Michael A Mcclure

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Journals/Publications

• Nischwitz, C., Skantar, A., Handoo, Z. A., Hult, M. N., Schmitt, M. E., & Mcclure, M. A. (2013). Occurrence of Meloidogyne fallax in North America, and molecular characterization of M. Fallax and M. minor from U.S. golf course greens. Plant Disease, 97(11), 1424-1430.
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  Abstract: Several species of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are known to have significant presence on turfgrass in golf course greens, particularly in the western United States. Nematodes isolated from a golf course in King County, WA were identified as Meloidogyne minor based on analysis of the large ribosomal subunit (LSU 28S D2-D3 expansion segment), the internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 (ITS rDNA), the intergenic spacer region 2 (IGS2), and the nuclear protein coding gene Hsp90. Sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) primers that were originally designed to be specific for M. fallax were found to cross-react with M. minor. A population from California was determined to be M. fallax based on juvenile tail morphology and analysis of the ribosomal markers and Hsp90, comprising the first report of this species in North America. Using trees based on Hsp90 genomic alignments, the phylogenetic relationships of these populations and known root-knot nematode species were congruent with previous trees based on ribosomal genes. Resolution of M. fallax and M. chitwoodi using Hsp90 was equivalent to species separation obtained with 28S or 18S rDNA alignments. The strengths and weaknesses of ribosomal and Hsp90 markers, and the use of SCAR polymerase chain reaction as diagnostic tools are discussed.
• Ryss, A. Y., McClure, M. A., Nischwitz, C., Dhiman, C., & Subbotin, S. A. (2013). Redescription of Robustodorus megadorus with molecular characterization and analysis of its phylogenetic position within the family aphelenchoididae. Journal of Nematology, 45(4), 237-252.
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  Abstract: Based on a new record of the rare species Robustodorus megadorus from Utah, the generic diagnosis was amended to include the following characters: a labial disc surrounded by six pore-like sensilla; the absence of a cephalic disc; a lobed cephalic region devoid of annulation; a hexagonal inner cuticular structure of the pouch surrounding the stylet cone; large stylet knobs, rounded in outline and somewhat flattened on their lateral margins; a large spermatheca with an occluded lumen and lacking sperm; the excretory pore located between the median bulb and nerve ring. The stylet orifice consists of an open, ventral, elongate slit or groove. These characters distinguish the genus from the closely related genus Aphelenchoides. A lectotype and paralectotypes were designated. Results of phylogenetic analyses of the 18S and D2-D3 of 28S rRNA gene sequences revealed that R. megadorus occupies a basal position within one of the two main clades of the subfamily Aphelenchoidinae and shares close relationships with a species group of the genus Aphelenchoides that includes A. blastophthorus, A.fragariae, A. saprophilus, A. xylocopae, and A. subtenuis. Several specimens in our collection of R. megadorus were infected with Pasteuria sp. as were some of the paralectotypes. © 2013 The Society of Nematologists.
• McClure, M. A., & Schmitt, M. E. (2012). A method for screening candidate nematicides against the pacific shootgall nematode, anguina pacificae. Nematropica, 42(1), 146-152.
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  Abstract: A growth chamber bioassay was developed for testing the efficacy of potential nematicides against the Pacific shootgall nematode, Anguina pacificae. Twenty nine products were assayed, eight of which showed some degree of control. Agroneem Plus, Avid, Cleary 3336 Plus, Levimisole, Neemix +Trilogy, Nemacur, Aldicarb and Vydate penetrated young galls on Poa annua, 10 days after inoculation, and interrupted the nematode's life cycle, either by preventing the development of second generation infective juveniles or by causing the formation of "empty" galls that contained no nematodes. A modification of the assay was used to demonstrate the acropetal systemic activity of Cleary 3336 Plus.
• McClure, M. A., Nischwitz, C., Skantar, A. M., Schmitt, M. E., & Subbotin, S. A. (2012). Root-knot nematodes in golf course greens of the western United States. Plant Disease, 96(5), 635-647.
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  Abstract: A survey of 238 golf courses in 10 states of the western United States found root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in 60% of the putting greens sampled. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of 18S rRNA, D2-D3 of 28S rRNA, internal transcribed spacer-rRNA, and mitochondrial DNA gene sequences were used to identify specimens from 110 golf courses. The most common species, Meloidogyne naasi, was found in 58 golf courses distributed from Southern California to Washington in the coastal or cooler areas of those states. In the warmer regions of the Southwest, M. marylandi was recovered from 38 golf courses and M. graminis from 11 golf courses. This constitutes the first report of M. marylandi in Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, and Utah, and the first report of M. graminis in Arizona, Hawaii, and Nevada. Two golf courses in Washington were infested with M. minor, the first record of this nematode in the Western Hemisphere. Columbia root-knot nematode, M. chitwoodi, was found in a single golf course in California. Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism of the intergenic region between the cytochrome oxidase and 16S rRNA genes in the mitochondrial genome with restriction enzyme SspI was able to distinguish populations of M. graminis from M. marylandi, providing a fast and inexpensive method for future diagnosis of these nematodes from turf. © 2012 The American Phytopathological Society.
• McClure, M., & Schmitt, M. (2012). A method for screening candidate nematicides against the Pacific shoot-gall nematode, Anguina pacificae. Nematropica, 42, 146-152.
• McClure, M., Nischwitz, C., Schmit, M., & Sergei, A. (2012). Root-knot Nematodes in Golf Course Greens of the Western United States. Plant Disease, 96, 635-647.
• Mcclure, M. A., & Marian, M. (2010). Medical Nutrition Therapy for Patients with Head & Neck Cancer. Support Line, 4.
• Kubota, C., McClure, M. A., Kokalis-Burelle, N., Bausher, M. G., & Rosskopf, E. N. (2008). Vegetable grafting: History, use, and current technology status in North America. HortScience, 43(6), 1664-1669.
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  Abstract: Grafting of vegetable seedlings is a unique horticultural technology practiced for many years in East Asia to overcome issues associated with intensive cultivation using limited arable land. This technology was introduced to Europe and other countries in the late 20th century along with improved grafting methods suitable for commercial production of grafted vegetable seedlings. Later, grafting was introduced to North America from Europe and it is now attracting growing interest, both from greenhouse growers and organic producers. Grafting onto specific rootstocks generally provides resistance to soilborne diseases and nematodes and increases yield. Grafting is an effective technology for use in combination with more sustainable crop production practices, including reduced rates and overall use of soil fumigants in many other countries. Currently, over 40 million grafted tomato seedlings are estimated to be used annually in North American greenhouses, and several commercial trials have been conducted for promoting use of grafted melon seedlings in open fields. Nevertheless, there are issues identified that currently limit adoption of grafted seedlings in North America. One issue unique to North America is the large number of seedlings needed in a single shipment for large-scale, open-field production systems. Semi- or fully-automated grafting robots were invented by several agricultural machine industries in the 1990s, yet the available models are limited. The lack of flexibility of the existing robots also limits their wider use. Strategies to resolve these issues are discussed, including the use of a highly controlled environment to promote the standardized seedlings suitable for automation and better storage techniques. To use this technology widely in North American fresh vegetable production, more information and locally collected scientific and technical data are needed.
• McClure, M. A., Schmitt, M. E., & Mccullough, M. D. (2008). Distribution, biology and pathology of Anguina pacificae. Journal of Nematology, 40(3), 226-239.
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  PMID: 19440264;PMCID: PMC2664668;Abstract: Anguina pacificae is distributed along a narrow strip on the Pacific coast of Northern California where it forms galls on the shoots of Poa annua and causes significant damage to golf course greens. Methods were developed for the continuous propagation of A. pocificae on P. annua in growth chambers, and they were used to examine the life cycle and host-parasite relationships of the nematode. At a mean temperature of 20°C (22°C day/18°C night) the life cycle was completed in as little as 32 days (inoculation to second-generation J2). The first molt occurred in the egg. Infective J2 hatched from the eggs and penetrated the shoot near the crown of the plant where a cavity was formed 200 to 300 μm below the shoot apex. A gall around the cavity was visible 12 days after inoculation (DAI), and the cavity and gall continued to enlarge until second-generation J2 began to hatch. Three additional molts occurred in the cavity of the developing gall 14 to 24 DAI. Sexes could be distinguished 15 DAI. Egg production began 26 DAI and continued for 10 to 15 days. Eggs commenced hatching inside the gall 42 DAI, when the adults began to die and decompose. By 57 DAI, the gall had reached its maximum diameter, and the cavity was filled entirely with second-generation J2 that remained in the gall until they were liberated when the gall decomposed. J2 in galls survived desiccation over silica gel for 14 months at 14°C and were active and infective when rehydrated. © The Society of Nematologists 2008.
• Hubbard, J. E., Flores-Lara, Y., Schmitt, M., McClure, M. A., Stock, S. P., & Hawes, M. C. (2005). Increased penetration of host roots by nematodes after recovery from quiescence induced by root cap exudate. Nematology, 7(3), 321-331.
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  Abstract: Fourteen of 20 plant species surveyed produced root cap exudates that induced a state of reversible quiescence in Meloidogyne incognita and Caenorhabditis elegans. Exudate from six species failed to induce quiescence in either nematode species. Root cap exudates from pea were found to trigger quiescence in populations of plant-parasitic, animal-parasitic, insect-pathogenic, and free-living nematode species. One animal parasite was resistant. Caenorhabditis elegans strains with defects in known metabolic pathways also were screened to explore the potential for using this model system to examine the genetic basis for exudates-induced quiescence (EIQ). All 62 lines tested exhibited wild type sensitivity to root cap exudates and preliminary efforts to obtain viable EIQ-resistant strains by ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) mutagenesis were unsuccessful. After recovery from EIQ, penetration of alfalfa roots by second-stage juveniles of M. incognita more than doubled within 24 h, compared with controls, and the number of nematodes per root remained high for a week but long-term development and maturation was similar to that of untreated control inoculum. In cucumber, penetration after recovery from EIQ increased by several fold but returned to control levels within 4 days post-inoculation. © Koninklijke Brill NV, 2005.
• Hu, G. G., McClure, M. A., & Schmitt, M. E. (2000). Origin of a Meloidogyne incognita surface coat antigen. Journal of Nematology, 32(2), 174-182.
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  PMID: 19270963;PMCID: PMC2620445;Abstract: The surface coat (SC) of plant nematodes is thought to originate either from the living hypodermis or from secretory glands associated with the excretory system or nervous system. In this study, we investigated the origin of the SC of Meloidogyne incognita by immunolocalization with a monoclonal antibody raised against the surface coat of the preparasitic juveniles (J2). Under the electron microscope, strong labeling was found on the cuticular surface and in the rectal dilation of the J2, while labeling was absent in other parts of the nematode, including the hypodermis, excretory system, nervous system, and digestive system. Because the rectal glands are known to be the origin of the gelatinous egg matrix produced by adult females of Meloidogyne, we also examined sections of mature females from monoxenic cultures of Arabidopsis thaliana. Labeling of the female occurred in the rectal glands and in the gelatinous matrix exuded from the anus. At the ultrastructural level, gold particles were mainly deposited in multivesicular bodies that appeared to be associated with the Golgi bodies of the rectal glands. Our results suggest that at least one component of the J2 SC originates from the rectal gland cells and that the SC of the J2 shares common epitopes with the gelatinous egg matrix of mature females.
• Gravato-Nobre, M., McClure, M. A., Dolan, L., Calder, G., Davies, K. G., Mulligan, B., Evans, K., & Mende, N. V. (1999). Meloidogyne incognita surface antigen epitopes in infected Arabidopsis roots. Journal of Nematology, 31(2), 212-223.
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  PMID: 19270892;PMCID: PMC2620359;Abstract: Surface-coat epitopes of Meloidogyne incognita were detected in root tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana during migration and feeding site formation. A whole-mount root technique was used for immunolocalization of surface coat epitopes in A. thaliana, with the aid of a monoclonal antibody raised specifically against the outer surface of infective juveniles of M. incognita. The antibody, which was Meloidogyne-specific, recognized a fucosyl-bearing glycoprotein in the surface coat. During migration in host tissues the surface coat was shed, initially accumulating in the intercellular spaces next to the juvenile and later at cell junctions farther from the nematode. Upon induction of giant cell formation, the antibody bound to proximally located companion cells and sieve elements of the phloem.
• Baldwin, J. G., Mundo-Ocampo, M., & McClure, M. A. (1997). Cactodera salina n. sp. from the Estuary plant, Salicornia bigelovii, in Sonora, Mexico. Journal of Nematology, 29(4), 465-473.
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  PMID: 19274182;PMCID: PMC2619802;Abstract: Cactodera salina n. sp. (Heteroderinae) is described from roots of the estuary plant Salicornia bigelovii (Chenopodiaceae), in Puerto Penasco, Sonora, Mexico, at the northern tip of the Sea of Cortez. The halophyte host is grown experimentally for oilseed in plots flooded daily with seawater. Infected plants appear to be adversely affected by C. salina relative to plants in noninfested plots. Cactodera salina extends the morphological limits of the genus. Females and cysts have a very small or absent terminal cone and deep cuticular folds in a zigzag pattern more typical of Heterodera and Globodera than of Cactodera spp. Many Cactodera spp. have a tuberculate egg surface, whereas C. salina shares the character of a smooth egg with C. amaranthi, C. weissi, and C. acnidae. Only C. milleri and C. acnidae have larger cysts than C. salina. Face patterns of males and second-stage juveniles, as viewed with scanning electron microscopy, reveal the full complement of six lip sectors as in other Cactodera spp. Circumfenestrae of C. salina are typical for the genus.
• Chitambar, J. J., Mahato, T. R., McClure, M. A., & Marino, B. D. (1997). Description of Hemicycliophora biosphaera n. sp. from Arizona (Nemata: Criconematidae). Journal of Nematology, 29(3), 329-335.
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  PMID: 19274166;PMCID: PMC2619793;Abstract: Hemicycliophora biosphaera n. sp. (Nemata: Criconematidae) was found in soil from a fallow field plot within the Biosphere 2 Center, Oracle, Arizona. The nematode species is characterized by continuous and irregular breaks in transverse striae in the lateral field, smooth annules, a rounded-truncate lip region with rounded anterior margins, three lip annules, first labial annule elevated and widened laterally, dome-shaped and elevated labial disc, styler length (76-97 μm), VA%T value (30-59), 234-273 body annules, and tail with a terminus offset, cylindrical to slightly conoid digit. Hemicycliophora biosphaera n. sp. most closely resembles H. armandae but differs from it in body width (30-39 vs. 38-54 μm), stylet length (76-97 vs. 95-119 μm), greater number of annules between the excretory pore and esophagus base (4-16 vs. 2), length of the tail terminal spike (16-28 vs. 32 μm), lower Rvan value (9-15 vs. 16), and indistinct spermatheca vs. distinct spermatheca.
• Esnard, J., McClure, M. A., Dickson, D. W., Hewlett, T. E., & Zuckerman, B. M. (1997). Effects of monoclonal antibodies, cationized ferritin, and other organic molecules on adhesion of Pasteuria penetrans endospores to Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Nematology, 29(4), 556-564.
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  PMID: 19274193;PMCID: PMC2619811;Abstract: The incidence of adhesion of Pasteuria penetrans endospores to Meloidogyne incognita second-stage juveniles (J2) was studied after pretreatment of the latter with monoclonal antibodies (MAb), cationized ferritin, and other organic molecules in replicated trials. Monoclonal antibodies developed to a cuticular epitope of M. incognita second-stage juveniles gave significant reductions in attachment of P. penetrans endospores to treated nematodes. MAb bound to the entire length of J2 except for the area of the lateral field, where binding was restricted to the incisures. Since reductions in attachment with MAb treatment were modest, it is uncertain if these results implicated a specific surface protein as a factor that interacted in binding of the endospore to the nematode cuticle. Endospore attachment was decreased following treatment of the nematode with the detergents sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Endospore attachment to live nematodes was significantly greater than attachment to dead nematodes. Attachment rates of three P. penetrans isolates to M. incognita race 3 varied between isolates. The effects of neuraminidase, pronase, pepsin, trypsin, lipase, and Na periodate on endospore attachment were inconsistent. The cationic dye alcian blue, which binds sulfate and carboxyl groups on acidic glycans, had no consistent effect on endospore attachment. The incidence of endospore attachment was significantly lower but modest, at best, for nematodes that were treated with cationized ferritin alone or cationized ferritin following monoclonal antibody. The lack of consistency or extreme reduction in most experiments suggests that attachment of P. penetrans spores to M. incognita is not specified by only one physico-chemical factor, but may involve a combination of at least two physico-chemical factors (including surface charge and movement of the J2). This points to a need for analysis of combined or factorial treatment effects.
• Lin, H., & McClure, M. A. (1996). Surface coat of Meloidogyne incognita. Journal of Nematology, 28(2), 216-224.
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  PMID: 19277137;PMCID: PMC2619683;Abstract: The nematode surface coat is defined as an extracuticular component on the outermost layer of the nematode body wall, visualized only by electron microscopy. Surface coat proteins of Meloidogyne incognita race 3 infective juveniles were characterized by electrophoresis and Western blotting of extracts from radioiodine and biotin-labeled nematodes. Extraction of labeled nematodes with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide yielded a principal protein band larger than 250 kDa and, with water soluble biotin, several faint bands ranging from 31 kDa to 179 kDa. The pattern of labeling was similar for both labeling methods. Western blots of unlabeled proteins were probed with a panel of biotin-lectin conjugates, but only Concanavalin A bound to the principal band. Nematodes labeled with radioiodine and biotin released 125I and biotin-labeled molecules into water after 20 hours incubation, indicating that surface coat proteins may be loosely attached to the nematode. Antiserum to the partially purified principal protein bound to the surface of live nematodes and to several proteins on Western blots. Differential patterns of antibody labeling were obtained on immuno-blots of extracts from M. incognita race 1, 2, and 3; Meloidogyne hapla race 2; and Meloidogyne arenaria cytological race B.
• McClure, M. A., & Schmitt, M. E. (1996). Control of citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, with cadusafos. Journal of Nematology, 28(4 SUPPL.), 624-628.
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  PMID: 19277185;PMCID: PMC2619740;Abstract: Granular (Rugby 10G) and liquid (Rugby 100 ME) formulations of cadusafos were evaluated for the control of Tylenchulus semipenetrans on mature lemon trees in a commercial citrus orchard at Yuma, Arizona. Three applications of cadusafos, with 2 months between applications, at the rate of 2 g a.i./m2 reduced nematode populations to undetectable levels and increased the yield and rate of fruit maturity of 'Rosenberger' lemons. Yields were increased 12.587 kg/ha with Rugby 100ME and 8.392 kg/ha with Rugby 10G. Nematode populations were suppressed for at least 12 months after the last application.
• Ogallo, J. L., & McClure, M. A. (1996). Systemic acquired resistance and susceptibility to root-knot nematodes in tomato. Phytopathology, 86(5), 498-501.
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  Abstract: Changes in host suitability of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum 'Celebrity') to host-incompatible Meloidogyne incognita and host-compatible M. hapla were determined after concomitant and sequential inoculations of split-root assays. Initially, infective second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. hapla or M. incognita were applied to one-half of split-root systems, and 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 days later, the other half was challenge-inoculated with the same or other species. Each challenge-inoculation had a corresponding control in which the same nematode species was applied to only one-half of a split-root system. Host suitability, based on nematode eggs (Pf) per unit of initial inoculum density (Pi) of 2,000 J2, was determined 60 days after challenge-infection. Prior inoculation with M. incognita significantly suppressed reproduction of challenge M. hapla applied 5 days after or later. Reproduction ratios (Pf/Pi) of challenge M. hapla were 20, 13, 6, 5, and 4, whereas corresponding controls were 21, 18, 17, 15, and 12. Concomitant inoculations with both species did not alter host suitability to either species nor did sequential inoculations with M. incognita as both prior and challenge species. Prior inoculation with M. hapla significantly enhanced reproduction of challenge M. incognita about four times relative to controls. These results indicate that prior infection of plants with incompatible or compatible nematode species induced systemic resistance or susceptibility, respectively, to later nemitode infections.
• Ogallo, J. L., & McClure, M. A. (1995). Induced resistance to Meloidogyne hapla by other Meloidogyne species on tomato and pyrethrum plants. Journal of Nematology, 27(4), 441-447.
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  PMID: 19277310;PMCID: PMC2619633;
• Spiegel, Y., & McClure, M. A. (1995). The surface coat of plant-parasitic nematodes: Chemical composition, origin, and biological role - A review. Journal of Nematology, 27(2), 127-134.
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  PMID: 19277272;PMCID: PMC2619597;
• McClure, M. A., & Spiegel, Y. (1991). Role of the nematode surface coat in the adhesion of Clavibacter sp. to Anguina funesta and Anguina tritici. Parasitology, 103(3), 421-427.
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  Abstract: Clavibacter sp. (syn. Corynebacterium rathayi) adhered to both Anguina funesta (syn. Anguina agrostis) and Anguina tritici, but differences in the nature of adhesion were noted. Similar patterns of binding of the bacteria and of anti-wheat germ agglutinin antibody initially led us to believe that the mechanism of bacterial adhesion was related to the presence of wheat-germ agglutinin (WGA) on the outer cuticle of both species of nematodes and its complementary carbohydrate on the bacterial capsule. However, treatment of either species of nematode with sodium metaperiodate inhibited bacterial adhesion but not the binding of anti-WGA antibody. Bacterial adhesion, therefore, is not mediated by WGA on the nematodes' surface. Moreover, differences in patterns of bacterial adhesion to Anguina species, both before and after treatments with NaCl and detergents, suggest basic interspecific differences in the nature of adhesion. Electron microscopy confirmed the contribution of the nematodes' cuticular surface coat (SC) to the process of adhesion, but it is still not clear how the SC interacts with the bacterial capsule or which of its components are involved. While complete removal of the SC with periodate prevented bacterial adhesion, juveniles that naturally resisted bacterial adhesion did not lack a SC. One explanation could be that the SC of individuals, to which bacteria do not adhere naturally, lacks crucial components that cannot be defined by conventional EM.
• Vahidi, H., Curran, J., Nelson, D. W., Webster, J. M., McClure, M. A., & Honda, B. M. (1988). Unusual sequences, homologous to 5S RNA, in ribosomal DNA repeats of the nematode Meloidogyne arenaria. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 27(3), 222-227.
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  PMID: 3138424;Abstract: There are sequences homologous to 5S ribosomal RNA in the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeats of the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne arenaria. This is surprising, because in all other higher eukaryotes studied to date, the genes for 5S RNA are unlinked to and distinct from a tandem rDNA repeat containing the genes for 18S, 5.8S, and 28S ribosomal RNA. Previously, only prokaryotes and certain "lower eukaryotes" (protozoa and fungi) had been found to have both the larger rRNAs and 5S rRNA represented within a single DNA repeat. This has raised questions on the organization of these repeats in the earliest cell (progenote), and on subsequent evolutionary relationships between pro- and eukaryotes. Evidence is presented for rearrangements and deletions within Meloidogyne rDNA. The unusual life cycles (different levels of ploidy, reproduction by meiotic and mitotic parthenogenesis) of members of this genus might allow rapid fixation of any variants with introduced 5S RNA sequences. The 5S RNA sequences in Meloidogyne rDNA may not be expressed, but their presence raises important questions as to the evolutionary origins and stability of repeat gene families. © 1988 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
• McClure, M. A., & Wyckoff, R. W. (1982). Ultrastructural characteristics of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Journal of General Microbiology, 128(3), 433-437.
• Misaghi, I., McClure, M. A., & Kruk, T. H. (1975). Concentration of adenylates and energy charge values in cotton roots infected with Meloidogyne incognita. Physiological Plant Pathology, 6(1), 85-91.
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  Abstract: Infection of resistant and susceptible cotton seedlings by Meloidogyne incognita resulted in appreciable increases in the levels of adenosine monophosphate, adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate in roots within 1 day after inoculation. In spite of marked increases in the adenylate content of the infected tissues, there were no appreciable changes in adenylate energy charge of either susceptible or resistant plants. The results of this study suggest that in Meloidogyne-infected tissues, oxidative phosphorylation is not uncoupled and, therefore, the machinery for adenosine triphosphate production remains highly functional. Moreover, the stability of energy charge in infected tissues indicates that infection does not upset the energy metabolism of the host cells. © 1975.
• McClure, M. A., Misaghi, I., & Nigh Jr, E. L. (1973). Shared antigens of parasitic nematodes and host plants. Nature, 244(5414), 306-307.
• Mcclure, M. A., & Robertson, J. (1973). Infection of cotton seedlings by meloidogyne incognita and a method of producing uniformly infected root segments. Nematologica, 19(4), 428-434.
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  Abstract: Larvae of Meloidogyne incognita failed to penetrate root tissues 4 cm from the root tip and only a few penetrated 2 cm from the tip. Following penetration, larvae initially became oriented acropetally, parallel to the stele and could migrate up to 12 mm towards the growing tip. However, by 32 hr they were randomly oriented. The inoculation procedure utilized assures uniform, synchronous penetration of cotton roots by these nematodes. © 1973 BRILL.
• McClure, M. A. (1972). Comparative biochemistry of cotton resistant and susceptible to the root-knot nematode. Phytochemistry, 11(7), 2209-2212.
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  Abstract: Cotton varieties resistant and susceptible to the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, have been compared by selected analyses of naturally occurring constituents of the roots. Quantitative data are presented on the occurrence of amino acids, free sugars, fatty acids, sterols, total lipids, total phenols and gossypol. No qualitative differences between varieties were detected. © 1972.
• McClure, M. A. (1971). Gas-liquid chromatography of gossypol. Journal of Chromatography A, 54(C), 25-31.
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  PMID: 5544787;Abstract: Extraneous peaks resulting from the gas-liquid chromatography of gossypol thrimethylsilyl derivatives are shown to be the products of incomplete silylation of the gossypol molecule. A comparison of methods for the treatment of cotton root extracts prior to chromatography is presented and the quantitative determination of gossypol as its trimethylsilyl ether is discussed. © 1971.
• Mcclure, M. A. (1969). Styrene divinylbenzene spheres, a convenient support for microscope slide coverlips. Nematologica, 15(1), 155-155.
• Mcclure, M. A., & Viglierchio, D. R. (1966). Penetration of meloidogyne incognita in relation to growth and nutrition of sterile, excised cucumber roots. Nematologica, 12(2), 237-247.
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  Abstract: The concentration of the culture medium constituents was found to influence the number of nematodes penetrating host roots. Increasing the concentration of sucrose, macronutrient salts, and iron chelate resulted, up to a certain point, in a corresponding increase in penetration. Changes in penetration, however, did not correlate significantly with growth of the host. Penetration was unaffected when root growth was controlled by adding either 1-napthaleneacetic acid or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid to the culture medium. Penetration was also found to be independent of the number of available root sites and of the number of nematodes in the inoculum. The number of nematodes found in the roots was related linearly to the number added to the cultures. © 1966 BRILL.
• Mcclure, M. A., & Viglierchio, D. R. (1966). The influence of host nutrition and intensity of infection on the sex ratio and development of meloidogyne incognita in sterile agar cultures of excised cucumber roots. Nematologica, 12(2), 248-258.
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  Abstract: Rate of development of Meloidogyne incognita was decreased at reduced concentrations of sucrose and iron chelate. Decreasing the concentrations of vitamins and macronutrient salts resulted in an increased rate of nematode development. The concentration of the macronutrient salts also had a profound influence on the nature of the gall. Galls on a medium deficient in the macronutrient salts were much larger and less compact than those on complete nutrient. Sex-ratio of M. incognita was dependent upon host nutrition but not upon intensity of infection. At reduced sucrose concentrations, 100 percent males occurred. Rate of development was inversely proportional to the number of nematodes added to the culture and to the number of nematodes per gall. © 1966 BRILL.