erosion of biodiversity is a major concern that threatens the ecological integrity of ecosystems and the ecosystem services they provide. Due to global change, an increasing proportion of river networks are drying and changes from perennial to non-perennial flow regimes represent dramatic ecological shifts with potentially irreversible alterations of community and ecosystem dynamics. However, there is minimal understanding of how biological communities respond functionally to drying. Here, we highlight the taxonomic and functional responses of aquatic macroinvertebrate communities to flow intermittence across river networks from three continents, to test predictions from underlying trait-based conceptual theory. We found a significant breakpoint in the relationship between taxonomic and functional richness, indicating higher functional redundancy at sites with flow intermittence higher than 28%. Multiple strands of evidence, including patterns of alpha and beta diversity and functional group membership, indicated that functional redundancy did not compensate for biodiversity loss associated with increasing intermittence, contrary to received wisdom. A specific set of functional trait modalities, including small body size, short life span and high fecundity, were selected with increasing flow intermittence. These results demonstrate the functional responses of river communities to drying and suggest that on-going biodiversity reduction due to global change in drying river networks is threatening their functional integrity. These results indicate that such patterns might be common in these ecosystems, even where drying is considered a predictable disturbance. This highlights the need for the conservation of natural drying regimes of intermittent rivers to secure their ecological integrity.
• Eppehimer, D. E., Enger, B. J., Ebenal, A. E., Rocha, E. P., & Bogan, M. T. (2021). Daily flow intermittence in an effluent-dependent river: Impacts of flow duration and recession rate on fish stranding. River Research and Applications, 37(Issue 10). doi:10.1002/rra.3850
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  Treated wastewater, also known as effluent, is discharged into streambeds where it can augment or create aquatic habitat in arid regions. However, discharge fluctuations can result in daily stream drying and rewetting. In this study, we documented flow intermittence and resulting fish stranding and mortality over a 12-week period on an effluent-dependent reach of the lower Santa Cruz River in Tucson, Arizona, USA. We hypothesized that fish stranding would be positively related to the duration of flow prior to drying (increased recolonization potential) and flow recession rates (increased stranding likelihood). Using trail cameras, we monitored drying duration and extent along a 2.1-km reach of river known to experience flow intermittence and counted stranded fish once a week. Drying extent varied widely (range: 0–1.88 km) and averaged 0.79 km ± 0.14 SE. We observed a total of 323 fish strandings across the 12 weeks (range: 0–74 individuals per day; mean: 26.9 ± 8.3 SE). Ninety-nine percent of observed fish were Poeciliidae (63% of which were fry), including non-native western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). The recession rate was a positive predictor for the daily stranding count of poeciliids (p =.008). Flow duration was not significant (p =.100) but was included in the top model (R2 = 0.782). As urban development continues, the discharge of effluent into rivers and streams will become more common throughout the world. Continued research is needed to understand the benefits and challenges presented by these effluent-driven flow regimes, including their impacts on aquatic taxa.
• Eppehimer, D. E., Hamdhani, H., Hollien, K. D., Nemec, Z. C., Lee, L. N., Quanrud, D. M., & Bogan, M. T. (2021). Impacts of baseflow and flooding on microplastic pollution in an effluent-dependent arid land river in the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(Issue 33). doi:10.1007/s11356-021-13724-w
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  Effluent discharge from wastewater treatment plants can be a substantial source of microplastics in receiving water bodies including rivers. Despite growing concern about microplastic pollution in freshwater habitats, the literature has not yet addressed effluent-dependent rivers, which derive 100% of their baseflow from effluent. The objective of this study was to document and explore trends in microplastic pollution within the effluent-dependent lower Santa Cruz River near Tucson, Arizona (USA). We examined microplastic concentrations in the water column and benthic sediment and microplastic consumption by mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) at 10 sites along a ~40 km stretch of the lower Santa Cruz River across two time periods: baseflow (effluent only) and post-flood (effluent immediately following urban runoff). In total, across both sampling periods, we detected microplastics in 95% of water column samples, 99% of sediment samples, and 6% of mosquitofish stomachs. Flow status (baseflow vs post-flood) was the only significant predictor of microplastic presence and concentrations in our models. Microplastic fragment concentrations in the water column were higher post-flood, microplastic fiber concentrations in benthic sediment were lower post-flood, and mosquitofish were more likely to have consumed microplastics post-flood than during baseflow. The additional microplastics detected after flooding was likely due to a combination of allochthonous material entering the channel via runoff and bed scour that exhumed microplastics previously buried in the riverbed. Effluent-dependent urban streams are becoming increasingly common; more work is needed to identify microplastic pollution baselines and trends in effluent rivers worldwide.
• Eppehimer, D. E., Hamdhani, H., Hollien, K. D., Nemec, Z. C., Lee, L. N., Quanrud, D. M., & Bogan, M. T. (2021). Impacts of baseflow and flooding on microplastic pollution in an effluent-dependent arid land river in the USA. Environmental science and pollution research international, 28(33), 45375-45389.
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  Effluent discharge from wastewater treatment plants can be a substantial source of microplastics in receiving water bodies including rivers. Despite growing concern about microplastic pollution in freshwater habitats, the literature has not yet addressed effluent-dependent rivers, which derive 100% of their baseflow from effluent. The objective of this study was to document and explore trends in microplastic pollution within the effluent-dependent lower Santa Cruz River near Tucson, Arizona (USA). We examined microplastic concentrations in the water column and benthic sediment and microplastic consumption by mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) at 10 sites along a ~40 km stretch of the lower Santa Cruz River across two time periods: baseflow (effluent only) and post-flood (effluent immediately following urban runoff). In total, across both sampling periods, we detected microplastics in 95% of water column samples, 99% of sediment samples, and 6% of mosquitofish stomachs. Flow status (baseflow vs post-flood) was the only significant predictor of microplastic presence and concentrations in our models. Microplastic fragment concentrations in the water column were higher post-flood, microplastic fiber concentrations in benthic sediment were lower post-flood, and mosquitofish were more likely to have consumed microplastics post-flood than during baseflow. The additional microplastics detected after flooding was likely due to a combination of allochthonous material entering the channel via runoff and bed scour that exhumed microplastics previously buried in the riverbed. Effluent-dependent urban streams are becoming increasingly common; more work is needed to identify microplastic pollution baselines and trends in effluent rivers worldwide.
• Eppehimer, D., Enger, B., Ebenal, A., Pablo, E., & Bogan, M. (2021). Daily flow intermittence in an effluent‐dependent river: Impacts of flow duration and recession rate on fish stranding. River Research and Applications, 37(10), 1376-1385.
• Hamdhani, H., Eppehimer, D. E., Walker, D., & Bogan, M. T. (2021). Performance of a handheld chlorophyll-a fluorometer: Potential use for rapid algae monitoring. Water (Switzerland), 13(Issue 10). doi:10.3390/w13101409
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  Chlorophyll-a measurements are an important factor in the water quality monitoring of surface waters, especially for determining the trophic status and ecosystem management. However, a collection of field samples for extractive analysis in a laboratory may not fully represent the field conditions. Handheld fluorometers that can measure chlorophyll-a in situ are available, but their performance in waters with a variety of potential light-interfering substances has not yet been tested. We tested a handheld fluorometer for sensitivity to ambient light and turbidity and compared these findings with EPA Method 445.0 using water samples obtained from two urban lakes in Tucson, Arizona, USA. Our results suggested that the probe was not sensitive to ambient light and performed well at low chlorophyll-a concentrations (25 µg/L and turbidity levels were
• Hamdhani, H., Eppehimer, D., Walker, D. B., & Bogan, M. (2021). Performance of a handheld chlorophyll-a fluorometer: Potential use for rapid algae monitoring. Water, 13(10), 1-10.
• Vander Vorste, R., Stubbington, R., Acuña, V., Bogan, M. T., Bonada, N., Cid, N., Datry, T., Storey, R., Wood, P. J., & Ruhí, A. (2021). Climatic aridity increases temporal nestedness of invertebrate communities in naturally drying rivers. Ecography, 44(Issue 6). doi:10.1111/ecog.05349
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  Climate change is altering the water cycle globally, increasing the frequency and magnitude of floods and droughts. An outstanding question is whether biodiversity responses to hydrological disturbance depend on background climatic context – and if so, which contexts increase vulnerability to disturbance. Answering this question requires comparison of organismal responses across environmental gradients. However, opportunities to track disturbed communities against an undisturbed baseline remain rare. Here we gathered a global dataset capturing responses of aquatic invertebrate communities to river drying, which includes 112 sites spanning a gradient of climatic aridity. We measured the effects of river drying on taxonomic richness and temporal β-diversity (turnover and nestedness components). We also measured the relative abundance of aquatic invertebrates with strategies that confer resilience (or resistance) to drying. Contrary to our expectations, we found that taxonomic richness recovered from drying similarly across the aridity gradient. The turnover component of β-diversity (i.e. species replacements over time) largely accounted for differences in community composition before versus after drying. However, increasing aridity was associated with greater nestedness-driven compositional changes at intermittent sites – that is, after drying communities became subsets of those before drying. These results show that climatic context can explain variation in community responses to the same hydrological disturbance (drying), and suggest that increased aridity will constrain biodiversity responses at regional scales. Further consideration of the climatic context in hydroecological research may help improve predictions of the local impacts of hydrological disturbance by identifying climate regions where communities are more (or less) sensitive to extremes, including river drying events.
• Vander Vorste, R., Stubbington, R., Acuña, V., Bogan, M., Bonada, N., Cid, N., Datry, T., Storey, R., Wood, P., & Ruhi, A. (2021). Climatic aridity increases temporal nestedness of invertebrate communities in naturally drying rivers. Ecography, 44(6), 860-869.
• Allen, D., Datry, T., Boersma, K., Bogan, M., & Boulton, A. (2020). River ecosystem conceptual models and non‐perennial rivers: A critical review. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 7(5), e1473.
• Bogan, M. (2020). If you build it, they will come: rapid colonization by dragonflies in a new effluent-dependent river reach. PeerJ, 9, e9856.
• Bogan, M. (2020). Science gets up to speed on dry rivers. EOS Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 101.
• Bogan, M. (2020). Zero or not? Causes and consequences of zero‐flow stream gage readings. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 7(3), e1436.
• Bogan, M. T., Eppehimer, D., Hamdhani, H., & Hollien, K. (2020). If you build it, they will come: Rapid colonization by dragonflies in a new effluent-dependent river reach. PeerJ, 8(Issue). doi:10.7717/peerj.9856
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  Background: Aquatic ecosystems are greatly altered by urban development, including the complete loss of natural habitat due to water diversions or channel burial. However, novel freshwater habitats also are created in cities, such as effluent-dependent streams that rely on treated wastewater for flow. It is unclear how diverse these novel ecosystems are, or how quickly aquatic species are able to colonize them. In this study, we (1) quantify odonate (Insecta, Odonata) colonization of a novel effluent-dependent river reach, (2) examine how drying events affect odonates in these novel habitats, and (3) explore whether effluent-dependent streams can support diverse odonate assemblages. Methods: We conducted monthly odonate surveys at three sites along the Santa Cruz River (Tucson, AZ, USA) between June 2019 and May 2020. One site was in a long-established effluent-dependent reach (flowing since the 1970s) that served as a reference site and two sites were in a newly-established reach that began flowing on June 24, 2019 (it was previously dry). We compared odonate species richness, assemblage composition, and colonization patterns across these reaches, and examined how these factors responded to flow cessation events in the new reach. Results: Seven odonate species were observed at the study sites in the new reach within hours of flow initiation, and species rapidly continued to arrive thereafter. Within 3 months, species richness and assemblage composition of adult odonates were indistinguishable in the new and reference reaches. However, drying events resulted in short-term and chronic reductions in species richness at one of the sites. Across all three sites, we found over 50 odonate species, which represent nearly 40% of species known from the state of Arizona. Discussion: Odonates were surprisingly diverse in the effluent-dependent Santa Cruz River and rapidly colonized a newly established reach. Richness levels remained high at study sites that did not experience drying events. These results suggest that consistent discharge of high-quality effluent into dry streambeds can be an important tool for promoting urban biodiversity. However, it remains to be seen how quickly and effectively less vagile taxa (e.g., mayflies, caddisflies) can colonize novel reaches. Effluent-dependent urban streams will always be highly managed systems, but collaboration between ecologists and urban planners could help to maximize aquatic biodiversity while still achieving goals of public safety and urban development.
• Busch, M., Costigan, K., Fritz, K., Datry, T., Krabbenhoft, C., Bogan, M., & Hammond, J. (2020). What’s in a Name? Patterns, Trends, and Suggestions for Defining Non-Perennial Rivers and Streams. Water, 12(7), 1980.
• Clark, S. E., Magrane, E., Baumgartner, T., Bennett, S. E., Bogan, M., Edwards, T., Dimmitt, M. A., Green, H., Hedgcock, C., Johnson, B. M., Johnson, M. R., Velo, K., & Wilder, B. T. (2020). 6&6: A Transdisciplinary Approach to Art-Science Collaboration. BioScience, 70(Issue 9). doi:10.1093/biosci/biaa076
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  Despite an historical connection between the arts and sciences, in the past century, the two disciplines have been greatly siloed. However, there is a renewed interest in collaboration across the arts and sciences to support conservation practice by understanding and communicating complex environmental, social, and cultural challenges in novel ways. 6&6 was created as a transdisciplinary art-science initiative to promote a deeper appreciation of the Sonoran Desert. Six artists and six scientists were paired to create work that explored conservation issues in the Sonoran Desert and the Gulf of California. In-depth interviews were conducted with the artists and scientists throughout the 4-year initiative to understand the impact of 6&6 on their personal and professional behaviors and outlook. The findings from this case study reveal the role that intensive, place-based, and transdisciplinary art-science programs can play in shaping narratives to better communicate the patterns and processes of nature and human-environment interactions.
• Clark, S., Magrane, E., Baumgartner, T., Bennet, S., Bogan, M., Edwards, T., Dimmitt, M., Green, H., Hedgecock, C., Johnson, B., Johnson, M., Velo, K., & Wilder, B. (2020). 6&6: A Transdisciplinary Approach to Art–Science Collaboration. BioScience, 70(9), 821-829.
• Eppehimer, D. E., Hamdhani, H., Hollien, K. D., & Bogan, M. T. (2020). Evaluating the potential of treated effluent as novel habitats for aquatic invertebrates in arid regions. Hydrobiologia, 847(Issue 16). doi:10.1007/s10750-020-04343-6
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  Increasing anthropogenic demands for freshwater have altered many aquatic systems, including the drying of formerly perennial streams. The discharge of treated effluent has returned perennial flow in some of these streams, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, but the ability of treated effluent to support diverse aquatic communities is poorly understood. We examined the potential of treated effluent to create aquatic invertebrate habitat using the effluent-dependent Santa Cruz River in southern Arizona, USA as a case study. We identified 92 invertebrate taxa across our ten sampling sites and two sampling dates. Community composition was primarily shaped by water quality but also by stream drying (on daily time scales) and benthic substrate. Specifically, Linear Mixed-Effects models revealed a strong positive relationship between dissolved oxygen and taxonomic richness and a strong negative relationship between stream drying and invertebrate density. Although there are unique challenges to biota in effluent-dependent systems, our results suggest that treated wastewater could be managed to augment or recreate aquatic habitats that have been otherwise diminished or lost.
• Eppehimer, D., Hamdhani, H., Hollien, K., & Bogan, M. (2020). Evaluating the potential of treated effluent as novel habitats for aquatic invertebrates in arid regions. Hydrobiologia, 847, 3381-3396.
• Gravina, A., Soreghan, M., Bogan, M. T., Busch, J., McGlue, M., McIntyre, P., Kimirei, I., & Cohen, A. (2020). Relationship of sediment influx to ostracode populations on the variably deforested Luiche and Mahale platform coasts of Lake Tanganyika, Tanzania. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 46(Issue 5). doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2020.07.021
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  We investigated the hypothesis that ostracode populations are sensitive to variations in sediment discharge related to watershed differences at Lake Tanganyika. Many ostracode species are documented to be sensitive to high turbidity which increases during runoff from strong rainfall events and changes in ostracode populations can impact organisms higher in the food web. We compared surficial death assemblages of ostracodes around two sites with extensive shell beds, the highly deforested Luiche Platform area, heavily populated since the 20th Century, and the less deforested Mahale Platform area, with recent population increases, to understand the impacts of increasing sedimentation within and between sites. The study found that whereas the Mahale Platform area is less disturbed, the faunal differences between sites is not large. The data showed high species richness and abundance of ostracodes at 10–20 m depth at both sites, within shell bed zones, with no statistical difference in raw species richness between the sites. The Mahale Mountain area ostracode populations were however statistically more diverse (Shannon H) than at Luiche. We conducted a multi-response permutation procedure and found that the sites are statistically different, but with very small differences in species richness and ostracode abundance. Non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination of species assemblages shows that most samples overlap on both major axes. This study synthesized with ongoing research about shell bed communities in less disturbed regions of the lake will give insights into how conservation projects can be optimized to preserve the lake's benthic ecosystem from the effects of deforestation.
• Gravina, A., Soreghan, M., Bogan, M., Busch, J., McGlue, M., McIntyre, P., Kimirei, I., & Cohen, A. (2020). Relationship of sediment influx to ostracode populations on the variably deforested Luiche and Mahale platform coasts of Lake Tanganyika, Tanzania. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 46(5), 1207-1220.
• Hamdhani, H., Eppehimer, D., & Bogan, M. (2020). Release of treated effluent into streams: A global review of ecological impacts with a consideration of its potential use for environmental flows. Freshwater Biology, 65(9), 1657-1670.
• Rodríguez-Lozano, P., Woelfle-Erskine, C., Bogan, M., & Carlson, S. (2020). https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/14/5782. Sustainability, 12(14), 5782.
• Shanafield, M., Godsey, S., Datry, T., Hale, R., Zipper, S., Costigan, K., Krabbenhoft, C., Dodds, W., Zimmer, M., Allen, D., Bogan, M., Kaiser, K., Burrows, R., Hammond, J., Busch, M., Kampf, S., Mims, M., Burgin, A., & Olden, J. (2020). The United States Needs Sustainable River Policy Now. Eos (United States), 101(6).
• Bogan, M. T., Leidy, R. A., Neuhaus, L., Hernandez, C. J., & Carlson, S. M. (2019). Biodiversity value of remnant pools in an intermittent stream during the great California drought. AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS, 29(6), 976-989.
• Bogan, M. T., Leidy, R. A., Neuhaus, L., Hernandez, C. J., & Carlson, S. M. (2019). Biodiversity value of remnant pools in an intermittent stream during the great California drought. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 29(Issue 6). doi:10.1002/aqc.3109
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  In many intermittent streams, remnant pools persist after flow ceases and provide refuge for aquatic organisms able to tolerate stagnant water conditions. The conservation value of these pools may be greatly under-appreciated, especially in regions with a Mediterranean climate, where perennial streams have been substantially modified or disturbed by human activities. Fish, amphibians, aquatic reptiles, and aquatic invertebrates were sampled from 15 remnant pools and three seeps at Coyote Creek, California, USA, in the late summer of 2014, during the height of the most intense drought that California has experienced in 500 years. Patterns of vertebrate and invertebrate species richness and community composition were compared with abiotic factors (e.g. water quality and habitat size). Thirteen vertebrate species and 172 invertebrate taxa were identified from remnant pools and seeps. Overall vertebrate richness and composition were not correlated with abiotic factors, but fish species richness increased with remnant pool size and depth. Invertebrate taxon richness increased with pool size. Invertebrate community composition differed by habitat type (pool versus seep) and gradients in composition were correlated with several abiotic factors (e.g. pool size, substrate, and canopy cover). Remnant pools at Coyote Creek supported a full assemblage of native fishes and numerous imperilled taxa, including California red-legged frogs and California floater mussels. Nearly all native fishes and imperilled taxa are absent from artificially perennial and urbanized reaches of Coyote Creek just a few kilometres downstream of the study area. Remnant pools in intermittent streams should be a focus of conservation efforts in regions with a Mediterranean climate, especially during extreme droughts. Native fauna adapted to harsh intermittent flow regimes can thrive in these habitats, whereas non-native taxa may fare poorly. Furthermore, remnant pools supported by deep groundwater sources, such as those along geological faults, may provide both ecological refuge and evolutionary refugia for freshwater biota.
• Leidy, R. A., Ryan, R., Moidu, H., Rodriguez-Lozano, P., Bogan, M. T., & Carlson, S. M. (2019). Observations of Foothill Yellow-legged Frog predation by a native frog, snake, and giant water bug in a central California intermittent stream. WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST, 79(2), 280-284.
• Leidy, R. A., Ryan, R., Moidu, H., Rodríguez-Lozano, P., Bogan, M. T., & Carlson, S. M. (2019). Observations of foothill yellow-legged frog predation by a Native Frog, Snake, and Giant Water Bug in a Central California Intermittent Stream. Western North American Naturalist, 79(Issue 2). doi:10.3398/064.079.0214
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  During the summers of 2015 and 2018, we observed predation on Foothill Yellow-legged Frogs (Rana boylii) by a giant water bug (Abedus indentatus), a California Red-legged Frog (Rana draytonii), and a Diablo Range Gartersnake (Thamnophis atratus zaxanthus) adjacent to 3 separate isolated pools along intermittent reaches of Coyote Creek, Santa Clara County, California, USA. To the best of our knowledge, our observations provide the first published record of California Red-legged Frog and giant water bug preying upon Foothill Yellow-legged Frogs. As pool habitat contracts over the course of the dry season, locally abundant Yellow-legged Frogs may be increasingly vulnerable to predation from a suite of aquatic and terrestrial predators.
• McGee, E., Manka-Worthington, S., & Bogan, M. (2019). Sceloporus jarrovii (Yarrow's spiny lizard) novel fecal collection technique. HERPETOLOGICAL REVIEW, 50, 518.
• Shumilova, O., Zak, D., Datry, T., von Schiller, D., Corti, R., Foulquier, A., Obrador, B., Tockner, K., Allan, D. C., Altermatt, F., Arce, M. I., Arnon, S., Banas, D., Banegas-Medina, A., Beller, E., Blanchette, M. L., Blanco-Libreros, J. F., Blessing, J., Boëchat, I. G., , Boersma, K., et al. (2019). Simulating rewetting events in intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams: A global analysis of leached nutrients and organic matter. Global Change Biology, 25(Issue 5). doi:10.1111/gcb.14537
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  Climate change and human pressures are changing the global distribution and the extent of intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES), which comprise half of the global river network area. IRES are characterized by periods of flow cessation, during which channel substrates accumulate and undergo physico-chemical changes (preconditioning), and periods of flow resumption, when these substrates are rewetted and release pulses of dissolved nutrients and organic matter (OM). However, there are no estimates of the amounts and quality of leached substances, nor is there information on the underlying environmental constraints operating at the global scale. We experimentally simulated, under standard laboratory conditions, rewetting of leaves, riverbed sediments, and epilithic biofilms collected during the dry phase across 205 IRES from five major climate zones. We determined the amounts and qualitative characteristics of the leached nutrients and OM, and estimated their areal fluxes from riverbeds. In addition, we evaluated the variance in leachate characteristics in relation to selected environmental variables and substrate characteristics. We found that sediments, due to their large quantities within riverbeds, contribute most to the overall flux of dissolved substances during rewetting events (56%–98%), and that flux rates distinctly differ among climate zones. Dissolved organic carbon, phenolics, and nitrate contributed most to the areal fluxes. The largest amounts of leached substances were found in the continental climate zone, coinciding with the lowest potential bioavailability of the leached OM. The opposite pattern was found in the arid zone. Environmental variables expected to be modified under climate change (i.e. potential evapotranspiration, aridity, dry period duration, land use) were correlated with the amount of leached substances, with the strongest relationship found for sediments. These results show that the role of IRES should be accounted for in global biogeochemical cycles, especially because prevalence of IRES will increase due to increasing severity of drying events.
• Shumilova, O., Zak, D., Datry, T., von, S. D., Corti, R., Foulquier, A., Obrador, B., Tockner, K., Allan, D. C., Altermatt, F., Isabel, A. M., Arnon, S., Banas, D., Banegas-Medina, A., Beller, E., Blanchette, M. L., Blanco-Libreros, J. F., Blessing, J., Boechat, I. G., , Boersma, K., et al. (2019). Simulating rewetting events in intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams: A global analysis of leached nutrients and organic matter. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, 25(5), 1591-1611.
• Von Schiller, D., Datry, T., Corti, R., Foulquier, A., Tockner, K., & Bogan, M. (2019). Sediment respiration pulses in intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams. GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES, 33(10), 1251-1263. doi:10.1029/2019GB006276
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  Full author list: Daniel Von Schiller, T Datry, R Corti, A Foulquier, K Tockner, R Marcé, G García‐Baquero, I Odriozola, B Obrador, A Elosegi, C Mendoza‐Lera, MO Gessner, R Stubbington, R Albariño, DC Allen, F Altermatt, MI Arce, S Arnon, D Banas, A Banegas‐Medina, E Beller, ML Blanchette, JF Blanco‐Libreros, J Blessing, IG Boëchat, KS Boersma, MT Bogan, N Bonada, NR Bond, K Brintrup, A Bruder, RM Burrows, T Cancellario, SM Carlson, S Cauvy‐Fraunié, N Cid, M Danger, B de Freitas Terra, A Dehedin, AM De Girolamo, R del Campo, V Díaz‐Villanueva, CP Duerdoth, F Dyer, E Faye, C Febria, R Figueroa, B Four, S Gafny, R Gómez, Lluís Gómez‐Gener, MAS Graça, Simone Guareschi, B Gücker, F Hoppeler, JL Hwan, S Kubheka, A Laini, SD Langhans, C Leigh, CJ Little, S Lorenz, J Marshall, EJ Martín, A McIntosh, EI Meyer, M Miliša, MC Mlambo, M Moleón, M Morais, P Negus, D Niyogi, A Papatheodoulou, I Pardo, P Pařil, V Pešić, C Piscart, M Polášek, P Rodríguez‐Lozano, RJ Rolls, MM Sánchez‐Montoya, A Savić, O Shumilova, A Steward, A Taleb, A Uzan, R Vander Vorste, N Waltham, C Woelfle‐Erskine, D Zak, C Zarfl, A Zoppini
• Washko, S., & Bogan, M. T. (2019). Global Patterns of Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Dispersal and Functional Feeding Traits in Aridland Rock Pools. FRONTIERS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, 7.
• von Schiller, D., Datry, T., Corti, R., Foulquier, A., Tockner, K., Odriozola, I., Obrador, B., Elosegi, A., Mendoza-Lera, C., Gessner, M., Stubbington, R., Allen, D., Altermatt, F., Arce, M., Arnon, S., Banas, D., Banegas-Medina, A., Beller, E., Blanchette, M., , Blanco-Libreros, J., et al. (2019). Sediment Respiration Pulses in Intermittent Rivers and Ephemeral Streams. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 33(10). doi:10.1029/2019GB006276
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  Intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams (IRES) may represent over half the global stream network, but their contribution to respiration and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is largely undetermined. In particular, little is known about the variability and drivers of respiration in IRES sediments upon rewetting, which could result in large pulses of CO2. We present a global study examining sediments from 200 dry IRES reaches spanning multiple biomes. Results from standardized assays show that mean respiration increased 32-fold to 66-fold upon sediment rewetting. Structural equation modeling indicates that this response was driven by sediment texture and organic matter quantity and quality, which, in turn, were influenced by climate, land use, and riparian plant cover. Our estimates suggest that respiration pulses resulting from rewetting of IRES sediments could contribute significantly to annual CO2 emissions from the global stream network, with a single respiration pulse potentially increasing emission by 0.2–0.7%. As the spatial and temporal extent of IRES increases globally, our results highlight the importance of recognizing the influence of wetting-drying cycles on respiration and CO2 emissions in stream networks.
• Bogan, M., & Carlson, S. (2018). Diversity and phenology of stoneflies (Plecoptera) from intermittent and perennial streams in Pinnacles National Park, California, U.S.A.. Illiesia, 14(8), 144-154. doi:10.25031/2018/14.08
• Datry, T., Foulquier, A., Corti, R., von, S. D., Tockner, K., Mendoza-Lera, C., Clement, J. C., Gessner, M. O., Moleon, M., Stubbington, R., Gucker, B., Albarino, R., Allen, D. C., Altermatt, F., Arce, M. I., Arnon, S., Banas, D., Banegas-Medina, A., Beller, E., , Blanchette, M. L., et al. (2018). A global analysis of terrestrial plant litter dynamics in non-perennial waterways. NATURE GEOSCIENCE, 11(7), 497-+.
• Bogan, M. (2017). Hurry up and wait: life cycle and distribution of an intermittent stream specialist (Mesocapnia arizonensis). FRESHWATER SCIENCE, 36(4), 805-815.
• Bogan, M. T. (2017). Hurry up and wait: Life cycle and distribution of an intermittent stream specialist (Mesocapnia arizonensis). Freshwater Science, 36(Issue 4). doi:10.1086/694746
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  Species inhabiting intermittent streams must have life-history traits that confer resistance or resilience to flow cessation or drying. However, we lack basic life-history information for most aquatic invertebrate species, especially those from intermittent streams. I documented the life cycle and distribution of an unusual winter stonefly species, Mesocapnia arizonensis (Capniidae). The species was first described from 6 localities in 1969, but its natural history remained enigmatic. I surveyed >90 streams across the southwestern USA, documented the life cycle of M. arizonensis at 1 locality, and experimentally rehydrated dry streambed sediment in search of dormant stoneflies at another locality. Field surveys expanded the number of localities from 22 to 98, most of which were intermittent with flow durations as brief as 3 mo/y, and extended the known range of the species by 800 km. Nymphs were abundant within days of flow resumption, grew rapidly as a single cohort, and started emerging as adults 42 d after flow resumed. The brief appearance of a 2nd cohort of tiny nymphs 1 mo before the stream dried indicates direct hatching of at least some eggs. I failed to find dormant stoneflies in the top 30 cm of dry stream sediment, suggesting that M. arizonensis undergoes dormancy deep in the substrate, putting it safely out of reach of scouring summer floods that occur between favorable winter seasons. The remarkable ability of M. arizonensis to survive in short-flow duration streams and to endure multiple consecutive dry years, suggests that the species is well prepared for the drier climatic conditions predicted to occur across its range.
• Bogan, M. T., & Eppehimer, D. E. (2017). ATTEMPTED PREDATION OF WESTERN DESERT TARANTULA BY SONORAN DESERT TOAD. SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST, 62(2), 146-148.
• Bogan, M. T., Hwan, J. L., Cervantes-Yoshida, K., Ponce, J., & Carlson, S. M. (2017). Aquatic invertebrate communities exhibit both resistance and resilience to seasonal drying in an intermittent coastal stream. HYDROBIOLOGIA, 799(1), 123-133.
• Bogan, M. T., Hwan, J. L., Cervantes-Yoshida, K., Ponce, J., & Carlson, S. M. (2017). Aquatic invertebrate communities exhibit both resistance and resilience to seasonal drying in an intermittent coastal stream. Hydrobiologia, 799(Issue 1). doi:10.1007/s10750-017-3205-4
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  Species inhabiting intermittent streams must survive flow cessation and drying in situ (resistance) or recolonize temporary habitats when flow returns (resilience). Some studies have found that species are resistant to seasonal drying and can persist in small remnant pools after flow ceases, while others observed rapid declines in species richness when flow ceases. However, relatively few studies have demonstrated both resistance across dry seasons and resilience across multiple wet and dry cycles. Here, we quantify seasonal and interannual changes in aquatic invertebrate community structure from 2009 to 2012 in a coastal California intermittent stream. We predicted that temporary pools and riffles would have lower richness and distinct assemblages when compared to perennial pools, and that richness would decline across the dry season. Temporary riffles exhibited lower richness values than pools, but we found no richness differences, and small compositional differences, between perennial and temporary pools. Furthermore, invertebrate richness, density, and composition changed significantly in temporary pools only immediately before drying, when depths declined >80%. These results suggest that invertebrate communities at John West Fork were not only resilient (exhibiting recovery in
• Rosset, E., Ruhi, A., Bogan, M. T., & Datry, T. (2017). Do lentic and lotic communities respond similarly to drying?. ECOSPHERE, 8(7).
• Rosset, V., Ruhi, A., Bogan, M. T., & Datry, T. (2017). Do lentic and lotic communities respond similarly to drying?. Ecosphere, 8(Issue 7). doi:10.1002/ecs2.1809
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  Disturbance is a central factor shaping composition, structure, and dynamics of local communities. Drying is a disturbance that occurs in aquatic ecosystems globally and can strongly influence their communities. Although the effects of drying may depend on ecosystem connectivity and the dispersal abilities of resident species, there have been no comparisons of community responses to drying between lentic and lotic ecosystems across different climates. Here, we predicted that drying would have stronger effects on aquatic communities in isolated lentic ecosystems than in dendritic lotic ecosystems, owing to the higher hydrological connectivity of the latter, and that drying would have stronger effects on passive than on active dispersers, because of the potentially higher recolonizing ability of the latter. We tested these predictions by comparing alpha diversity, phylogenetic relatedness, and beta diversity for active and passive dispersers, in both ecosystem types across five climatic regions. Drying caused greater declines in alpha diversity in lentic than in lotic ecosystems. Communities that experienced drying were more similar to one another than those of perennial sites, and this pattern was especially pronounced in lentic ecosystems. In contrast, drying did not influence the contributions of turnover and richness gradients to beta diversity. Additionally, dispersal mode did not influence community responses to drying. Relatively weaker effects of drying in lotic compared to lentic systems were likely due to the hydrological connectivity among perennial and temporary river sites, which may facilitate dispersal of organisms to escape drying and recolonize rewetted sites. Collectively, our results suggest that habitat connectivity may ameliorate (and fragmentation may worsen) the impacts of drying disturbance. This is an important finding in light of increasing drying and concomitant aquatic habitat fragmentation under global change.
• Tonkin, J. D., Bogan, M. T., Bonada, N., Rios-Touma, B., & Lytle, D. A. (2017). Seasonality and predictability shape temporal species diversity. ECOLOGY, 98(5), 1201-1216.
• Tonkin, J. D., Bogan, M. T., Bonada, N., Rios-Touma, B., & Lytle, D. A. (2017). Seasonality and predictability shape temporal species diversity. Ecology, 98(Issue 5). doi:10.1002/ecy.1761
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  Temporal environmental fluctuations, such as seasonality, exert strong controls on biodiversity. While the effects of seasonality are well known, the predictability of fluctuations across years may influence seasonality in ways that are less well understood. The ability of a habitat to support unique, non-nested assemblages of species at different times of the year should depend on both seasonality (occurrence of events at specific periods of the year) and predictability (the reliability of event recurrence) of characteristic ecological conditions. Drawing on tools from wavelet analysis and information theory, we developed a framework for quantifying both seasonality and predictability of habitats, and applied this using global long-term rainfall data. Our analysis predicted that temporal beta diversity should be maximized in highly predictable and highly seasonal climates, and that low degrees of seasonality, predictability, or both would lower diversity in characteristic ways. Using stream invertebrate communities as a case study, we demonstrated that temporal species diversity, as exhibited by community turnover, was determined by a balance between temporal environmental variability (seasonality) and the reliability of this variability (predictability). Communities in highly seasonal mediterranean environments exhibited strong oscillations in community structure, with turnover from one unique community type to another across seasons, whereas communities in aseasonal New Zealand environments fluctuated randomly. Understanding the influence of seasonal and other temporal scales of environmental oscillations on diversity is not complete without a clear understanding of their predictability, and our framework provides tools for examining these trends at a variety of temporal scales, seasonal and beyond. Given the uncertainty of future climates, seasonality and predictability are critical considerations for both basic science and management of ecosystems (e.g., dam operations, bioassessment) spanning gradients of climatic variability.
• Boersma, K. S., Dee, L. E., Miller, S. J., Bogan, M. T., Lytle, D. A., & Gitelman, A. I. (2016). Linking multidimensional functional diversity to quantitative methods: A graphical hypothesis-evaluation framework. Ecology, 97(Issue 3). doi:10.1890/15-0688
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  Functional trait analysis is an appealing approach to study differences among biological communities because traits determine species' responses to the environment and their impacts on ecosystem functioning. Despite a rapidly expanding quantitative literature, it remains challenging to conceptualize concurrent changes in multiple trait dimensions ("trait space") and select quantitative functional diversity methods to test hypotheses prior to analysis. To address this need, we present a widely applicable framework for visualizing ecological phenomena in trait space to guide the selection, application, and interpretation of quantitative functional diversity methods. We describe five hypotheses that represent general patterns of responses to disturbance in functional community ecology and then apply a formal decision process to determine appropriate quantitative methods to test ecological hypotheses. As a part of this process, we devise a new statistical approach to test for functional turnover among communities. Our combination of hypotheses and metrics can be applied broadly to address ecological questions across a range of systems and study designs. We illustrate the framework with a case study of disturbance in freshwater communities. This hypothesis-driven approach will increase the rigor and transparency of applied functional trait studies.
• Boersma, K. S., Dee, L. E., Miller, S. J., Bogan, M. T., Lytle, D. A., & Gitelman, A. I. (2016). Linking multidimensional functional diversity to quantitative methods: a graphical hypothesis-evaluation framework. ECOLOGY, 97(3), 583-593.
• Canedo-Arguelles, M., Bogan, M. T., Lytle, D. A., & Prat, N. (2016). Are Chironomidae (Diptera) good indicators of water scarcity? Dryland streams as a case study. ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS, 71, 155-162.
• Cañedo-Argüelles, M., Bogan, M. T., Lytle, D. A., & Prat, N. (2016). Are Chironomidae (Diptera) good indicators of water scarcity? Dryland streams as a case study. Ecological Indicators, 71(Issue). doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.07.002
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  Water scarcity is becoming one of the greatest challenges that human societies will face during this century. Monitoring water availability is expensive and technically challenging. In this regard, biological communities (e.g. aquatic insects) offer a cost-effective alternative, since they integrate temporal and spatial hydrological variability. Here we explore the potential of Chironomidae (Diptera), which have been usually neglected due to their complex taxonomy, as indicators of both local habitat condition and water scarcity. The study took place in 28 sites across seven dryland streams distributed within a 400 km2 section of the Upper San Pedro River basin, southeastern Arizona. The selected streams covered a wide range of hydrological variability, which was continuously measured through the deployment of 15 electrical resistance (ER) sensors. Chironomidae taxa with no drought-resistance strategies were rarely found in streams that experienced frequent drying events (i.e. intermittent and ephemeral streams), suggesting that droughts have the potential to reduce species richness due to local extinctions of drought-intolerant taxa. Intermittent and ephemeral streams registered low canopy cover and a significantly higher abundance of scrapers (which mainly feed on algae) and shredders (feeding on poorly decomposed coarse organic material). This suggests that structural changes associated to drought (e.g. reduced canopy cover and decomposition rates) might lead to changes in the functional composition of the Chironomidae assemblages. We conclude that Chironomidae species can be used as indicators of hydrological variability and the impacts of drought on streams in the absence of flow gauges.
• Leidy, R. A., Bogan, M. T., Neuhaus, L., Rosetti, L., & Carlson, S. M. (2016). SUMMER DIE-OFF OF WESTERN POND TURTLE (ACTINEMYS MARMORATA) ALONG AN INTERMITTENT COAST RANGE STREAM IN CENTRAL CALIFORNIA. SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST, 61(1), 71-74.
• Lusardi, R. A., Bogan, M. T., Moyle, P. B., & Dahlgren, R. A. (2016). Environment shapes invertebrate assemblage structure differences between volcanic spring-fed and runoff rivers in northern California. FRESHWATER SCIENCE, 35(3), 1010-1022.
• Lusardi, R. A., Bogan, M. T., Moyle, P. B., & Dahlgren, R. A. (2016). Environment shapes invertebrate assemblage structure differences between volcanic springfed and runoff rivers in northern California. Freshwater Science, 35(Issue 3). doi:10.1086/687114
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  Flow variability plays an important role in structuring lotic communities, yet comparatively little is known about processes governing assemblage dynamics in stream ecosystems with stable environmental conditions, such as spring-fed rivers. Volcanic spring-fed rivers (hereafter spring-fed rivers) occur in geologically active landscapes of the western USA and around the globe. We sampled invertebrate assemblages and quantified primary productivity and habitat characteristics of spring-fed and runoff rivers in northern California over 4 seasons. We predicted that abiotic factors would be more stable and nutrient availability greater and that invertebrate density would be greater and diversity lower in spring-fed than in runoff rivers. Runoff rivers exhibited high variability in discharge and temperature, whereas spring-fed rivers were relatively stable with high naturally occurring nutrient levels. On average, NO3-, PO43- concentrations were 40× greater in spring-fed than in runoff rivers. Spring-fed rivers supported nearly 7 to 16× greater densities of invertebrates than runoff systems, depending on season. However, invertebrate species richness was greater in runoff rivers in all seasons. Spring-fed river invertebrate assemblages were strongly correlated with elevated nutrient concentrations and basal C sources, whereas runoff assemblages were associated with discharge variability and median substrate size. We suggest that strong differences in abiotic variability between spring-fed and runoff rivers play an important role in determining invertebrate assemblage structure. Because spring-fed rivers exhibit more stable temperatures throughout the year and lower temperatures during the summer than runoff rivers, they may provide essential refugia for coldwater taxa in a warming climate.
• Moody, E. K., Corman, J. R., & Bogan, M. T. (2016). CAUGHT BETWEEN A ROCK AND A HARD MINERAL ENCRUSTATION: LONG-LIVED AQUATIC INSECTS ACCUMULATE CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITS IN A MONTANE DESERT STREAM. WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST, 76(2), 172-179.
• Bogan, M. T., Boersma, K. S., & Lytle, D. A. (2015). Resistance and resilience of invertebrate communities to seasonal and supraseasonal drought in arid-land headwater streams. FRESHWATER BIOLOGY, 60(12), 2547-2558.
• Bogan, M. T., Boersma, K. S., & Lytle, D. A. (2015). Resistance and resilience of invertebrate communities to seasonal and supraseasonal drought in arid-land headwater streams. Freshwater Biology, 60(Issue 12). doi:10.1111/fwb.12522
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  Climate change is expected to intensify drought in many regions, but ecological impacts on stream communities are poorly understood. Many arid-land streams are characterised by predictable seasonal cycles of wetting and drying, to which species are adapted, but unpredictable supraseasonal droughts may constitute extreme events that challenge resident biota. In this article, we synthesise research conducted in arid-land streams of the Madrean Sky Islands (MSI) in Arizona, U.S.A, to evaluate the resistance and resilience of invertebrate communities to drying disturbances caused by normal seasonal drying and severe supraseasonal drought. We also highlight how spatial context (e.g. distance to perennial refuges) influences recovery patterns. Invertebrate community structure changes predictably as habitat contraction progresses from loss of lateral connectivity to complete drying of MSI streams. When drying events are predictable (e.g. seasonal drying), post-drought community recovery is often rapid, since most MSI taxa possess life history traits conferring high resistance and/or resilience to stream drying. Extreme supraseasonal droughts, in contrast, cause unprecedented transitions from perennial to intermittent flow in some MSI streams. While species richness may recover quickly following this flow regime shift, marked turnover in community structure can occur and may delay or preclude recovery to pre-drought conditions. In such cases, short-lived (
• Bogan, M. T., Hwan, J. L., & Carlson, S. M. (2015). High Aquatic Biodiversity in an Intermittent Coastal Headwater Stream at Golden Gate National Recreation Area, California. NORTHWEST SCIENCE, 89(2), 188-197.
• Bogan, M. T., Hwan, J. L., & Carlson, S. M. (2015). High aquatic biodiversity in an intermittent coastal headwater stream at golden gate national recreation area, California. Northwest Science, 89(Issue 2). doi:10.3955/046.089.0211
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  Headwater and intermittent streams have traditionally been considered less biologically diverse than downstream perennial reaches. However, recent studies have highlighted the significant role that headwaters play in supporting regional aquatic biodiversity. Additionally, intermittent streams in the Pacific Northwest may be more diverse than similar streams in other regions. Here, we present a four-year biodiversity study of the John West Fork, an intermittent coastal headwater stream in northern California. It only flows for 5-7 months each year, but supports residual perennial pools during the summer dry season. Our goals are to describe the physical and biological settings of the John West Fork, document its aquatic biodiversity, and promote the use of it and similar streams as study systems. From 2009 to 2012, we sampled fish and invertebrates in riffles and pools during early summer (June) and in residual pools during late summer (late September/early October). We documented four vertebrate species (steelhead trout, coho salmon, California giant salamander, and Pacific chorus frog) and 159 aquatic invertebrate taxa. Steelhead trout were common each year, but coho salmon were present only in 2010 and 2011. Most invertebrate taxa were tolerant of stagnant pool conditions; only nine taxa were exclusive to flowing riffle habitats. Intermittent headwater streams similar to John West Fork are numerous along the west coast of North America. This great number of replicate systems and their tractability make them ideal for ecological studies, and their high biodiversity makes them deserving of consideration in local and regional conservation planning.
• Canedo-Argueelles, M., Boersma, K. S., Bogan, M. T., Olden, J. D., Phillipsen, I., Schriever, T. A., & Lytle, D. A. (2015). Dispersal strength determines meta-community structure in a dendritic riverine network. JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY, 42(4), 778-790.
• Cañedo-Argüelles, M., Boersma, K. S., Bogan, M. T., Olden, J. D., Phillipsen, I., Schriever, T. A., & Lytle, D. A. (2015). Dispersal strength determines meta-community structure in a dendritic riverine network. Journal of Biogeography, 42(Issue 4). doi:10.1111/jbi.12457
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  Aim: Meta-community structure is a function of both local (site-specific) and regional (landscape-level) ecological factors, and the relative importance of each may be mediated by the dispersal ability of organisms. Here, we used aquatic invertebrate communities to investigate the relationship between local and regional factors in explaining distance decay relationships (DDRs) in fragmented dendritic stream networks. Location: Dryland streams distributed within a 400-km2 section of the San Pedro River basin, south-eastern Arizona, USA. Methods: We combined fine-scale local information (flow and habitat characteristics) with regional-scale information to explain DDR patterns in community composition of aquatic invertebrate species with a wide range of dispersal abilities. We used a novel application of a landscape resistance modelling approach (originally developed for landscape genetic studies) that simultaneously assessed the importance of local and regional ecological factors as well as dispersal ability of organisms. Results: We found evidence that both local and regional factors influenced aquatic invertebrate DDRs in dryland stream networks, and the importance of each factor depended on the dispersal capacities of the organisms. Local and weak dispersers were more affected by site-specific factors, intermediate dispersers by landscape-level factors, and strong dispersers showed no discernable pattern. This resulted in a strongly hump-shaped relationship between dispersal ability and landscape-level factors, where only moderate dispersers showed evidence of DDRs. Unlike most other studies of dendritic networks, our results suggest that overland pathways, using perennial refugia as stepping-stones, might be the main dispersal route in fragmented stream networks. Main conclusions: We suggest that using a combination of landscape and local distance measures can help to unravel meta-community patterns in dendritic systems. Our findings have important conservation implications, such as the need to manage river systems for organisms that span a wide variety of dispersal abilities and local ecological requirements. Our results also highlight the need to preserve perennial refugia in fragmented networks, as they may ensure the viability of aquatic meta-communities by facilitating dispersal.
• Green, S. J., Armstrong, J., Bogan, M., Darling, E., Kross, S., Rochman, C. M., Smyth, A., & Verissimo, D. (2015). Conservation Needs Diverse Values, Approaches, and Practitioners. CONSERVATION LETTERS, 8(6), 385-387.
• Green, S. J., Armstrong, J., Bogan, M., Darling, E., Kross, S., Rochman, C. M., Smyth, A., & Veríssimo, D. (2015). Conservation Needs Diverse Values, Approaches, and Practitioners. Conservation Letters, 8(Issue 6). doi:10.1111/conl.12204
• Hale, J. R., Mims, M. C., Bogan, M. T., & Olden, J. D. (2015). Links between two interacting factors, novel habitats and non-native predators, and aquatic invertebrate communities in a dryland environment. HYDROBIOLOGIA, 746(1), 313-326.
• Hale, J. R., Mims, M. C., Bogan, M. T., & Olden, J. D. (2015). Links between two interacting factors, novel habitats and non-native predators, and aquatic invertebrate communities in a dryland environment. Hydrobiologia, 746(Issue 1). doi:10.1007/s10750-014-2024-0
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  In dryland regions, increased demand for water has led to the reduction of natural aquatic habitats and threatens persisting aquatic habitats. In the Madrean Sky Islands (MSI), water demands have also resulted in the creation of novel aquatic habitats, including stock ponds. Stock ponds are important surrogate habitat for native species, yet little is known about the aquatic invertebrates utilizing these habitats. Additionally, stock ponds support non-native vertebrate predators including American bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeiana) and Western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), and the effects of these predators on invertebrate communities in stock ponds are unknown. We explored similarities in invertebrate communities in stream pools and stock ponds and compared aquatic invertebrate community composition, abundance, and richness in stock ponds with and without non-native predators. We found that despite considerable functional (trait-based) overlap in aquatic invertebrate communities, a large majority (81%) of taxa were exclusive to either stock ponds or stream pools. Additionally, we observed few differences in aquatic invertebrate community composition, abundance, and richness in stock ponds with and without non-native predators. We discuss ecological implications of our observations, limitations of our approach, and the importance of future work in determining the role of stock ponds in conservation of the region’s aquatic invertebrates.
• Phillipsen, I. C., Kirk, E. H., Bogan, M. T., Mims, M. C., Olden, J. D., & Lytle, D. A. (2015). Dispersal ability and habitat requirements determine landscape-level genetic patterns in desert aquatic insects. MOLECULAR ECOLOGY, 24(1), 54-69.
• Phillipsen, I. C., Kirk, E. H., Bogan, M. T., Mims, M. C., Olden, J. D., & Lytle, D. A. (2015). Dispersal ability and habitat requirements determine landscape-level genetic patterns in desert aquatic insects. Molecular Ecology, 24(Issue 1). doi:10.1111/mec.13003
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  Species occupying the same geographic range can exhibit remarkably different population structures across the landscape, ranging from highly diversified to panmictic. Given limitations on collecting population-level data for large numbers of species, ecologists seek to identify proximate organismal traits - such as dispersal ability, habitat preference and life history - that are strong predictors of realized population structure. We examined how dispersal ability and habitat structure affect the regional balance of gene flow and genetic drift within three aquatic insects that represent the range of dispersal abilities and habitat requirements observed in desert stream insect communities. For each species, we tested for linear relationships between genetic distances and geographic distances using Euclidean and landscape-based metrics of resistance. We found that the moderate-disperser Mesocapnia arizonensis (Plecoptera: Capniidae) has a strong isolation-by-distance pattern, suggesting migration-drift equilibrium. By contrast, population structure in the flightless Abedus herberti (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae) is influenced by genetic drift, while gene flow is the dominant force in the strong-flying Boreonectes aequinoctialis (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). The best-fitting landscape model for M. arizonensis was based on Euclidean distance. Analyses also identified a strong spatial scale-dependence, where landscape genetic methods only performed well for species that were intermediate in dispersal ability. Our results highlight the fact that when either gene flow or genetic drift dominates in shaping population structure, no detectable relationship between genetic and geographic distances is expected at certain spatial scales. This study provides insight into how gene flow and drift interact at the regional scale for these insects as well as the organisms that share similar habitats and dispersal abilities.
• Rochman, C. M., Kross, S. M., Armstrong, J. B., Bogan, M. T., Darling, E. S., Green, S. J., Smyth, A. R., & Verissimo, D. (2015). Scientific Evidence Supports a Ban on Microbeads (vol 49, pg 10759, 2015). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 49(24), 14740-14740.
• Rochman, C. M., Kross, S. M., Armstrong, J. B., Bogan, M. T., Darling, E. S., Green, S. J., Smyth, A. R., & Verissimo, D. (2015). Scientific Evidence Supports a Ban on Microbeads. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 49(18), 10759-10761.
• Rochman, C. M., Kross, S. M., Armstrong, J. B., Bogan, M. T., Darling, E. S., Green, S. J., Smyth, A. R., & Veríssimo, D. (2015). Scientific Evidence Supports a Ban on Microbeads. Environmental Science and Technology, 49(Issue 18). doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b03909
• Schriever, T. A., Bogan, M. T., Boersma, K. S., Canedo-Argueelles, M., Jaeger, K. L., Olden, J. D., & Lytle, D. A. (2015). Hydrology shapes taxonomic and functional structure of desert stream invertebrate communities. FRESHWATER SCIENCE, 34(2), 399-409.
• Schriever, T. A., Bogan, M. T., Boersma, K. S., Cañedo-Argüelles, M., Jaeger, K. L., Olden, J. D., & Lytle, D. A. (2015). Hydrology shapes taxonomic and functional structure of desert stream invertebrate communities. Freshwater Science, 34(Issue 2). doi:10.1086/680518
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  Hydrology is a fundamental factor influencing ecosystem dynamics, life-history strategies, and diversity patterns in running-water habitats. However, it remains unclear how hydrology may structure the taxonomic and functional composition of communities, especially in systems with high spatiotemporal variability in flow. We examined invertebrate diversity from 7 desert streams in the Huachuca Mountains of southeastern Arizona, USA, that span a flow permanence continuum from highly intermittent to perennial. We examined the relative roles of flow permanence, habitat size, season, and microhabitat in determining taxonomic and functional structure (according to 7 species traits compiled for 234 taxa) of these communities. We predicted that both functional and taxonomic diversity would be positively related to flow permanence and negatively related to the duration and number of stream drying events. As predicted, increased flow permanence was associated with increased functional richness, functional evenness, and taxonomic richness. Conversely, drying events reduced functional diversity across all measured indices. We found a saturating relationship between functional richness and taxonomic richness, indicating functional redundancy in species-rich communities, which may promote resilience of ecosystem function to environmental variation. Our study adds further evidence that hydrology is a key determinant of aquatic invertebrate diversity, and that stream hydroperiod strongly influences both functional and taxonomic diversity in arid-land streams.
• Boersma, K. S., Bogan, M. T., Henrichs, B. A., & Lytle, D. A. (2014). Invertebrate assemblages of pools in arid-land streams have high functional redundancy and are resistant to severe drying. FRESHWATER BIOLOGY, 59(3), 491-501.
• Boersma, K. S., Bogan, M. T., Henrichs, B. A., & Lytle, D. A. (2014). Invertebrate assemblages of pools in arid-land streams have high functional redundancy and are resistant to severe drying. Freshwater Biology, 59(Issue 3). doi:10.1111/fwb.12280
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  Seasonal droughts are predictable components of arid-land stream hydrology, and many arid-land aquatic taxa have adapted to their extreme environment. However, climate change is altering this predictable hydrology, producing longer and more severe droughts and creating novel disturbance regimes for resident organisms. The hydrologic transitions from flowing stream to fragmented pools to dry stream bed are frequently associated with steep decreases in taxonomic and functional diversity, referred to as thresholds of biodiversity loss. Less is known about how taxa respond between these thresholds, as fragmented pools gradually dry and abiotic conditions intensify. While an increasingly extreme environment may be expected to reduce taxonomic and trait richness, species adapted to predictable seasonal fragmentation may be resistant to declining water levels until all surface water is lost. We used aquatic mesocosms to test two competing hypotheses of the relationship between richness and pool drying for arid-land stream invertebrates: (i) the drought vulnerability hypothesis (richness gradually decreases with drying) and (ii) the drought resistance hypothesis (richness remains constant until complete drying occurs). We inoculated replicate mesocosms with aquatic invertebrates from arid-land streams in Arizona, U.S.A., and applied three drying treatments representing a continuum of drying stress commonly observed in local streams during the summer dry season (water depths: 10, 7 and 1 cm). Mesocosms were covered to restrict dispersal and colonisation processes and to isolate resistance (in situ survival of species) from resilience (community recovery following disturbance). After 45 days, we destructively sampled all invertebrates in the mesocosms and calculated various taxonomic and functional trait metrics. Taxonomic richness and composition did not differ between drying treatments, providing strong support for the drought resistance hypothesis. Severe drying was associated with lower invertebrate abundances and higher densities than the moderate and control treatments. This finding suggests that density-dependent processes generated by decreased available habitat may be more important determinants of community composition during droughts than abiotic stress in this system. We observed a near-complete overlap of trophic traits (body size and functional feeding group) and resistance traits (respiration mode and diapause) among the three treatments. This high functional redundancy may provide a buffer against changes to ecosystem functioning, even in cases of severe-drying-induced habitat contraction and fragmentation. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
• Boersma, K. S., Bogan, M. T., Henrichs, B. A., & Lytle, D. A. (2014). Top predator removals have consistent effects on large species despite high environmental variability. OIKOS, 123(7), 807-816.
• Boersma, K. S., Bogan, M. T., Henrichs, B. A., & Lytle, D. A. (2014). Top predator removals have consistent effects on large species despite high environmental variability. Oikos, 123(Issue 7). doi:10.1111/oik.00925
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  Top predator losses affect a wide array of ecological processes, and there is growing evidence that top predators are disproportionately vulnerable to environmental changes. Despite increasing recognition of the fundamental role that top predators play in structuring communities and ecosystems, it remains challenging to predict the consequences of predator extinctions in highly variable environments. Both biotic and abiotic drivers determine community structure, and manipulative experiments are necessary to disentangle the effects of predator loss from other co-occurring environmental changes. To explore the consistency of top predator effects in ecological communities that experience high local environmental variability, we experimentally removed top predators from arid-land stream pool mesocosms in southeastern Arizona, USA, and measured natural background environmental conditions. We inoculated mesocosms with aquatic invertebrates from local streams, removed the top predator Abedus herberti (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae) from half of the mesocosms as a treatment, and measured community divergence at the end of the summer dry season. We repeated the experiment in two consecutive years, which represented two very different biotic and abiotic environments. We found that some of the effects of top predator removal were consistent despite significant differences in environmental conditions, community composition, and colonist sources between years. As in other studies, top predator removal did not affect overall species richness or abundance in either year, and we observed inconsistent effects on community and trophic structure. However, top predator removal consistently affected large-bodied species (those in the top 1% of the community body size distribution) in both years, increasing the abundance of mesopredators and decreasing the abundance of detritivores, even though the identity of these species varied between years. Our findings highlight the vulnerability of large taxa to top predator extirpations and suggest that the consistency of observed ecological patterns may be as important as their magnitude. © 2014 The Authors.
• Bogan, M. T., Noriega-Felix, N., Leonor, V. S., Findley, L. T., Lytle, D. A., Gutierrez-Ruacho, O. G., Alvarado-Castro, J. A., & Varela-Romero, A. (2014). Biogeography and conservation of aquatic fauna in spring-fed tropical canyons of the southern Sonoran Desert, Mexico. BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION, 23(11), 2705-2748.
• Bogan, M. T., Noriega-Felix, N., Vidal-Aguilar, S. L., Findley, L. T., Lytle, D. A., Gutiérrez-Ruacho, O. G., Alvarado-Castro, J. A., & Varela-Romero, A. (2014). Biogeography and conservation of aquatic fauna in spring-fed tropical canyons of the southern Sonoran Desert, Mexico. Biodiversity and Conservation, 23(Issue 11). doi:10.1007/s10531-014-0745-z
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  In arid regions, spring-fed habitats are frequently the only year-round source of surface water and are essential habitats for aquatic organisms and primary water sources for terrestrial animals and human settlements. While these habitats have been relatively well-studied in some regions, those of the southern Sonoran Desert have received little attention. In 2008 and 2009, we documented the biodiversity of aquatic animals at 19 sites across three arid mountain ranges in Sonora, Mexico, characterized macrohabitat types, examined seasonal variation in aquatic invertebrate communities, and explored the effects of an exotic fish (tilapia) on native communities. We documented >220 aquatic animal species, including several new species and range extensions for others. Macrohabitat type (oasis, tinaja, riffle, and seep) was more important than geographic location in structuring aquatic invertebrate communities at the scale of our study area (~9,000 km2). We found little evidence of predictable seasonal variation in invertebrate communities, despite dramatic hurricane-induced flooding. Aquatic vertebrates were not diverse across the study region (4 amphibian species and 2 species each of fishes and reptiles), but were often locally abundant. Presence of non-native tilapia at one site was associated with reduced abundances of native leopard frogs and reduced richness and density of native aquatic invertebrates. The most pressing aquatic habitat conservation concerns in the region, as in other deserts, are groundwater withdrawal, unmanaged recreational visitation, and the introduction of exotic species. Spring-fed habitats around the world have been called hotspots of freshwater biodiversity, and those of the Sonoran Desert are no exception. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.
• Datry, T., Larned, S. T., Fritz, K. M., Bogan, M. T., Wood, P. J., Meyer, E. I., & Santos, A. N. (2014). Broad-scale patterns of invertebrate richness and community composition in temporary rivers: Effects of flow intermittence. Ecography, 37(Issue 1). doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.2013.00287.x
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  Temporary rivers are increasingly common freshwater ecosystems, but there have been no global syntheses of their community patterns. In this study, we examined the responses of aquatic invertebrate communities to flow intermittence in 14 rivers from multiple biogeographic regions covering a wide range of flow intermittence and spatial arrangements of perennial and temporary reaches. Hydrological data were used to describe flow intermittence (FI, the proportion of the year without surface water) gradients. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the relationships between FI and community structure and composition. We also tested if communities at the most temporary sites were nested subsets of communities at the least temporary and perennial sites. Taxon richness decreased as FI increased and invertebrate communities became dominated by ubiquitous taxa. The number of resilient taxa (with high dispersal capacities) decreased with increased FI, whereas the number of resistant taxa (with adaptations to desiccation) was not related to FI. River-specific and river-averaged model comparisons indicated most FI-community relationships did not differ statistically among rivers. Community nestedness along FI gradients was detected in most rivers and there was little or no influence of the spatial arrangement of perennial and temporary reaches. These results indicate that FI is a primary driver of aquatic communities in temporary rivers, regardless of the biogeographic species pool. Community responses are largely due to resilience rather than resistance mechanisms. However, contrary to our expectations, resilience was not strongly influenced by spatial fragmentation patterns, suggesting that colonist sources other than adjacent perennial reaches were important. © 2013 The Authors.
• Datry, T., Larned, S. T., Fritz, K. M., Bogan, M. T., Wood, P. J., Meyer, E. I., & Santos, A. N. (2014). Broad-scale patterns of invertebrate richness and community composition in temporary rivers: effects of flow intermittence. ECOGRAPHY, 37(1), 94-104.
• Hammock, B. G., & Bogan, M. T. (2014). Black fly larvae facilitate community recovery in a mountain stream. FRESHWATER BIOLOGY, 59(10), 2162-2171.
• Hammock, B. G., & Bogan, M. T. (2014). Black fly larvae facilitate community recovery in a mountain stream. Freshwater Biology, 59(Issue 10). doi:10.1111/fwb.12419
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  1.Early colonising ecosystem engineers modify habitats and alter the abundance of basal resources following disturbances. These changes can have profound effects on ecosystem recovery via facilitative or inhibitory effects on subsequent colonists. 2.We quantified how black fly larvae, which can be pioneer species during secondary succession in streams, influence initial community recovery following a simulated drying disturbance. 3.Black fly larvae anchor themselves to the stream substratum with silk, and diatoms adhere to the silk of black flies. Therefore, we hypothesised that black flies speed community recovery following disturbances by increasing the accrual rate of basal resources with their silk. 4.We compared algal and detrital resource abundance and invertebrate community recovery on recently submerged cobbles across three treatments: increased black fly abundance, added black fly silk plus ambient black fly abundance and ambient black fly abundance (control). 5.After 24 h, the increased black fly treatment had more chlorophyll a, detritus and greater invertebrate abundance and richness, and replicates had more self-similar communities than the control treatment. 6.The added silk treatment responded similarly to the increased black fly treatment, supporting the hypothesis that black flies increase the rate of basal resource accrual with their silk, increasing the colonisation rates of other invertebrate species. 7.Our study suggests that black flies are akin to other organisms that facilitate recovery following disturbance (e.g. alders fixing nitrogen following glacial retreat). Further research is needed to determine the effect of black flies on long-term patterns of recovery and the applicability of our results to natural disturbances in streams.
• Bogan, M. T., Boersma, K. S., & Lytle, D. A. (2013). Flow intermittency alters longitudinal patterns of invertebrate diversity and assemblage composition in an arid-land stream network. FRESHWATER BIOLOGY, 58(5), 1016-1028.
• Bogan, M. T., Boersma, K. S., & Lytle, D. A. (2013). Flow intermittency alters longitudinal patterns of invertebrate diversity and assemblage composition in an arid-land stream network. Freshwater Biology, 58(Issue 5). doi:10.1111/fwb.12105
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  Temporary streams comprise a large proportion of the total length of most stream networks, and the great majority of arid-land stream networks, so it is important to understand their contribution to biotic diversity at both local and landscape scales. In late winter 2010, we sampled invertebrate assemblages in 12 reaches of a large arid-land stream network (including perennial and intermittent headwaters, intermittent middle reaches and perennial rivers) in south-east Arizona, U.S.A. Intermittent reaches had then been flowing for c.60days, following a dry period of more than 450days. We sampled a subset of the perennial study reaches three more times between 2009 and 2011. Since intermittent reaches were dry during these additional sampling periods, we used assemblage data from two other intermittent streams in the study network (sampled in 2004-05 and 2010) to explore interannual variability in intermittent stream assemblage composition. Invertebrate richness was lowest in intermittent reaches, despite their often being connected to species-rich perennial reaches. The assemblages of these intermittent reaches were not simply a subset of the species in perennial streams, but rather were dominated by a suite of stoneflies, blackflies and midges with adaptations to intermittency (e.g. egg and/or larval diapause). On average, 86% of individuals in these samples were specialists or exclusive to intermittent streams. Predators were 7-14 times more abundant in perennial than in intermittent reaches. Despite being separated by long distances (12-25km) and having very different physical characteristics, the assemblages of perennial headwaters and rivers were more similar to one another than to intervening intermittent reaches, emphasising the prime importance of local hydrology in this system. The duration and recurrence intervals of dry periods, and the relative importance of dispersal from perennial refuges, probably influence the magnitude of biological differences between neighbouring perennial and temporary streams. Although perennial headwaters supported the highest diversity of invertebrates, intermittent reaches supported a number of unique or locally rare species and as such contribute to regional species diversity and should be included in conservation planning. © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
• Bogan, M. T., Gutierrez-Ruacho, O. G., Andres, A. J., & Lytle, D. A. (2013). NEW RECORDS OF MARTAREGA, GRAPTOCORIXA, AND ABEDUS (HETEROPTERA: NOTONECTIDAE, CORIXIDAE, BELOSTOMATIDAE) FROM NORTHWESTERN MEXICO AND ARIZONA, INCLUDING THE FIRST RECORD OF GRAPTOCORIXA EMBURYI IN THE UNITED STATES. SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST, 58(4), 494-497.
• Bogan, M. T., & Boersma, K. S. (2012). Aerial dispersal of aquatic invertebrates along and away from arid-land streams. FRESHWATER SCIENCE, 31(4), 1131-1144.
• Bogan, M. T., & Boersma, K. S. (2012). Aerial dispersal of aquatic invertebrates along and away from arid-land streams. Freshwater Science, 31(Issue 4). doi:10.1899/12-066.1
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  Dispersal is an essential process in metapopulation and metacommunity dynamics. Most studies of aquatic invertebrate dispersal in streams have focused on in-stream drift of larvae. However, understanding aerial dispersal is important for predicting community assembly in isolated habitats after disturbance or stream restoration. We used artificial pools placed at 3 distances (5, 75, and 250 m) from 1 perennial and 1 ephemeral arid-land stream to examine aerial-dispersal dynamics of aquatic invertebrates over a 6-wk period in summer 2009. We also conducted a 2-wk experiment to examine the relationship between daily rainfall and disperser abundance at the perennial site. Sixty-six aquatic invertebrate taxa (including many Coleoptera and Diptera and fewer Hemiptera, Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, and noninsect taxa) colonized the artificial pools. They represented of taxa documented from neighboring perennial streams. Abundance and species richness declined with distance away from both streams. This result suggests that ephemeral stream channels may serve as important aerial dispersal corridors for aquatic invertebrates even when no surface water is present. Mean species richness tripled after 58 mm of rain during the 4th wk of the experiment. Data from the 2-wk experiment highlighted the role of rainfall as a dispersal cue in this system. Amount of daily rainfall explained 48 to 77% of the variation in disperser abundance at 5, 75, and 250 m from the perennial site. We used spatiotemporal dispersal patterns observed in our study to identify 5 modes of aerial dispersal among 56 taxa: 1) widespread common, 2) widespread haphazard, 3) range-restricted, 4) cue-limited, and 5) infrequent. Classification of specific aerial-dispersal modes provides a conceptual framework for modeling spatially explicit community responses to disturbance, stream restoration, and climate-change-induced habitat contraction or expansion. © 2012 by The Society for Freshwater Science.
• Herbst, D. B., Bogan, M. T., Roll, S. K., & Safford, H. D. (2012). Effects of livestock exclusion on in-stream habitat and benthic invertebrate assemblages in montane streams. FRESHWATER BIOLOGY, 57(1), 204-217.
• Herbst, D. B., Bogan, M. T., Roll, S. K., & Safford, H. D. (2012). Effects of livestock exclusion on in-stream habitat and benthic invertebrate assemblages in montane streams. Freshwater Biology, 57(Issue 1). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02706.x
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  Stream and riparian ecosystems in arid montane areas, like the interior western United States, are often just narrow mesic strands, but support diverse and productive habitats. Meadows along many such streams have long been used for rangeland grazing, and, while impacts to riparian areas are relatively well known, the effect of livestock grazing on aquatic life in streams has received less attention. Attempts to link grazing impacts to disturbance have been hindered by the lack of spatial and temporal replication. In this study, we compared channel features and benthic macroinvertebrate communities (i) between 16 stream reaches on two grazed allotments and between 22 reaches on two allotments where livestock had been completely removed for 4years, (ii) before and after the 4-year grazing respite at a subset of eight sites and (iii) inside and outside of small-scale fenced grazing exclosures (eight pairings; 10+year exclosures) in the meadows of the Golden Trout Wilderness, California (U.S.A.). We evaluated grazing disturbance at the reach scale in terms of the effects of livestock trampling on per cent bank erosion and found that macroinvertebrate richness metrics were negatively correlated with bank erosion, while the percentage of tolerant taxa increased. All macroinvertebrate richness metrics were significantly lower in grazed areas. Bank angle, temperature, fine sediment cover and erosion were higher in grazed areas, while riparian cover was lower. Regression models identified riparian cover, in-stream substratum, bank conditions and bankfull width-to-depth ratios as the most important for explaining variability in macroinvertebrate richness metrics. Small-scale grazing exclosures showed no improvements for in-stream communities and only moderate positive effects on riparian vegetation. In contrast, metrics of macroinvertebrate richness increased significantly after a 4-year period of no grazing. 6. The success of grazing removal reported here suggests that short-term removal of livestock at the larger, allotment meadow spatial scale is more effective than long-term, but small-scale, local riparian area fencing, and yields promising results in achieving stream channel, riparian and aquatic biological recovery. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
• Oliver, A. A., Bogan, M. T., Herbst, D. B., & Dahlgren, R. A. (2012). Short-term changes in-stream macroinvertebrate communities following a severe fire in the Lake Tahoe basin, California. HYDROBIOLOGIA, 694(1), 117-130.
• Oliver, A. A., Bogan, M. T., Herbst, D. B., & Dahlgren, R. A. (2012). Short-term changes in-stream macroinvertebrate communities following a severe fire in the Lake Tahoe basin, California. Hydrobiologia, 694(Issue 1). doi:10.1007/s10750-012-1136-7
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  Large and severe wildfires can dramatically alter terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We documented changes in benthic macroinvertebrate communities and physical habitat at two sites along Angora Creek, CA, USA for 2 years following a severe fire. Although post-fire years had low precipitation, canopy cover and bank stability declined dramatically following the wildfire (canopy cover: 88% pre-fire, 22% post-fire; stable bank: 93% pre-fire, 11% post-fire). Substrate also changed substantially, with fine sediment 8× more abundant post-fire and cobble 7× less abundant post-fire. We found no consistent changes in taxonomic richness or diversity following the fire, but post-fire densities and percentage of sensitive taxa were significantly reduced. We observed large reductions in relative abundances of shredder and scraper taxa, while collector-gatherer abundances increased. Community composition shifted away from pre-fire configurations, and continued to diverge in the second year following the fire. Scores from a regionally derived index of biotic integrity (IBI) were variable but overall much lower in post-fire samples and did not show recovery after 2 years. Overall, our study demonstrated substantial post-fire effects to aquatic ecosystems even in the absence of large flooding or scouring events, and showed that these effects can be transmitted downstream into unburned reaches. © 2012 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
• Bogan, M. T., & Lytle, D. A. (2011). Severe drought drives novel community trajectories in desert stream pools. FRESHWATER BIOLOGY, 56(10), 2070-2081.
• Bogan, M. T., & Lytle, D. A. (2011). Severe drought drives novel community trajectories in desert stream pools. Freshwater Biology, 56(Issue 10). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2011.02638.x
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  1.Ecological communities can be relatively stable for long periods of time, and then, often as a result of disturbance, transition rapidly to a novel state. When communities fail to recover to pre-disturbance configurations, they are said to have experienced a regime shift or to be in an alternative stable state. 2.In this 8-year study, we quantified the effects of complete water loss and subsequent altered disturbance regime on aquatic insect communities inhabiting a formerly perennial desert stream. We monitored two study pools seasonally for 4years before and 4years after the transition from perennial to intermittent flow to evaluate pre-drying community dynamics and post-drying recovery trajectories. 3.Mean species richness was not affected by the transition to intermittent flow, though seasonal patterns of richness did change. Sample densities were much higher in post-drying samples. 4.The stream pool communities underwent a catastrophic regime shift after transition to intermittent flow, moving to an alternative stable state with novel seasonal trajectories, and did not recover to pre-drying configurations after 4years. Six invertebrate species were extirpated by the initial drying event, while other species were as much as 40 times more abundant in post-drying samples. In general, large-bodied top predators were extirpated from the system and replaced with high abundances of smaller-bodied mesopredators. 5.Our results suggest that the loss of perennial flow caused by intensified droughts and water withdrawals could lead to significant changes in community structure and species composition at local and regional scales. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
• Finn, D. S., Bogan, M. T., & Lytle, D. A. (2009). Demographic Stability Metrics for Conservation Prioritization of Isolated Populations. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, 23(5), 1185-1194.
• Finn, D. S., Bogan, M. T., & Lytle, D. A. (2009). Demographic stability metrics for conservation prioritization of isolated populations. Conservation Biology, 23(Issue 5). doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01226.x
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  Systems of geographically isolated habitat patches house species that occur naturally as small, disjunct populations. Many of these species are of conservation concern, particularly under the interacting influences of isolation and rapid global change. One potential conservation strategy is to prioritize the populations most likely to persist through change and act as sources for future recolonization of less stable localities. We propose an approach to classify long-term population stability (and, presumably, future persistence potential) with composite demographic metrics derived from standard population-genetic data. Stability metrics can be related to simple habitat measures for a straightforward method of classifying localities to inform conservation management. We tested these ideas in a system of isolated desert headwater streams with mitochondrial sequence data from 16 populations of a flightless aquatic insect. Populations exhibited a wide range of stability scores, which were significantly predicted by dry-season aquatic habitat size. This preliminary test suggests strong potential for our proposed method of classifying isolated populations according to persistence potential. The approach is complementary to existing methods for prioritizing local habitats according to diversity patterns and should be tested further in other systems and with additional loci to inform composite demographic stability scores. © 2009 Society for Conservation Biology.
• Herbst, D. B., Bogan, M. T., & Lusardi, R. A. (2008). LOW SPECIFIC CONDUCTIVITY LIMITS GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF THE NEW ZEALAND MUD SNAIL FROM THE UPPER OWENS RIVER, CALIFORNIA. WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST, 68(3), 324-333.
• Herbst, D., Bogan, M., & Lusardi, R. (2008). Low specific conductivity limits growth and survival of the New Zealand mud snail from the Upper Owens River, California. Western North American Naturalist, 68(3). doi:10.3398/1527-0904(2008)68[324:LSCLGA]2.0.CO;2
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  The New Zealand rnud snail (NZMS), Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Gray), is an invasive species of aquatic snail that is becoming widespread in inland and coastal waters of the western United States. The New Zealand mud snail can have significant impacts on stream ecosystems, as they may consume a large fraction of available algae production and compete with and displace native invertebrates. Even though the distribution of this species is expanding, the habitat conditions conducive to invasion are incompletely understood. Surveys following the NZMS invasion in the Uper Owens River, California, indicated that the snail may be excluded from waters where dissolved solute content is low, so experimental studies were undertaken to evaluate survival and growth as a function of varied specific conductivity (SC) and calcium availability. Juvenile snails were collected from the Upper Owens River and reared in dilutions of natural river water adjusted to 10, 50, 100, 200 and 300 μS·cm -1 SC. Experiments were also conducted with newborn clones raised in river water dilutions ranging from 25 to 200 μS·cm-1 to examine mortality and growth at this sensitive stage of development. In addition, calcium-free artificial river water was prepared at 200 μS·cm-1 to test for the independent effect of limitation of this mineral ion required for shell-building. Significant reductions in survival and growth occurred among treatments diluting river water from 300 to 50 μS·cm-1. No growth was found at or below 25 μS·cm-1. Growth was also inhibited in calcium-free artificial water compared to natural river water with the same SC, showing that lack of this mineral impedes development. These results suggest that many streams in the range of 25-200 μS·cm-1 cannot support productive NZMS populations and that nuisance invasions may be most prevalent in waters above 200 μS·cm-1 where sufficient dissolved mineral content is present for growth.
• Lytle, D. A., Bogan, M. T., & Finn, D. S. (2008). Evolution of aquatic insect behaviours across a gradient of disturbance predictability. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 275(1633), 453-462.
• Lytle, D. A., Bogan, M. T., & Finn, D. S. (2008). Evolution of aquatic insect behaviours across a gradient of disturbance predictability. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 275(Issue 1633). doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.1157
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  Natural disturbance regimes-cycles of fire, flood, drought or other events-range from highly predictable (disturbances occur regularly in time or in concert with a proximate cue) to highly unpredictable. While theory predicts how populations should evolve under different degrees of disturbance predictability, there is little empirical evidence of how this occurs in nature. Here, we demonstrate local adaptation in populations of an aquatic insect occupying sites along a natural gradient of disturbance predictability, where predictability was defined as the ability of a proximate cue (rainfall) to signal a disturbance (flash flood). In controlled behavioural experiments, populations from predictable environments responded to rainfall events by quickly exiting the water and moving sufficiently far from the stream to escape flash floods. By contrast, populations from less predictable environments had longer response times and lower response rates, reflecting the uncertainty inherent to these environments. Analysis with signal detection theory showed that for 13 out of 15 populations, observed response times were an optimal compromise between the competing risks of abandoning versus remaining in the stream, mediated by the rainfall-flood correlation of the local environment. Our study provides the first demonstration that populations can evolve in response to differences in disturbance predictability, and provides evidence that populations can adapt to among-stream differences in flow regime. © 2007 The Royal Society.
• Bogan, M. T., & Lytle, D. A. (2007). Seasonal flow variation allows 'time-sharing' by disparate aquatic insect communities in montane desert streams. Freshwater Biology, 52(Issue 2). doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2006.01691.x
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  1. Flow variation can drive major abiotic changes in stream environments between seasons. Theoretically, disparate biotic communities could be maintained during different seasons at a single site if suitable refuges and colonist sources were available. Using isolated montane desert streams in south-east Arizona as a model system, we hypothesised that two disparate aquatic insect faunas (montane temperate and neotropical) could be maintained at the same sites through strong seasonal variation in abiotic conditions. 2. We collected aquatic insects representing 59 families from seven streams during high-flow (March-April) and low-flow (June) sampling periods across two years. We assessed changes in aquatic insect community and functional feeding group composition by habitat (riffle, pool) and season (high flow, low flow). 3. Within sites, wetted stream area decreased by an average of 97% between high-flow (predominately riffles) and low-flow (predominately pools) seasons. Community composition likewise showed strong seasonal patterns; the montane temperate fauna was strongly associated with the high-flow season while neotropical hemipterans and coleopterans were associated with the low-flow season. Increased water temperature was significantly associated with this shift from temperate to neotropical assemblages. 4. Functional feeding group composition shifted dramatically by season. The proportion of predators increased from 24.5% (high flow) to 75.2% (low flow) while collector-filterers and shredders declined from 38.4% (high flow) to 1.7% (low flow). 5. We suggest that habitat 'time-sharing' by disparate communities is facilitated via strong seasonal variation in temperature and flow and the presence of high elevation refuges or diapause stages for temperate montane taxa to survive the dry season. © 2007 The Authors.
• Bogan, M. T., & Lytle, D. A. (2007). Seasonal flow variation allows 'time-sharing' by disparate aquatic insect communities in montane desert streams. FRESHWATER BIOLOGY, 52(2), 290-304.

Presentations

• Bogan, M. (2020, May). Rebirth of the Santa Cruz: rapid return of aquatic species to the river downtown. Desert Horticultural Conference.
• Bogan, M. (2020, November). DamNation film and river ecology discussion panel. Society for Ecological Restoration.
• Bogan, M. (2019, Apr). Dragonflies and damselflies of the lower Santa Cruz River. Friends of the Santa Cruz River Annual Meeting.
• Bogan, M. (2019, Aug). Building a network of professional resources to improve your natural resources site. Arizona Parks and Recreation Association.
• Bogan, M. (2019, Dec). Rebirth of the Santa Cruz: rapid return of aquatic species to the river downtown. International Boundary and Water Commission.
• Bogan, M. (2019, Feb). Dragonflies & damselflies of the lower Santa Cruz River: brilliant biodiversity & opportunities for community engagement. Pima County Regional Flood Control District Lecture Series.
• Bogan, M. (2019, Oct). Bugs at the border! Aquatic insects in streams of the Madrean Sky Islands. Bisbee Science Cafe.
• Bogan, M. (2019, Oct). Drought, resilience, and reincarnation in arid-land streams. Northern Arizona University Biology Seminar Series.
• Bogan, M., & Velo, K. (2019, Feb). Living River: flow of life in the Santa Cruz. Desert Lab at Tumamoc Hill Public Lecture Series.
• Bogan, M., Bogan, M., Quanrud, D. M., Quanrud, D. M., Hamdhani, H., Hamdhani, H., Hollien, K., Hollien, K., Eppehimer, D., & Eppehimer, D. (2019, November). Microplastic Pollution in an Effluent-dependent River. 2019 Desert Fishes Council Annual Meeting. Alpine TX: Desert Fishes Council.
• Bogan, M., Quanrud, D. M., Eppehimer, D., & Hamdhani, H. (2019, October). Seasonal and longitudinal water quality dynamics in three effluent-dependent rivers in Arizona. 2019 Desert Fishes Council Annual Meeting. Alpine, TX: Desert Fishes Council.
• Davis, M. R., Merewether, K., & Bogan, M. (2019, Aug). Behaviors of two common bird species in a natural versus solar field sites in southeastern Arizona. Ecological Society of America.
• Eppehimer, D., Hollien, K., Nemec, Z., Quanrud, D., & Bogan, M. (2019, May). Can treated wastewater serve as habitat for desert fishes?. Society for Freshwater Science.
• Grageda Garcia, M. A., & Bogan, M. (2019, Nov). Population status of the Sonoyta Mud Turtle (Kinosternon sonoriense longifemorale) in the Sonoyta River, Sonora, Mexico. Desert Fishes Council.
• Hamdhani, F., Eppehimer, D., & Bogan, M. (2019, May). Effluent addition effects on streams: review of ecology and water quality, and future directions. Society for Freshwater Science.
• Hamdhani, F., Eppehimer, D., Quanrud, D., & Bogan, M. (2019, Nov). Seasonal and longitudinal water quality dynamics in three effluent-dependent rivers in Arizona. Desert Fishes Council.
• Hamdhani, H., Eppehimer, D., Quanrud, D. M., & Bogan, M. (2019, November). Seasonal and longitudinal water quality dynamics in three effluent-dependent rivers in Arizona. 2019 Desert Fishes Council Annual Meeting. Alpine, TX: Desert Fishes Council.
• Hollien, K., Eppehimer, D., Hamdhani, F., Quanrud, D., & Bogan, M. (2019, Nov). Microplastic pollution in the effluent-dependent Santa Cruz River. Desert Fishes Council.
• Stokes, S., McGee, E., & Bogan, M. (2019, Aug). Decreasing flow levels and deteriorating water quality across five sites reduces aquatic insect diversity in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. Ecological Society of America.
• Washko, S., & Bogan, M. (2019, May). Global trends of macroinvertebrate functional group dominance in arid rock pools. Society for Freshwater Science.
• Washko, S., & Bogan, M. (2019, Nov). A global review of patterns of aquatic macroinvertebrate dispersal and functional feeding traits in aridland rock pools. Desert Fishes Council.
• Bogan, M. (2018, Apr). Hurry up and wait! Life history of an intermittent stream specialist (Mesocapnia arizonensis). University of Kentucky Department of Biology Friday Science Talks.
• Bogan, M. (2018, April). Drought, dispersal, and community dynamics in arid-land streams. University of Kentucky Department of Biology Seminar.
• Bogan, M. (2018, Oct). From drought to flood: aquatic ecology and dynamic flow regimes in arid-land streams. RISE Symposium.
• Bogan, M., Hamdhani, H., & Eppehimer, D. (2018, Oct). Dragonflies and damselflies of the lower Santa Cruz River: brilliant biodiversity and opportunities for community engagement. 10th Annual Santa Cruz River Research Days.
• Eppehimer, D., Hamdhani, ., Bogan, M., & Quanrud, D. M. (2018, fall). Effect of diurnal flow variability on water quality dynamics in the effluent dependent Santa Cruz River. 10th Annual Santa Cruz River Research Days. Tucson, AZ: Sonoran Institute.
• Eppehimer, D., Hamdhani, H., & Bogan, M. (2018, May). Restoring aquatic ecosystems in arid environments with treated wastewater: wishful thinking or practical reality?. Society for Freshwater Science annual meeting.
• Eppehimer, D., Hamdhani, H., Hollien, K., & Bogan, M. (2018, Oct). Aquatic Macroinvertebrates of the Lower Santa Cruz River. 10th annual Santa Cruz River Research Days.
• Eppehimer, D., Hollien, K., Nemec, Z., Hamdhani, H., Lee, L., Quanrud, D. M., & Bogan, M. (2018, Nov). Implications of Using Treated Wastewater as Habitat for Desert Fishes. 50th annual meeting of the Desert Fishes Council.
• Hamdhani, H., Eppehimer, D., & Bogan, M. (2018, May). Dynamics of water quality in an effluent-dominated reach of the Santa Cruz River, AZ. Society for Freshwater Science annual meeting.
• Hamdhani, H., Eppehimer, D., & Bogan, M. (2018, May). Effect of diurnal flow variability on water quality dynamics in the effluent-dominated Santa Cruz River. 50th annual meeting of the Desert Fishes Council.
• Hollein, K., Eppehimer, D., Nemec, Z., Hamdhani, ., Lee, L., Quanrud, D. M., & Bogan, M. (2018, fall). Implications of using treated wastewater as habitat for desert fishes. 10th Annual Santa Cruz River Research Days. Tucson, Arizona: Sonoran Institute.
• Hollien, K., & Bogan, M. (2018, Nov). Differences in aquatic invertebrate diversity and community composition in perennial systems of the Rio Sonoyta basin, Arizona and Sonora. 50th Annual Meeting of the Desert Fishes Council.
• McGee, E., & Bogan, M. (2018, Oct). Linking perennial surface water and aquatic food subsidies to terrestrial lizards in arid environments. The Wildlife Society Annual Meeting.
• McGee, E., Hamideh, N., Islam, R., & Bogan, M. (2018, Feb). Linking Perennial Surface Water and Aquatic Food Subsidies to Lizards in Arid Environments. Joint Annual Meeting of AZ/NM chapters of American Fisheries Society and Wildlife Society.
• McGee, E., Islam, R., Hamideh, N., & Bogan, M. (2018, Nov). Demographics of Riparian Lizards in the Chiricahua Mountains in Relation to Water Availability and Emerging Aquatic Insects as a Potential Food Source. 50th annual meeting of the Desert Fishes Council.
• Bogan, M. (2017, December). Drought, Disturbance, and Community Dynamics in Arid-Land Streams. University of California, Riverside.
• Bogan, M. (2017, September). How Does Drought Affect Freshwater Biodiversity in the Western US?. CALS Frontiers in Life Sciences Seminar Series.
• Bogan, M., Dorff, N., Eppehimer, D., Hollien, K., & McGee, E. (2017, November). Aquatic invertebrate community structure at Quitobaquito, Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. Desert Fishes Council.
• Dorff, N., & Bogan, M. (2017, June). Long-term impacts of wildfire on macroinvertebrate community structure in an arid-land stream. Society for Freshwater Science.
• Dorff, N., & Bogan, M. (2017, November). Long-term impacts of wildfire on macroinvertebrate community structure in an arid-land stream. Desert Fishes Council.
• Eppehimer, D., Hamdhani, H., & Bogan, M. (2017, November). Can Treated Wastewater Reestablish Aquatic Communities in Desert Rivers?. Desert Fishes Council.
• Nussle, S., Hendry, A., Knapp, R., Bogan, M., Sturrock, A., & Carlson, S. (2017, August). Thirty-five experimental fisheries reveal the mechanisms of selection. American Fisheries Society.
• Boersma, K., Bogan, M., Dee, L., Miller, S., Gitelman, A., Sepelski, A., & Lytle, D. (2016, May). What can traits tell us that taxonomy cannot? A case study of a drying stream in the American Southwest. Society for Freshwater Science annual meeting. Sacramento, CA.
• Bogan, M. (2016, March). Drought, dispersal, and community dynamics in arid-land streams. Arizona State University Polytechnic seminar series. Mesa, AZ.
• Bogan, M. (2016, May). Rise up, Lazarus! Life history and distribution of an intermittent stream specialist (Mesocapnia arizonensis). Society for Freshwater Science annual meeting. Sacramento.
• Bogan, M. (2016, November). Ecosistemas dulceacuicolas sonorenses. V Congreso de Ecologia. Hermosillo, Mexico: Universidad Estatal de Sonora,.
• Bogan, M., Boersma, K., Villareal, L., & Felger, R. (2016, March). Freshwater oases: biodiversity hotspots in the Sonoran Desert. Tri-national Sonoran Desert Symposium. Ajo, AZ: International Sonoran Desert Alliance.
• Dorff, N., & Bogan, M. (2016, November). Effects of fire on an intermittent stream: monitoring the response of the aquatic macroinvertebrate community. Desert Fishes Council annual meeting.

Poster Presentations

• Bogan, M., Mitchell, R. M., & Sacoman, K. (2023). Decrease in Native Species Cover in Relation to Change in Flow Permanence and Depth to Groundwater.. Society for Ecological Restoration Southwest Chapter Meeting..
• Bogan, M., Mitchell, R. M., & Sacoman, K. (2023). Decrease in Native Species Cover in Relation to Change in Flow Permanence.. Society for Advancement of Chicanos/Hispanics and Native Americans in Science meeting.
• Cabral, G., Varela, A., & Bogan, M. (2019, Nov). Spatial dispersion of Soldier Flies (Stratiomyidae, Diptera) between non-perennial water bodies in El Pinacate y Gran Desierto de Altar Biosphere Reserve, Sonora, México. Desert Fishes Council.
• Hamideh, N., Islam, R., McGee, E., & Bogan, M. (2018, Aug). Assessing microhabitat use of lizards along perennial and ephemeral streams in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. Ecological Society of America annual meeting.
• Hamideh, N., Islam, R., McGee, E., & Bogan, M. (2018, Feb). Assessing Microhabitat Use of Lizards along Perennial and Ephemeral Streams, Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. Joint Annual Meeting of AZ/NM chapters of American Fisheries Society and Wildlife Society.
• Islam, R., Hamideh, N., McGee, E., & Bogan, M. (2018, Aug). Differences in terrestrial invertebrate communities along perennial and ephemeral streams in the Chiricahua mountains, AZ. Ecological Society of America annual meeting.
• Islam, R., McGee, E., & Bogan, M. (2018, February). Differences in Terrestrial Invertebrate Communities Along Perennial and Ephemeral Streams in the Chiricahua Mountains, AZ. Joint Annual Meeting of AZ/NM chapters of American Fisheries Society and Wildlife Society.
• McGee, E., Hamideh, N., Islam, R., & Bogan, M. (2018, Oct). Demographics of riparian lizards in the Chiricahua Mountains in relation to water availability and emerging aquatic insects as a potential food source. SACNAS Diversity In STEM Annual Meeting.
• Hamdhani, H., Eppehimer, D., & Bogan, M. (2017, November). Water quality dynamics in an effluent-dominated reach of the Santa Cruz River, AZ. Desert Fishes Council.
• Hamideh, N., Islam, R., McGee, E., & Bogan, M. (2017, October). Assessing Microhabitat Use of Lizards along Perennial and Ephemeral Streams, Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona. SACNAS Diversity in STEM.
• Islam, R., McGee, E., & Bogan, M. (2017, October). Surveying Terrestrial Invertebrates as Nutrition Sources for Riparian Lizards. Annual Biomedical Research Conference for Minority Students.
• McGee, E., & Bogan, M. (2017, February). Linking Perennial Surface Water and Aquatic Food Subsidies to Lizards in Arid Environments. Joint Annual Meeting of the AZ/NM chapters of American Fisheries Society and Wildlife Society.
• McGee, E., Hamideh, N., Islam, R., & Bogan, M. (2017, November). Linking Perennial Surface Water and Aquatic Food Subsidies to Lizards in Arid Environments. Desert Fishes Council.
• McGee, E., Hamideh, N., Islam, R., & Bogan, M. (2017, October). Linking Perennial Surface Water and Aquatic Food Subsidies to Lizards in Arid Environments. SACNAS Diversity in STEM.
• Wingenroth, J., Bogan, M., Leidy, R., & Stephanie, C. (2017, April). Habitat contraction and fragmentation in an intermittent Coast Range stream in central California. Cal-Neva chapter meeting of the American Fisheries Society.