Margaret Livingston

Interests

Research

Her research focuses on the use of native plants in urban, exurban and natural areas, analysis of arid land plant communities, habitat restoration and revegetation, habitat development for urban wildlife, and master plan development for multi-use, natural and semi-natural areas. She has collaborated with a variety of agencies and universities in Jordan over the past 12 years on issues related to resource conservation in urban environments. Nationally, she has collaborated with the National Park Service on conservation and resource use in parks located in Alaska, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. State-wide and locally, she has done research on greenways and urban wildlife for the Arizona Department of Game and Fish and is a co-editor for a book focusing on design in arid environments.

Teaching

Margaret Livingston is a Professor in the School of Landscape Architecture and Planning, College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, at the University of Arizona, Tucson. She teaches a range of courses related to ecological and environmental issues in arid environments, including plant materials, landscape ecology, planting design, and a water conservation seminar.

Courses

Scholarly Contributions

Books

• Malloy, R., Brock, J., Floyd, A., Livingston, M., Webb, R. H., & Malloy, R. A. (2013). Design with the Desert : Conservation and Sustainable Development. CRC Press. doi:10.1201/B14054

Chapters

• Bresdin, C., Livingston, M., Livingston, M., Glenn, E. P., & Glenn, E. P. (2016). Design Concept of a Reverse Osmosis Reject Irrigated Landscape: Connecting Source to Sabkha. In Sabkha Ecosystems: The Americas. Springer, Cham. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27093-7_12
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  Feasibility studies in Arizona (U.S.A.) have determined that ocean delivery is a viable disposal option for saline waste water when sourced from near coastline regions. Use of open canals to transport waste water and use of evaporation ponds to reduce waste water volume are standard engineering practices. Engineered designs tend to focus on practicality and efficiency without regard to principles of landscape ecology. The concept of a saline ecosystem with landscape pattern incorporated as the vehicle for an evapotranspiration induced sequence of ecotopes along a directional saline gradient is proposed. This model will serve as a constructive, ecologically-based method to reduce reverse osmosis concentrate waste volume while increasing salinity during transport from source (RO facility) to sink (sabkha). In the process, biota is allowed to self-organize into marsh habitat and the system of pattern creates potential for plant and microbial crops. Potential for research use of the ecosystem is illustrated in light of a conceptual plan for the Santa Clara Slough, located at the northern end of the Sea of Cortez in the Gulf of California.
• Livingston, M., & Dunsten, A. (2013). Native Plant Salvaging in the Southwest in Malloy. In Design with the Desert: Conservation and Sustainable Development. London, UK: CRC Press.
• Livingston, M., Brock, R. J., Floyd, A., & Webb, R. (2013). Habitats in Urban Environments in Malloy. In Design with the Desert: Conservation and Sustainable Development. London, UK: CRC Press.
• Malloy, R., Brock, J., Floyd, A., Livingston, M., & Webb, R. (2013). Ecology in Design of Urban Systems. In Design with the Desert. CRC Press. doi:10.1201/B14054-24
• Malloy, R., Brock, J., Floyd, A., Livingston, M., & Webb, R. (2013). The Living Desert. In Design with the Desert. CRC Press. doi:10.1201/B14054-8
• Malloy, R., Brock, J., Floyd, A., Livingston, M., & Webb, R. H. (2013). Physical Aspects of the Desert Environment. In Design with the Desert. CRC Press. doi:10.1201/B14054-2
• Darnell, B., Livingston, M., & Johnson, L. M. (2010). Assessing the potential play value of vegetation in the outdoor environments of NAEYC-accredited preschool programs in Tucson, Arizona in Hewitt. In Landscape Imprints: CELA 2003 Select Papers. Tucson, AZ: Clemson University Digital Press.
• al-Asad, M., Musa, M., & Livingston, M. (2007). Creating landscapes in water-scarce environments: a case study of Tucson, Arizona in al-Asad. In Exploring the Built Environment: Essays on the presentations of Diwan al Mimar and affiliated public lectures. Center for the Study of the Built Environment (CSBE) and Darat al Funun - The Khalid Shoman Foundation.
• Livingston, M. (2001). Xeriscapes in Shoemaker. In C., ed. Encyclopedia of Gardens. Chicago, IL: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers.
• Shaw, W. W., Harris, L. K., Livingston, M., & Propst, L. (1994). A methodology for detailed urban habitat analysis in VanDruff. In Urban landscapes for People and Wildlife: An integrative approach. Shepherdstown, WV: National Institute for Urban Wildlife.

Journals/Publications

• Livingston, M., & Bass, B. J. (2019). Automotive retrofits in historic city centres and their potential effects on their walkability: a comparison of San Luis Obispo, CA, USA and Bath, England, UK. Journal of Urban Design, 24(2), 290-304. doi:10.1080/13574809.2018.1551055
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  Historic districts often contain retrofits to accommodate automotive infrastructure, primarily parking, that can negatively impact walkability. This research examines how various approaches to hist...
• Livingston, M., Myers, ., Livingston, M., Myers, ., Livingston, M., Myers, ., Livingston, M., Myers, ., Livingston, M., & Myers, D. (2010). Reprint of Livingston and Myers (2010) paper in Chinese website. Youth Landscape Architecture.
• Livingston, M. (2009). The Living Landscape: An Ecological Approach to Landscape Planning, 2nd Edition, by Frederick Steiner. Landscape and Urban Planning, 91, 48-49.
• Ridgway, S. C., Livingston, M., & Smith, S. E. (2005). Visitor behavior and perceptions in zoo exhibits with underwater viewing. Visitor Studies Today, 8, 1-10.
• Livingston, M., & Mehlem, J. (2004). Planning open spaces for biodiversity: evaluating urban parks for wildlife habitat. Landscape Review, 9, 171-175.
• Myers, M., & Livingston, M. (2004). Existing vegetation of built landscapes and their relationship to existing ecosystems. Landscape Review, 9, 171-175.
• Livingston, M. (2003). Ecoregion-Based Design for Sustainability. Landscape and Urban Planning, 65(3), 167-168. doi:10.1016/s0169-2046(03)00002-1
• Livingston, M., Shaw, W. W., & Harris, L. K. (2003). A model for assessing wildlife habitats in urban landscapes of eastern Pima County, Arizona (USA). Landscape and Urban Planning, 64, 8-11.
• Livingston, M. (2001). Creating landscapes in arid environments using xeriscape principles. Alreem, 69, 16-17.
• Livingston, M., & Solol, M. (2001). UA’s Living Legacy. Tucson Lifestyle Homes and Gardens.
• Mielcarek, L., & Livingston, M. (2001). From the ground up: developing and implementing a master plan. Public Garden, 16, 8-11.
• Livingston, M. (2000). Invasion of the pod plants: notable legumes on campus. Aridus: Bulletin of the Desert Legume Program of the Boyce Thompson Arboretum, 12, 1-7.
• Livingston, M., & Franklin, C. (2000). Xeriscape Guidelines. Tucson Lifestyle Homes and Gardens.
• Livingston, M., & Franklin, C. (1999). Design Guidelines for Hummingbirds. Tucson Lifestyle Homes and Gardens.
• Shaw, W. W., Harris, L. K., & Livingston, M. (1998). Vegetative characteristics of urban land covers in metropolitan Tucson, Arizona. Urban Ecosystems, 2, 65-73.
• Livingston, M., Roundy, B. A., & Smith, S. E. (1997). Association of overstory plant canopies and native grasses in southern Arizona. Journal of Arid Environments, 35, 441-449.
• Roundy, B. A., Abbott, L. B., & Livingston, M. (1997). Surface soil water loss after summer rainfall in a semidesert grassland. Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation, 11, 49-62.
• Gathman, A. C., Ray, D. T., & Livingston, M. (1992). Comparison of three stability measures in guayule. Industrial Crops and Products, 1, 67-74.
• Ray, D. T., Coates, W., Livingston, M., & Garrot, D. J. (1992). Mechanical pollarding as a means to increase rubber yields in Guayule (Parthenium argentatum, Asteraceae). Industrial Crops and Products, 1, 11-15.
• Roundy, B. A., Young, J. A., Sumrall, L. B., & Livingston, M. (1992). Laboratory germination responses of 3 lovegrasses to temperature in relation to seedbed temperatures. Journal of Range Management, 45, 306-311.
• Garrot, D. J., Ray, D. T., Livingston, M., Fangmeier, D., & Husman, S. (1990). Watermelon field management using the crop water stress index. Acta Horticulturae, 278, 755-761.
• Ray, D. T., Husman, S. H., Ray, D. T., Livingston, M., Jr, D. J., Husman, S. H., Garrot, D. J., & Fangmeier, D. D. (1990). WATERMELON FIELD IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT USING THE CROP WATER STRESS INDEX. Acta Horticulturae, 755-762. doi:10.17660/actahortic.1990.278.74
• McPherson, E. G., Simpson, J. R., & Livingston, M. (1989). Effects of three landscape treatments on residential energy and water use in Tucson, Arizona. Energy and Buildings. Effects of three landscape treatments on residential energy and water use in Tucson, Arizona. Energy and Buildings, 13, 127-138.
• Ray, D. T., Ray, D. T., Livingston, M., Hussman, S., Garrot, D. J., & Fangmeier, D. D. (1988). Differences in Weight of 'Calsweet' Watermelons at Three Irrigation Levels. Vegetable Report.
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  Calsweet' watermelons were irrigated at three levels using a drip irrigation system. Number and weight of melons were recorded for three harvest dates. The low water treatment had significantly lower average melon weight than the medium and high treatments. There were no significant differences between the number of melons produced for each treatment. INTRODUCTION Due to increasing water costs, efficient irrigation of high wateruse crops, such as watermelons, is a growing concern for many Arizona farmers. Drip irrigation applies water more effectively than conventional irrigation systems; drip may reduce overall crop water use. The amount of water applied to individual plants is easily regulated, and unnecessary irrigation of areas between plants may be limited with drip system. This study was conducted to determine the irrigation level needed for increasing yield of 'Calsweet' watermelons and to examine the use of drip irrigation in watermelon production. PROCEDURES This study was conducted at the Campus Agricultural Center, Tucson, AZ. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three irrigation treatments and three replications per treatment. Each plot was 1800 sq.ft. with 7 rows, 60 in. on center. There were 10 plants, spaced 5 ft. apart, per row. The field was direct -seeded May 1987. Areas of poor germination were filled in with Calsweet transplants. Nitrogen was applied through the drip system with an average application rate of 120 lbs. per acre. Weeding was done manually to prevent damage to drip tubing. The wet treatment received 31.5 in. of water in 9 applications; the medium treatment received 22.7 in. of water in 5 applications; and the dry treatment received 21.7 in. in 4 applications. Ripe melons were harvested on 13 and 27 Aug. and 18 Sept. 1987. Weight and total number of melons harvested for the four center rows of each plot per date were recorded. RESULTS Considering all harvest dates, the low water treatment produced significantly smaller melons than the medium and high treatments (Table 1). Total melon yield was not statistically different among treatments. However, the low and medium treatments yielded 23 percent and 17 percent fewer melons, respectively, than the high water treatment. Lack of significance between melon yield may have been due to the large variance in mean melon size and number within all treatments.
• Thompson, A. E., Ray, D. T., Livingston, M., & Dierig, D. A. (1988). Variability of rubber and plant growth characteristics among single-plant selections from a diverse guayule breeding population. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 113, 608-611.
• Ray, D. T., Ray, D. T., Livingston, M., & Garrot, D. J. (1987). Evaluation of Two Levels of Irrigation in Relation to Calsweet Watermelon Yield. Vegetable Report.
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  Calsweet watermelons were irrigated at two levels, utilizing a drip irrigation system for accurate rate measurements. Number and weight of harvested melons were recorded for four harvest dates. There were no significant differences in weight per melon, number of melons and total mean weight for the water treatments within the four harvest dates. For the entire season, number and total weight of melons were higher in the wet treatment; the weight per melon was higher in the dry treatment. INTRODUCTION With water in the Southwest becoming increasingly limited for agricultural crops, new water delivery systems for horticultural crops are becoming increasingly important. PROCEDURES This study was conducted at the Campus Agricultural Center, Tucson, Arizona. The experimental design was a randomized, complete block with 2 treatments and 4 replications per treatment. Each plot had 4 beds, 80" on center, with 5 transplants per bed, spaced 5 feet apart. The field was 140 ft. by 35 ft.; each plot was 30 ft. by 40 ft. Transplants were fieldplanted 16 June 1986. Nitrogen was applied through the drip system with total applications of 120 lbs of N to the wet treatment and 110 lbs to the dry treatment. Weeding was done by hand to prevent damage to the drip tubing. The wet treatment received 33.4 in. of water in 12 applications; 8.4 in. of water was applied for establishment and 2.25 to 2.5 in. was applied with each of the remaining 11 applications. The dry treatment received a total of 28.7 in. in 5 applications. The establishment application was 8.4 in.; the 4 following applications were 4 in. each. The four harvest dates were 28 Aug., 2, 9 and 16 Sept. 1986. Weight and the total number of melons harvested for each plot per date were recorded. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The mean number and weight of melons within each harvest date were not significantly different for the wet and dry treatments (Table 1). The total seasonal mean number and total weight of melons produced was significantly greater in the wet treatment. The dry treatment had significantly greater weight per melon than the wet treatment. Drip irrigation could possibly provide farmers with an efficient method for water application without decreasing the melon yield or individual weight. More research needs to be done on improving the durablility and practicality of drip systems in the field over several growing seasons. Cultivating a field with a drip system installed is one of the problems presently being investigated. May, 1987 Vegetable Report Page 34 Table 1. Mean number, weight per melon, and total weight of melons produced on four harvest dates using two levels of irrigation. Mean Weight Total Harvest Date Irrigation # of melons per melon weight 8 -28 -86 Dry 2.25 15.95 52.87 Wet 2.75 11.83 65.12 9 -2 -86 Dry 10.25 19.55 191.44 Wet 18.25 20.18 368.19 9 -9 -86 Dry 20.5 16.93 352.25 Wet 22.0 17.18 378.94 9 -16-86 Dry 10.75 13.78 137.06 Wet 18.75 18.75 235.19 Seasonal Yield Dry 10.93b* 16.55a 183.41b Wet 15.4a 15.42b 261.0a *Means separated by StudentNewman -Keul, P = 5%. May, 1987 Vegetable Report Page 35

Proceedings Publications

• Livingston, M., Jacobsen, B., Jacobsen, B., & Livingston, M. (2011, March). A green roof implementation model for Tucson, Az. In Council for Educators in Landscape Architecture Annual Meeting, 605-632.
• Livingston, M., & Myers, D. (2010, July). Contributions of watercourse-associated greenways to green infrastructure: a comparison between two case studies in Arizona and Maryland, USA in Fabos, J. Gy., Ryan, R. L., Lindhult, M. S., Kumble, P., Kollányi, L., Ahern, J., Jombach. In Fábos Conference on Landscape and Greenway Planning, 161-168.
• Livingston, M., & Rose, C. (2009, 2009). Developing streetscape patterns for Tucson, Arizona. In Council for Educators in Landscape Architecture Annual Meeting, 263-269.
• Livingston, M., & Johnson, L. M. (2005, 2005). Evaluating outcomes of community outreach from an academic perspective. In Council for Educators in Landscape Architecture Annual Meeting, 99-104.
• Addison, E., & Livingston, M. (2004, 2004). Cultural Interpretation and the implementation of water conservation policy. In International Water Demand Management Conference.
• Darnell, B., & Livingston, M. (2003, 2003). Assessing the potential play value of vegetation in the outdoor environments of NAEYC-accredited preschool programs in Tucson, Arizona. In Council for Educators in Landscape Architecture Annual Meeting, 177-182.
• Livingston, M. (2001, 2001). Habitats in Urban Environments. In Design with the Desert Conference.
• Livingston, M., Harris, L. K., & Shaw, W. W. (1999, 1999). Relationships among land cover and vegetation attributes related to wildlife habitats in eastern Pima County. In Urban Wildlife Conservation 4th International Symposium.
• Johnson, L. M., & Livingston, M. (1998, 1998). Cultural Landscape Analysis within the Southwest. In ASLA Annual Meeting, 172-177.
• Shaw, W. W., Harris, L. K., Livingston, M., Charpentier, J., & Wissler, C. (1997, 1997). Wildlife Habitats in Urban Environments. In Effects of Urbanization in the Sonoran Desert Symposium, Tucson, Arizona.
• Livingston, M., Roundy, B. A., & Smith, S. E. (1994, 1994). Association of native grasses and overstory species in southern Arizona. In 8th Wildland Shrub and Arid Land Restoration Symposium, 202-208.

Presentations

• Livingston, M., Barron-Gafford, G. A., & Dimond, K. (2019, March). Maker Space for Environmental Monitoring. CELA 2019. Sacramento, CA.
• Livingston, M. (2016, Fall). Water management and conservation in arid urban environments. UA-GCC.
• Livingston, M., & Kelly, C. (2016, Spring). K. Cederberg and M. Livingston. 2016. Reclaiming greens in the Southwest: Strategies for transforming golf courses into multiuse desert communities.. Council for Educators in Landscape Architecture, Annual Meeting. Salt Lake City, UT.
• Livingston, M. (2012, 2012). Guest reviewer. Petra University. Amman, Jordan.
• Livingston, M. (2013, 2013). What about those microbasins? And more…. ASLA Southern Arizona Chapter Meeting. Tucson, AZ: ASLA Southern Arizona Chapter.
• Livingston, M. (2012, 2012). The New Green Landscape Program: Cutting edge - green technology and design Southern AZ USGBC and Tucson Association of Realtors. USGBC. Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (2012, 2012). What is Xeriscape?. University of Science and Technology, College of Architecture and Design. Amman, Jordan.
• Livingston, M. (2011, 2011). Water conservation in the desert. CALA Homecoming.
• Livingston, M. (2010, 2010). Conserving water in landscapes: understanding Xeriscape principles. Greater Amman Municipality. Amman, Jordan.
• Livingston, M. (2010, 2010). Use of Xeriscape principles in the Landscape Architecture Program at the University of Arizona. 10th Joint Arab Expo for Graduation ProjectsAmman, Jordan.
• Livingston, M. (2010, 2010). What is Xeriscape?. University of Science and Technology, College of Architecture and Design. Amman, Jordan.
• Livingston, M. (2009, 2009). Developing coursework related to water conservation in urban landscapes. Jordan University of Science and Technology. Amman, Jordan.
• Livingston, M., & Babb, Z. (2009, Spring). Paths through the wilderness: planning a rural greenway system through southeastern Arizona. Council for Educators in Landscape Architecture, Annual Meeting. Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M., & Meadows, E. (2009, Spring). A wildlife viewing experience: planning for visitors to Whitewater Draw.. Council for Educators in Landscape Architecture, Annual Meeting, Tucson, AZ. Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M., Kaufman, A., Spooner, D., & Myers, D. (2009, Spring). Exploring campuses as valuable open space: opportunities for teaching, research, and outreach.. Council for Educators in Landscape Architecture, Annual Meeting. Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M., & Fludstad, H. (2008, April). Where do Lizards Lounge? Assessing Potential Habitat Characteristics Favorable for Urban-Adapted Lizards in Tucson, Arizona.. Current Research on the Herpetofauna of the Sonoran Desert IV. Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M., & Rose, C. (2008, Spring). Urban infrastructure in arid environments: Designing public corridor guidelines for alternative modes of transportation in Tucson, AZ.. International Association for Landscape Ecology, U.S. Regional Association, 23rd Annual Symposium. Madison, WI.
• Livingston, M. (2007, 2007). Incorporating native plants in urban spaces: how are we doing?. American Society of Landscape Architecture Tucson Chapter Meeting. Tucson, Arizona.
• Livingston, M. (2007, 2007). Incorporating native plants in urban spaces: how can we do better?. Arizona Native Plant Society Tucson Chapter Meeting. Tucson, Arizona.
• Livingston, M. (2007, 2007). Maintaining biodiversity: green spaces in urban areas. Institute Study Abroad Program. Monteverde, Costa Rica.
• Livingston, M., & Flugstad, H. (2007, Spring). Assessing potential habitat characteristics of urban-adapted lizards in Tucson, Arizona.. International Association for Landscape Ecology, U.S. Regional Association, 22nd Annual Symposium. Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M., & Lotze, W. (2007, Spring). Reclaiming forgotten corridors: An urban greenway system utilizing secondary watercourses in Tucson, Arizona. International Association for Landscape Ecology, U.S. Regional Association, 22nd Annual Symposium. Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M., & Uzzelle, H. (2007, Spring). Public interpretation of urban bird habitat design guidelines on a self-guided tour of the University of Arizona campus in Tucson, Arizona.. International Association for Landscape Ecology, U.S. Regional Association, 22nd Annual Symposium, Tucson, AZ. Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (2006, 2006). Natural versus created landscapes: compromises we make. Horticulture Conference. Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M., & Dudley, E. (2006, Spring). Challenges of public space: evaluating issues of access through private rangelands to public lands in southeastern Arizona. Council for Educators in Landscape Architecture, Annual Meeting. Vancouver, British Columbia.
• Livingston, M., & Jones, J. (2006, Spring). Strategies for increasing access and circulation along secondary watercourses and links with larger river parks in Tucson, Arizona.. International Association for Landscape Ecology, U.S. Regional Association, 21st Annual Symposium. San Diego, California.
• Livingston, M., & Patton, J. (2006, Spring). Integrating pedestrian needs and bird habitat in trail design along secondary watercourses in Tucson, Arizona.. International Association for Landscape Ecology, U.S. Regional Association, 21st Annual Symposium. San Diego, CA.
• Livingston, M., Jones, J., Patton, J., & Kaplan, S. (2006, Spring). A suitability model for evaluating access and trail development along secondary watercourses in Tucson, Arizona. International Association for Landscape Ecology, U.S. Regional Association, 21st Annual Symposium. San Diego, California.
• Johnson, L. M., & Livingston, M. (2005, Fall). Livingston, Margaret, and Lauri Macmillan Johnson. 2005. Evaluating outcomes of community outreach from an academic perspective. Proceedings Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture Annual Conference, A Time of Change, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, September 21-24, abstract:217-218, proceedings: 88-104. 40%. Proceedings Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture Annual Conference, A Time of Change.
• Livingston, M., & Chorover, G. (2005, Spring). Mitigating impacts of urban encroachment on critical protected lands in southeastern Arizona, USA. 17th Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration International. Zaragoza, Spain.
• Livingston, M., & Johnson, L. (2005, Spring). Outcomes of outreach from an academic perspective.. Council for Educators in Landscape Architecture Annual Meeting. Athens, Georgia.
• Livingston, M., & Myers, D. (2005, Spring). Using simple technology to make your small firm more competitive: top10 IT strategies for Improving production, packaging, and presentation.. ASLA Annual Meeting and EXPO. Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
• Livingston, M., Campos, R., & Smith, E. (2005, Spring). Evaluating roadside restoration practices and plant composition in urban zones. 17th Conference of the Society for Ecological Restoration International. Zaragoza, Spain.
• Livingston, M., Myers, D., & Kaufman, A. (2005, Spring). Plants, design and diversity: barriers and links with vegetation in three multi-cultural cities. 36th Annual Conference of the Environmental Design Research Assoc.. Vancouver, Canada.
• Livingston, M. (2004, 2004). Water conservation in urban design. Arid Landscape Workshop IV, Center for the Studies of the Built Environment. Amman, Jordan.
• Livingston, M. (2006, 2006). Careers in landscape ecology. International Association for Landscape Ecology, U.S. Regional Association, 19th Annual Symposium. Las Vegas, Nevada.
• Livingston, M., & Campos, R. (2004, Spring). Evaluating species establishment and revegetation practices along roadsides in Tucson, Arizona. International Association for Landscape Ecology, U.S. Regional Association, 18th Annual Symposium. Las Vegas, Nevada.
• Livingston, M., & Furenlid, K. (2004, Spring). An assessment of neighborhood tree species for avian habitat in Tucson, Arizona. International Association for Landscape Ecology, U.S. Regional Association, 18th Annual Symposium. Las Vegas, Nevada.
• Johnson, L. M., Darnell, B., & Livingston, M. (2003, Fall). Darnell, Beth, Margaret Livingston, and Lauri Macmillan Johnson. 2003. Assessing the play value of vegetation in the outdoor environments of NAEYC-accredited preschool programs in Tucson, AZ. Proceedings Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture Annual Conference, Imprints/Footprints, Clemson University, Charleston, South Carolina, September 24-27, abstract:171, proceedings:176-162. 20%. Proceedings Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture Annual Conference, Imprints/Footprints.
• Livingston, M. (2003, 2003). Careers in landscape ecology. International Association for Landscape Ecology. Banff, Alberta.
• Livingston, M., & Bass, B. (2003, Spring). Assessing ecological sustainability in neighborhoods of Tucson, Arizona, USA. International Association for Landscape Ecology, U.S. Regional Association, 18th Annual Symposium. Banff, Alberta.
• Livingston, M., & Mehlem, J. (2003, Spring). Use of a vegetation suitability index for assessing bird habitat in urban neighborhood parks of Tucson, Arizona, USA. International Association for Landscape Ecology, U.S. Regional Association, 18th Annual Symposium. Banff, Alberta.
• Livingston, M., & Ribes, J. L. (2003, Spring). Integrating existing watercourse patterns into future planning efforts for Tucson, Arizona, USA. International Association for Landscape Ecology, U.S. Regional Association, 18th Annual Symposium. Banff, Alberta.
• Livingston, M., & Smeltzer, J. (2003, Spring). Prioritizing fragmented patches of cottonwood-willow forests for preservation efforts within watercourses in urban and exurban areas of Tucson Arizona. USA. International Association for Landscape Ecology, U.S. Regional Association, 18th Annual Symposium. Banff, Alberta, CA.
• Livingston, M., & Smith, E. (2003, Spring). Evaluation of potential refuge sites in areas of urban development for an endangered species, Coryphantha scheeri var. robustispina.. International Association for Landscape Ecology, 6th Annual World Congress. Darwin, Australia.
• Livingston, M., Smith, S. E., & Shwartz, M. (2003, Spring). An assessment of Tucson riparian corridors: representative native communities or degraded interior strands?. International Association for Landscape Ecology, U.S. Regional Association, 18th Annual Symposium. Banff, Alberta.
• Livingston, M. (2002, 2002). Application of Sonoran Desert plants in created landscapes. Arid Landscape Workshops II and III. Amman, Jordan.
• Livingston, M. (2002, 2002). Planting design in arid climates. Instructor, Arid Landscape Workshops II and III (2-day workshops). Center for the Studies of the Built Environment. Amman, Jordan.
• Livingston, M. (2002, 2002). Planting design in arid climates. Instructor, Arid Landscape Workshops II and III (2-day workshops), Center for the Studies of the Built Environment, Amman, Jordan.
• Livingston, M., & Al-Asad, M. (2002, Spring). Evaluating cross-cultural exchanges in landscape architecture: water conservation workshop in Amman, Jordan. Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture, Annual Meeting. Syracuse, New York.
• Livingston, M., & Goodwin, T. (2002, Spring). Recreating the Sonoran Desert in the urban matrix: evaluation of the City of Tucson Native Plant Preservation Ordinance. International Association for Landscape Ecology, U. S. Regional Association, 17th Annual Symposium. Lincoln, Nebraska.
• Livingston, M., Duncan, A., & Smith, S. (2002, Spring). Relationship between remnant size and plant species diversity in the Tucson Urban Matrix. International Association for Landscape Ecology, U. S. Regional Association, 17th Annual Symposium. Lincoln, Nebraska.
• Livingston, M. (2001, 2001). Creating landscapes in water scarce environments: A case study of Tucson, Arizona. Lecturer, Public Lecture Series, Center for the Studies of the Built Environment. Amman, Jordan.
• Livingston, M. (2001, 2001). Creating landscapes in water scarce environments: A case study of Tucson, Arizona. Public Lecture Series, Center for the Studies of the Built Environment. Amman, Jordan.
• Livingston, M. (2001, 2001). Creating low-water-use landscapes in arid environments. Instructor, Arid Landscape Workshop I (2-day workshop). Center for the Studies of the Built Environment. Amman, Jordan.
• Livingston, M. (2001, 2001). Creating low-water-use landscapes in arid environments. Arid Landscape Workshop I (2-day workshop). Amman, Jordan.
• Livingston, M. (2001, 2001). Creating low-water-use landscapes in arid environments. Instructor, Arid Landscape Workshop I (2-day workshop), Center for the Studies of the Built Environment. Amman, Jordan.
• Livingston, M. (2001, 2001). Habitat in urban environments. Design with the Desert Conference: Ecological Perspectives of Living in a Desert Environment. Phoenix, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (2001, 2001). Habitat in urban environments. Lecturer, Design with the Desert Conference: Ecological Perspectives of Living in a Desert Environment. Phoenix, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (2001, 2001). Preserving and creating habitats in urban environments. Lecturer, Southwestern Horticultural Educational Conference. Phoenix, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (2001, 2001). Preserving and creating habitats in urban environments. Southwestern Horticultural Educational Conference. Phoenix, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (2000, 2000). Designing gardens for butterflies and songbirds. Lecturer, Desert Horticulture Conference. Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (2000, 2000). Small plants for small places. Landscape Architecture Conference. Phoenix, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (1999, 1999). Flora and fauna of Arizona. Lecturer, Tucson Botanical Gardens Lecture Series. Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (1999, 1999). Grass taxonomy. Instructor, Tucson Botanical Garden Workshops. Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (1999, Spring). Recreating the Sonoran Desert in the urban matrix: evaluation of the City of Tucson Native Plant Preservation Ordinance. International Association for Landscape Ecology, U. S. Regional Association, 17th Annual Symposium. Lincoln, Nebraska.
• Livingston, M., Harris, L. K., & Shaw, W. W. (2002, Spring). Landscape design for attracting wildlife in southwestern urban environments. Urban Wildlife Conservation, 4th International Symposium. Tucson, AZ.
• Johnson, L. M., & Livingston, M. (1998, Fall). Johnson, Lauri.Macmillan and Margaret Livingston. 1998. Cultural landscape analysis within the Southwest. Proceedings of the American Society of Landscape Architects Annual Meeting, 12 Exploring Livability and Quality of Life, Portland, Oregon, October 2-6:172-177. Translated in Japanese and published in Landscape Design 14 (December):102-103. 70%. Proceedings of the American Society of Landscape Architects Annual Meeting, 12 Exploring Livability and Quality of Life.
• Livingston, M. (1998, 1998). Guided tour: plants of the University of Arizona. Desert Horticulture Conference. Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (1998, 1998). Landscape plants for shade. Lecturer, Tucson Botanical Gardens Lecture Series. Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M., Roundy, B. A., & Smith, S. E. (1994, Spring). Association of native grasses and overstory species in southern Arizona. Wildland Shrub and Land Restoration, 8th Annual Symposium, Intermountain Research Station, USDA. Las Vegas, Nevada.
• Livingston, M., Roundy, B. A., & Smith, S. E. (1993, Spokane, Washington). Association of native grasses with overstory plants in southern Arizona. Society for Range Management, 45th Annual Meeting.
• Livingston, M., & Roundy, B. A. (1991, Spring). Seedling emergence of warm-season native grasses in relation to soil cover. Society for Range Management, 44th Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C..
• Livingston, M., Mamood, A. N., Ray, D. T., & Waller, G. D. (1987, Spring). Honey bee pollination and seasonal impact on the seed quantity and quality of cultivated guayule. Guayule Rubber Society, 7th Annual Meeting. Annapolis, Maryland.
• Livingston, M., Ray, D. T., & Smith, S. E. (1987, Spring). Stability evaluation of six guayule cultivars at ten locations over three years. Guayule Rubber Society, 7th Annual Meeting. Annapolis, Maryland.
• Livingston, M., Ray, D. T., & Coates, W. (1986, Spring). Hedging to promote seed production. Guayule Rubber Society, 6th Annual Meeting. College Station, Texas.
• Livingston, M., Bartels, P. G., & Ray, D. T. (1985, Spring). Root development in Cuphea procumbens stem cuttings as influenced by boron, calcium and IBA. Arizona Nevada Academy of Science, 30th Annual Meeting. Phoenix, Arizona.
• Livingston, M. (1984, Spring). Rooting responses of Cuphea angustifolia in various liquid media. Western Society of Crop Science, Annual Meeting. Tucson, AZ.

Reviews

• Livingston, M. (2006. The American Society of Landscape Architects Annual Meeting and Expo, 2005(pp 262-263).
• Livingston, M. (2003. Ecoregion-Based Design for Sustainability, by Robert Bailey(pp 167-168).
• Livingston, M. (2002. Sustainable Landscape Construction(pp 21-29).

Creative Productions

• Livingston, M. (2014. ENG2, UA campus plant list. Collaboration with McGann and Associates.
• Livingston, M., & Steller, T. (2013. Article, Arizona Daily Star, “Tim Steller: So let’s ditch those palm trees,” Tucson, Arizona. Author: Tim Steller.
• Livingston, M. (2012. Article, Oman Observer, “Biosphere 2 to showcase Oman’s aflaj heritage,” Muscat, Oman. Author: Conrad Prabhu..
• Livingston, M. (2012. Article, The Explorer, “Green Roofs project at Biosphere 2,” Tucson, AZ. Author: Mariana Dale..
• Livingston, M. (2009. Exhibition, Tucson Botanical Gardens, featured ceramist, “Flora + Fauna + Function,” Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M., & Livingston, M. (2007. Moonlight Garden, Tucson Botanical Gardens, AZ. Co-designer Patsy Waterfall.
• Livingston, M. (2006. Article, Arizona Daily Star, “Local trees are dying of thirst,” Tucson, AZ. Author: Tony Davis..
• Livingston, M. (2006. Article, Arizona Daily Star, “Use of non-native plantings increases despite warnings,” Tucson, AZ. Author: Tony Davis..
• Livingston, M. (2006. Article, New York Times, “Helping save prickly victims of development,” Author: Patricia Leigh Brown..
• Livingston, M. (2006. Article, The Daily Territorial, “Local builders break ground on Tucson Gardens pavilion,” Tucson, AZ. Author: Philip Moore..
• Livingston, M. (2005. Article, UANEWS.org, “A Water-Conserving Garden for ‘Aqaba,” Tucson, AZ. Author: Susan McGinley..
• Livingston, M. (2003. Article, AZ Daily Star, “Monsoon fells saguaro,” Tucson, AZ. Authors: Jennifer Sterba and Irma L. Bravo..
• Livingston, M. (2003. Article, Arizona Daily Star, “Transplanted cactus survives first year,” Tucson, AZ. Author: Jennifer Sterba..
• Livingston, M. (2002. Acknowledgement, UANews release: uanews.opi.Arizona.edu, Krutch Garden Advisory Committee members..
• Livingston, M. (2002. Article, Arizona Daily Star, “Beautifying a historic temple,” Community Outreach project, Tucson, AZ. Author: Tiffany Kjos..
• Livingston, M. (2002. Article, The Star: Jordanian Weekly Newspaper, Public Lecture Series, Amman, Jordan. Author: Ghassan Joha..
• Livingston, M. (2002. Finalist, Center for Middle Eastern Studies, University of Arizona, 12th Annual photo exhibit, Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (2001. Acknowledgement, City of Tucson Public Library webpage: www.lib.ci.tucson.az.us/bkmkspub/ homeconsumer/gardening.htm, course plant list (LAR 520 website)..
• Livingston, M. (2001. Article, Archnet website: http:// archnet.org., Amman, Jordan..
• Livingston, M. (2001. Article, Archnet website: http://archnet.org. Water Conserving Landscapes Workshop, Amman, Jordan..
• Livingston, M. (2000. Australian Garden, Tucson Botanical Gardens, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (2000. Sonoran Desert Conservation Plan. Tucson, Arizona.
• Livingston, M. (1998. Article, featured designer, “Gardening where you live: Born to Be Wild.” Better Homes and Gardens: Garden Ideas and Outdoor Living. Spring edition..
• Livingston, M. (1998. Nuestro Jardin, Tucson Botanical Gardens, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (1998. Tohono O'odham Trail, Tucson Botanical Gardens, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (1997. Exhibition, featured designer, Sky Harbor Airport Arts Program: Outdoor Expressions, Phoenix, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (1996. Butterfly Habitat Garden, Tucson Botanical Gardens, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (1995. Plants of the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Desert, U.S.D.A. Natural Resources Conservation Service, Tucson Plant Materials Center.
• Livingston, M. (1995. Town of Oro Valley riparian habitat classification and mapping project, Oro Valley, AZ. Collaboration with McGann and Associates. Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (1995. Wildflower Garden, Tucson Botanical Gardens, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (1994. Cienega Creek Natural Preserve Management Plan, Tucson, AZ. Collaboration with McGann and Associates. Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (1994. Sabino Canyon Visitors Center Wildlife Garden, Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (1994. Safford Elementary School Songbird Garden, Tucson Unified School District, Tucson, AZ.

Creative Performances

• Livingston, M. (2006. Red Rock Conservation Area Visitor Center. Collaboration with McGann and Associates.
• Livingston, M. (1999. City of Scottsdale Greenbelt Project. Collaboration with Harris Environmental Group. Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (1996. Red Rock Trail. Sedona Forest Ranger District, U.S. Forest Service. Sedona, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (1996. Sonoita Creek State Park Management Plan. Collaboration with McGann and Associates. Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (1996. Tortolita Mountain Park Master Plan, Oro Valley, AZ. Collaboration with McGann and Associates. Tucson, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (1995. Pima County Habitat Inventory - Phase II, Tucson, AZ. Collaboration with William Shaw (University of Arizona) and Harris Environmental Group. Tucson, AZ.

Others

• Livingston, M., Smith, S., & Halbrook, K. (2014, 2014). Rain Bird Phase II final report.
• Brock, J., Floyd, A., Livingston, M., & Webb, R. (2013, 2013). Design with the Desert: Conservation and Sustainable Development.
• Livingston, M., Smith, S., & Halbrook, K. (2012, 2012). Rain Bird final report.
• Livingston, M., & Bareis, E. (2011, 2011). Public Design Guidelines for Public Access into and along Airport Wash.
• Livingston, M., & Mazza, M. (2011, 2011). Resaca de la Palma Master Plan: Linking History, Ecology and Community in Brownsville, TX.
• Livingston, M., & VanFleet, K. (2012, 2011). Design and conservation enhancement plan: Visitor facility landscapes at Petrified Forest National Park.
• Livingston, M., & Jarchow, C. (2010, 2010). Draft document of outstanding remarkable values (ORVS) for six wild rivers at Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve.
• Livingston, M., Olson, I., Livingston, M., & Olson, I. (2010, 2010). Chamizal National Memorial master plan: renewing a conservation ethic.
• Livingston, M., & Abbott, S. (2009, 2009). Management Strategy for White Sands National Monument. National Park Service.
• Livingston, M., Flugstad, H., & Uzzelle, H. (2007, 2007). Plants benefiting urban wildlife on Campus. Arizona Department of Game and Fish.
• Livingston, M., Jones, J., Lotze, W., & Patton, J. (2007, 2007). Creating trails along secondary washes in Tucson. Arizona Department of Game and Fish.
• Livingston, M., & Campos, R. (2006, 2006). Wildlife Value of Revegetated Roadsides in Tucson, Arizona.
• Livingston, M., & Furenlid, K. (2006, 2006). Assessing Neighborhood Tree Species for Avian Habitats in Tucson, Arizona. Arizona Department of Game and Fish.
• Livingston, M., Chorover, G., & Dudley, E. (2006, 2006). Design Guidelines for Public Access into Saguaro National Monument East from the Rincon Valley, Tucson, Arizona. Arizona Department of Game and Fish.
• Livingston, M., Mehlem, J., & McCaffrey, R. (2004, 2004). Designing created spaces for avian species: assessing existing parks and prescribing design guidelines for future parks in Tucson. Arizona Department of Game and Fish..
• Livingston, M. (2003, 2003). Ortho’s All about Creating Natural Landscapes.
• Duffield, M., Jones, W., & Livingston, M. (2001, 2001). Plants for Dry Climates.
• Livingston, M., & Herring, I. (2000, 2000). Revegetation study of North Central Natural Resource Park. City of Tucson Parks and Recreation Department, Tucson, Arizona.
• McGann, D., Payson, R., Shaw, W. W., Livingston, M., Slawson, L., Nelson, K., & Frederick, T. (1997, 1997). Sonoita Creek State Natural Areas Management Plan. Arizona State Parks, Phoenix, AZ.
• Johnson, L. M., Livingston, M., & Zube, E. (1996, 1996). Tumacacori National Historical Park: Design Concepts for the Administration /Visitor Center Courtyard and the Mission Landscape. National Park Service, Washington, D.C.
• Livingston, M. (1996, 1996). Revegetation/rehabilitation guidelines for the Bell Rock Pathway and the Sedona Red Rock area. United States Forest Service, Coconino National Forest, Sedona, AZ.
• McGann, D., Payson, R., & Livingston, M. (1996, 1996). Watercourse and riparian habitat protection and mitigation requirements: Mitigation standards and implementation guidelines. Pima County Department of Transportation and Flood Control District, AZ.
• McGann, D., Payson, R., & Livingston, M. (1995, 1995). Town of Oro Valley riparian habitat classification and mapping project. Town of Oro Valley, AZ.
• Shaw, W. W., Harris, L. K., & Livingston, M. (1995, 1995). Pima County Habitat Inventory - Phase II. Arizona Department of Game and Fish, Phoenix, AZ.
• McGann, D., Shaw, W. W., & Livingston, M. (1994, 1994). Cienega Creek Natural Preserve Management Plan. Pima County Department of Transportation and Flood Control District, AZ.
• Shaw, W. W., Harris, L. K., Livingston, M., & Propst, L. (1993, 1993). Wildlife Habitat Inventory Pilot Study. Arizona Department of Game and Fish, Phoenix, AZ.
• Livingston, M. (1992, 1992). Urban Landscape Booklet: Native Grasses. Arizona Native Plant Society.
• Livingston, M., Ray, D. T., & Garrot, D. J. (1987, 1987). Evaluation of two levels of irrigation in relation to Calsweet watermelon yield. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension Service Vegetable Report.
• Ray, D. T., & Livingston, M. (1986, 1986). Response of guar to drought conditions. University of Arizona Cooperative Extension Service Forage and Grain Report.