Xiushan Zhu

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• Ma, C., Qiu, Z., Zhao, F., Zhu, X., & Chu, Y. (2011). Oxygen evolution properties of titanium-based IrO ₂+SnO ₂ electrode and application in electrolytic synthesis of succinic acid. Huagong Xuebao/CIESC Journal, 62(11), 3222-3227.
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  Abstract: The dimensionally stable anode(DSA) has been developing quickly in recent years. The IrO 2+SnO 2/ Sb 2O 3+SnO 2/Ti, IrO 2+Ta 2O 5/ Sb 2O 3+SnO 2/Ti and IrO 2+SnO 2/Ti coated electrodes were prepared by the thermal decomposition method. The properties of the coated electrodes for oxygen evolution were studied by linear sweep voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and accelerated corrosion test. Pb and its alloy electrodes were also used in contrast experiment. Distribution of chemical elements and surface topography were observed by EDX and SEM. The effects of electrolytic result were investigated with the coated electrodes, Pb and its alloy electrodes as anode in electrolytic synthesis of succinic acid. The results showed that the cell voltage reduced by 0.5-0.7 V and current consumption of electrolysis decreased by almost 10% when the coated electrodes instead of Pb and its alloy electrodes were used in the electrolytic process. Based on the comparison of three coated electrodes, the SnO 2-Sb 2O 3 interlayer could improve the properties of the coated electrodes for oxygen evolution and the service life of the coated electrodes in H 2SO 4 solution. The IrO 2+SnO 2/ Sb 2O 3+SnO 2/Ti electrode displayed favorable performance for oxygen evolution and the working life exceeded 1456 days as the SnO 2 replaced Ta 2O 5 in the active coating of electrode. Although cell voltage and current consumption of electrolysis were a little bit higher, IrO 2+SnO 2 coated electrode was more cost effective because of replacement of noble metal in active coating. © All Rights Reserved.
• Ma, C., Zhu, X., & Zhao, F. (2010). Electrolytic synthesis of succinic acid on Ti/TiO₂ film electrode. Gaodeng Xuexiao Huaxue Xuebao/Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities, 31(10), 2046-2051.
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  Abstract: Ti/TiO2 film electrode was prepared by in-situ anodic oxidation method in a mixture of 1.0 mol/L H2SO4 and 1.0 mol/L maleic acid solution. Then succinic acid was synthesized by technique of switching the polarity in the original solution. Elemental composition and valence state analysis of anodic oxidation film were detected by XPS. The porous structure and rutile structure of TiO2 film were observed by SEM and XRD. Electrochemical performance of the Ti/TiO2 film electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, constant potential step and galvanostatic electrolysis experiments. The results indicated that an excellent electro-catalytic activity for reduction of maleic acid to succinic acid in H2SO4 solution could be confirmed. Galvanostatic electrolysis experiments were carried out on an anode of DSA and a cathode of Ti/TiO2 film electrode at 45°C. The experimental results gave the reduction yield of 95.94%, current efficiency of 95.57%, the purity of 99.28% and melting point of 185-187°C for production of succinic acid.
• Zhao, F., Shen, H., Zhu, X., & Ma, C. (2010). Electrochemical tubular reactor and its application in preparation of succinic acid. Gao Xiao Hua Xue Gong Cheng Xue Bao/Journal of Chemical Engineering of Chinese Universities, 24(3), 441-445.
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  Abstract: Based on the analysis of the present technologies and electrolysers used for succinic acid production, the measure of using a self-flowing electrochemical tubular reactor was proposed for the continuously producing succinic acid. In this proposed measure, without the help of circulating pump the electrolyte flows from an elevated tank and through the reactor under the drive of gravity force. Moreover, the heat produced by the electrolytic reaction in the proposed tubular reactor is sufficient for the reactor to maintain its operating temperature in a suitable range. Through the working mechanism analysis and experimental research of the proposed measure, the suitable operation conditions of the proposed measure were found as follows: the current density of 3 A · dm-2, cell voltage of 3.5~4.2 V, electrolysis temperature of 41~48°C, initial maleic acid weight percent of 10% and initial sulphuric acid weight percent of 5%. Experiments show that, under above suitable conditions, the yield of succinic acid can reach 71%~91%, and the current efficiency can be 65%~84%.
• Jain, R. K., & Zhu, X. (2008). Advances in materials and fibers for high power Mid-infrared fiber lasers. 2008 2nd National Workshop on Advanced Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, AOMD 2008, 307-316.
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  Abstract: Ten-watt-level free-running operation and watt-level wavelength-tunable narrow-linewidth operation of heavily erbium-doped ZBLAN double-clad fiber lasers near 3 ìm are reported. The obstacles of further power scaling and an approach to extend the tunable range of mid-infrared fibers are discussed.
• Zhu, X., & Jain, R. (2008). Watt-level Er-doped and Er-Pr-codoped ZBLAN fiber amplifiers at the 2.7-2.8 μm avelength range. Optics Letters, 33(14), 1578-1580.
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  PMID: 18628803;Abstract: Characteristics of diode-pumped Er-doped and Er-Pr-codoped ZBLAN fiber amplifiers were investigated at the 2.7-2.8 μm wavelength range. An amplified signal of 4.6 W was obtained from the singly Er-doped amplifier for an input signal of 110 mW, corresponding to a net gain of 16.2 dB. An amplified signal of 2.65 W was obtained from the Er-Pr-codoped amplifier for an input signal of 70 mW, corresponding to a net gain of 15.8 dB. It is found that the gain bandwidth of the singly Er-doped amplifier is much narrower than that of the Er-Pr-codoped amplifier. Small gain, no gain, or even a loss for shorter-wavelength signals propagating through the singly Er-doped amplifier should attribute for the large number residual populations in the lower laser level caused by the inefficient depopulation of the energy transfer upconversion processes. © 2008 Optical Society of America.
• Zhu, X., & Jain, R. (2007). 10-W-level diode-pumped compact 2.78 μm ZBLAN fiber laser. Optics Letters, 32(1), 26-28.
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  PMID: 17167572;Abstract: We report on >9 W transverse-fundamental-mode CW output near 3 μm from a 4 m heavily erbium-doped ZBLAN double-clad fiber laser pumped by a collimated 100 W 975 nm laser diode array. The pump threshold of the fiber laser was about 1 W, and the slope efficiency was 21.3%. The peak wavelength of free running was about 2708 nm at low pump power and moved to around 2785 nm at high pump power. Output of 9 W was obtained when the launched pump power was 42.8 W. The output, however, fluctuated intensively like a pulsed laser, and the operation broke down with optical damage of the pumping end facet when the pump was increased beyond 42.8 W. Therefore, alleviation of the operation fluctuation, heat management, and strengthening the pumping fiber are crucial considerations for the stable operation of 10-W-level mid-IR ZBLAN fiber lasers. © 2006 Optical Society of America.
• Zhu, X., & Jain, R. (2007). Compact 2 W wavelength-tunable Er:ZBLAN mid-infrared fiber laser. Optics Letters, 32(16), 2381-2383.
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  PMID: 17700792;Abstract: We report a high-power diode-pumped wavelength-tunable (2.7-2.83 μm) erbium-doped ZBLAN mid-infrared fiber laser. Continuous-wave output of >2 W with a spectral linewidth of 1.27 GHz was obtained. Nevertheless, the wavelength-tunable range was found to shrink with increasing pump power. The gain bandwidth narrowing under strong pumping may be ascribed to the enhanced reabsorption process and the weakened population inversion associated with shorter-wavelength emissions. © 2007 Optical Society of America.
• Zhu, X. S., & Jain, R. (2006). Demonstration of > 8 watt output from laser diode pumped mid-infrared fiber lasers. Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and 2006 Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, CLEO/QELS 2006.
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  Abstract: 10-Watt-level diode pumped erbium-doped ZBLAN fiber lasers at 2.7 μm were demonstrated. 8 W output was obtained by dual-end pumping a piece of 4 m 60,000 ppm heavily erbium-doped double-clad fiber. Copyright © 2006 Optical Society of America.
• Zhu, X. S., & Jain, R. K. (2006). 5 W diode-pumped mid-infrared fiber amplifier. Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics and 2006 Quantum Electronics and Laser Science Conference, CLEO/QELS 2006.
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  Abstract: We report a high power diode-pumped mid-IR fiber amplifier at 2.7 μm. 4.6 W amplified signal was obtained for an input signal of 110 mW, corresponding to a net gain of 16.2 dB. © 2006 Optical Society of America.
• Zhu, X. S., & Jain, R. K. (2006). High output power (2.45 watts) mid-IR fiber amplifier. 2006 Optical Fiber Communication Conference, and the 2006 National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, 2006.
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  Abstract: We report the first demonstration of high power mid-IR (2.7 μm) fiber amplifiers. 2.45 W of amplified output power was obtained for an input signal of 70 mW, corresponding to a net gain of 15.4 dB. © 2005 Optical Society of America.
• Zhu, X., & Jain, R. (2006). Detailed analysis of evolution of the state of polarization in all-fiber polarization transformers. Optics Express, 14(22), 10261-10277.
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  PMID: 19529423;Abstract: We present a detailed analysis of key attributes and performance characteristics of controllably-spun birefringent-fiber-based all-fiber waveplates or "all fiber polarization transformers" (AFPTs), first proposed and demonstrated by Huang [11]; these AFPTs consist essentially of a long carefully-designed "spin-twisted" high-birefringence fiber, fabricated by slowly varying the spin rate of a birefringent fiber preform (either from very fast to very slow or vice versa) while the fiber is being drawn. The evolution of the eigenstate from a linear polarization state to a circular polarization state, induced by slow variation of the intrinsic structure from linear anisotropy at the unspun end to circular anisotropy at the fast-spun end, enables the AFPT to behave like an all-fiber quarter-wave plate independent of the wavelength of operation. Power coupling between local eigenstates causes unique evolution of the polarization state along the fiber, and has been studied to gain insight into - as well as to understand detailed characteristics of - the polarization transformation behavior. This has been graphically illustrated via plots of the relative power in these local eigenstates as a function of distance along the length of the fiber and plots of the extinction ratio of the output state of polarization (SOP) as a function of distance and the normalized spin rate. Deeper understanding of such polarization transformers has been further elucidated by quantitative calculations related to two crucial requirements for fabricating practical AFPT devices. Our calculations have also indicated that the polarization mode dispersion behaviour of the AFPT is much smaller than that of the original birefringent fiber. Finally, a specific AFPT was experimentally investigated at two widely-separated wavelengths (1310 nm and 1550 nm) of interest in telecommunications systems applications, further demonstrating and elucidating the broadband character of such AFPTs. © 2006 Optical Society of America.
• Zhu, X., & Jain, R. (2006). Numerical analysts and experimental results of high-power Er/Pr:ZBLAN 2.7 μm fiber lasers with different pumping designs. Applied Optics, 45(27), 7118-7125.
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  PMID: 16946791;Abstract: Gain factor and output performance of erbium-praseodymium codoped ZBLAN double-clad fiber lasers at 2.7 μm with different pumping designs were calculated and analyzed. Single-end backward pumping with a highly reflective mirror butted against one fiber end and dual-end pumping with Fresnel reflections from both fiber ends were found to be the most efficient pumping designs. Ten-watt-level Er/Pr:ZBLAN fiber lasers proved to be achievable with recent diode laser and ZBLAN fiber technologies. Their corresponding optimum fiber lengths for different pumping configurations were determined. It was also found that fiber lasers with a flat evolution of gain factor can obtain the largest output power. Experimental results of 4 m and 12 m fiber lasers showed very good agreement with simulation results. © 2006 Optical Society of America.
• Mocofanescu, A., Zhu, X., Wang, L., Jain, R. K., Shaw, K. D., Peterson, P., Gavrielides, A., & Sharma, P. M. (2005). Recent studies of CW stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in single mode and multimode optical fibers. 2005 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO, 1, 520-522.
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  Abstract: We report studies of SBS in optical fibers with the goal of using SBS phase conjugation as a passive beam combiner to build high power (>100W cw) all fiber laser sources. © 2005 Optical Society of America.
• Zhu, X. S., & Jain, R. (2005). Scaling up laser diode pumped mid-infrared fiber laser to 10-Watt-level. 2005 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, CLEO, 1, 674-676.
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  Abstract: 10-Watt-level diode pumped erbium-doped ZBLAN fiber lasers at 2.7μm under different ways of pumping are studied and analyzed through numerical simulations. Experiments on a fiber laser with output power of 5.4 W are described. Copyright © 2005 Optical Society of America.
• Zhu, X. S., & Jain, R. K. (2004). 5W diode pumped compact mid-IR fiber laser at 2.7μm. Conference Proceedings - Lasers and Electro-Optics Society Annual Meeting-LEOS, 2, 875-876.
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  Abstract: Er/Pr co-doped ZBLAN double-cladding fiber pumped by high power collimated laser diode with wavelength of 975nm, excites radiation of 2.7-2.8μm through the transition from energy level 4I 11/2→ 4I 13/2 of erbium. A maximum measured output power of 5.4W and a slope efficiency of 21% were obtained by both-end pumping.
• Zhai, H. C., Tiziani, H. J., Kang, H., Zhu, X. S., Zhang, T. Q., & Zhan, Y. L. (1999). Phase modulation of power spectrum in a joint transform correlator for multiple objects with multiple grey levels. Optik (Jena), 110(4), 167-171.
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  Abstract: We present a new experimental solution of optical joint transform correlation (JTC) for multiple objects with multiple grey levels. The power spectrum is recorded two times and followed by a subtraction of them. During the second recording, a phase plate is used to produce the halfwave delay of the reference image. The subtracted power spectrum is used for inverse Fourier transform, which results in enhanced correlation peaks and depressed correlations between the objects and between the noisy signals. This method is easy to implemented and is specially suitable to the recognition for multiple objects with multiple grey levels.
• Zhai, H., Guoguang, M. u., Sun, J., Zhu, X., Liu, F., Kang, H., & Zhan, Y. (1999). Color pattern recognition in white-light joint transform correlation. Applied Optics, 38(35), 7238-7244.
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  PMID: 18324272;Abstract: We first discuss the restriction on the incoherent source and the color filters in a joint transform correlation (JTC) system for white-light color pattern recognition and then report on a novel, to our knowledge, solution of channeling in a white-light JTC system, using a tricolor grating to encode the color patterns in real time. The theoretical analyses and the experimental results show not only that the restriction on the experimental condition is relieved but also that parallel channeling of the power spectra of the encoded pattern is easily performed. In addition, the zero-order power spectrum also forms a useful channel for the shape-only correlation. © 1999 Optical Society of America.
• Zhai, H., Guoguang, M. u., Zhu, X., Zhang, T., Kang, H., & Zhan, Y. (1999). Discussion on the channeling in the experiment of color JTC. Guangxue Xuebao/Acta Optica Sinica, 19(9), 1244-1250.
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  Abstract: The restriction on white light source and color filter in a color joint transform correlator (CJTC) was discussed, then based on the discussion, a new method of channeling using a three-color grating for pattern encoding was suggested. The experimental results show that not only the restriction on the experimental condition can be relieved, but also the power spectra of the encoded pattern become easy for experimental processing in parallel channeling; besides, the zero-order power spectrum forms an important channel for the shape-only correlation.
• Zhai, H., Zhu, X., & Guoguang, M. u. (1999). White light JTC for color pattern recognition. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 3749, 213-214.
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  Abstract: A joint transform correlator (JTC) with white light source and a tri-color grating in the input plane is used to encode color patterns into different space frequencies. Four channels of spatial spectrum are used for parallel color pattern recognition. The tri-color grating is made up of three Rochi gratings in three different orientations for red, green and blue primary colors, respectively. Results showed that a strong correlation peak and a shape-only correlation peak appear in the green channel and in the zero order channel, respectively, and no correlation peak appears in the red or blue channel.
• Zhai, H., Chen, Z., Zhang, T., Hailong, L. i., Mingzhe, L. u., Kang, H., Zhan, Y., & Zhu, X. (1998). Joint transform correlator based on phase modulation of the power spectrum. Zhongguo Jiguang/Chinese Journal of Lasers, 25(2), 139-144.
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  Abstract: The principle of power spectrum subtraction for images with multiple gray levels through the phase modulation is discussed. And based on this principle, a new experimental solution of the optical joint transform correlation for multiple objects with multiple gray levels is presented. In this experimental solution, the power spectrum is recorded two times and followed with a subtraction of them. During the second recording, a phase plate is used to produce a half-wave delay of the reference image. The subtracted power spectrum is used for reversed Fourier transformation, which results in enhanced correlation peaks and restrain correlations between the objects and between the background noises. This method is specially suitable for the recognition of multiple objects with multiple gray levels and is easy to be implemented.
• Zhai, H., Kang, H., Hailong, L. i., Zhu, X., Zhang, T., Guoguang, M. u., & Zhan, Y. (1998). Discussion on the channeling of color JTC. Guangdianzi Jiguang/Journal of Optoelectronics Laser, 9, 208-210.
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  Abstract: In this paper, the restriction on the white light source and colour filter in a colour Joint Transform Correlator (CJTC) is discussed. Based on this discussion, a new method of channeling using a three-color grating for pattern encoding is suggested. By using this new method, not only the restriction on the experimental condition is relieved, but also the power spectra of the encoded pattern are easy for experimental processing in parallel channeling. Besides, the zero order power spectrum also forms an important channel for the shape correlation.