Doug E Campos-Outcalt

Interests

Research

vaccine policy

Teaching

applied public health

Courses

Scholarly Contributions

Journals/Publications

• Campos-Outcalt, D. (2021). Facts to help you keep pace with the vaccine conversation. The Journal of family practice, 68(6), 341;342;344;346.
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  In the United States, we have a robust system to monitor vaccine safety and an efficient system to compensate those who experience adverse reactions. Here's how it works.
• Campos-Outcalt, D. (2021). Taking steps to slow the upswing in oral and pharyngeal cancers. The Journal of family practice, 69(6), 301-303.
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  The CDC estimates that 70% of these cancers are caused by HPV. And yet, in 2018, only about two-thirds of adolescents had received 1 or more doses of HPV vaccine.
• Choi, M. J., Cossaboom, C. M., Whitesell, A. N., Dyal, J. W., Joyce, A., Morgan, R. L., Campos-Outcalt, D., Person, M., Ervin, E., Yu, Y. C., Rollin, P. E., Harcourt, B. H., Atmar, R. L., Bell, B. P., Helfand, R., Damon, I. K., & Frey, S. E. (2021). Use of Ebola Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2020. MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports, 70(1), 1-12.
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  This report summarizes the recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for use of the rVSVΔG-ZEBOV-GP Ebola vaccine (Ervebo) in the United States. The vaccine contains rice-derived recombinant human serum albumin and live attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in which the gene encoding the glycoprotein of VSV was replaced with the gene encoding the glycoprotein of Ebola virus species Zaire ebolavirus. Persons with a history of severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) to rice protein should not receive Ervebo. This is the first and only vaccine currently licensed by the Food and Drug Administration for the prevention of Ebola virus disease (EVD). These guidelines will be updated based on availability of new data or as new vaccines are licensed to protect against EVD.ACIP recommends preexposure vaccination with Ervebo for adults aged ≥18 years in the U.S. population who are at highest risk for potential occupational exposure to Ebola virus species Zaire ebolavirus because they are responding to an outbreak of EVD, work as health care personnel at federally designated Ebola treatment centers in the United States, or work as laboratorians or other staff at biosafety level 4 facilities in the United States. Recommendations for use of Ervebo in additional populations at risk for exposure and other settings will be considered and discussed by ACIP in the future.
• Oliver, S. E., Gargano, J. W., Marin, M., Wallace, M., Curran, K. G., Chamberland, M., McClung, N., Campos-Outcalt, D., Morgan, R. L., Mbaeyi, S., Romero, J. R., Talbot, H. K., Lee, G. M., Bell, B. P., & Dooling, K. (2021). The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Interim Recommendation for Use of Moderna COVID-19 Vaccine - United States, December 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 69(5152), 1653-1656.
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  On December 18, 2020, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the Moderna COVID-19 (mRNA-1273) vaccine (ModernaTX, Inc; Cambridge, Massachusetts), a lipid nanoparticle-encapsulated, nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine encoding the stabilized prefusion spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (1). This vaccine is the second COVID-19 vaccine authorized under an EUA for the prevention of COVID-19 in the United States (2). Vaccination with the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine consists of 2 doses (100 μg, 0.5 mL each) administered intramuscularly, 1 month (4 weeks) apart. On December 19, 2020, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) issued an interim recommendation* for use of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine in persons aged ≥18 years for the prevention of COVID-19. To guide its deliberations regarding the vaccine, ACIP employed the Evidence to Recommendation (EtR) Framework, using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Use of all COVID-19 vaccines authorized under an EUA, including the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, should be implemented in conjunction with ACIP's interim recommendations for allocating initial supplies of COVID-19 vaccines (3). The ACIP recommendation for the use of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine under EUA is interim and will be updated as additional information becomes available.
• Campos-Outcalt, D. (2020). ACIP vaccination update. The Journal of family practice, 69(2), 90-93.
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  Revisions for HepA concern homelessness, HIV, and vaccine catch-up. MenB booster is advised for those still at increased risk 1 year after completing a primary series.
• Campos-Outcalt, D. (2020). Prospects and challenges for the upcoming influenza season. The Journal of family practice, 69(8), 406;408;411.
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  New vaccine and antiviral products are available, and additional vaccine contraindications are identified. The concurrence of influenza and SARS-coV-19 could create synergies for preventive care.
• Campos-Outcalt, D. (2020). USPSTF round-up. The Journal of family practice, 69(4), 201-204.
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  The Task Force now recommends that physicians take steps to prevent perinatal depression and has modified its recommendation on lead screening.
• Campos-Outcalt, D. (2020). USPSTF update on sexually transmitted infections. The Journal of family practice, 69(10), 514-517.
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  The new draft recommendations from the US Preventive Services Task Force make a significant change to the previous colorectal cancer screening recommendations. This month, Dr. Campos-Outcalt describes that change and provides a look at the financial implications (as stipulated by the Affordable Care Act) of the screening method chosen.
• Carey, T. S., Bekemeier, B., Campos-Outcalt, D., Koch-Weser, S., Millon-Underwood, S., & Teutsch, S. (2020). National Institutes of Health Pathways to Prevention Workshop: Achieving Health Equity in Preventive Services. Annals of internal medicine, 172(4), 272-278.
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  Expert groups, including the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), recommend a range of clinical preventive services for persons at average risk for disease. Use of these services often is substantially lower among racial and ethnic minority groups, rural residents, and persons of lower socioeconomic status. On 19 and 20 June 2019, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) convened the Pathways to Prevention Workshop: Achieving Health Equity in Preventive Services to assess the available evidence on disparities in the use of 10 USPSTF-recommended clinical preventive services for cancer, heart disease, and diabetes. The workshop was cosponsored by the NIH Office of Disease Prevention; National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities; National Cancer Institute; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. A multidisciplinary working group developed the agenda, and an Evidence-based Practice Center prepared the evidence report. During the workshop, invited experts considered the evidence, with discussion among attendees. After weighing evidence from the review, presentations, and public comments, an independent panel prepared a draft report that was posted for public comment. This final report summarizes the panel's findings, identifying current gaps in knowledge. The panel made 26 recommendations for new research and methods development to improve implementation of proven services to reduce disparities in preventable conditions.
• Oliver, S. E., Gargano, J. W., Marin, M., Wallace, M., Curran, K. G., Chamberland, M., McClung, N., Campos-Outcalt, D., Morgan, R. L., Mbaeyi, S., Romero, J. R., Talbot, H. K., Lee, G. M., Bell, B. P., & Dooling, K. (2020). The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices' Interim Recommendation for Use of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine - United States, December 2020. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 69(50), 1922-1924.
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  On December 11, 2020, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 (BNT162b2) vaccine (Pfizer, Inc; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), a lipid nanoparticle-formulated, nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine encoding the prefusion spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (1). Vaccination with the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine consists of 2 doses (30 μg, 0.3 mL each) administered intramuscularly, 3 weeks apart. On December 12, 2020, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) issued an interim recommendation* for use of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine in persons aged ≥16 years for the prevention of COVID-19. To guide its deliberations regarding the vaccine, ACIP employed the Evidence to Recommendation (EtR) Framework, using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. The recommendation for the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine should be implemented in conjunction with ACIP's interim recommendation for allocating initial supplies of COVID-19 vaccines (2). The ACIP recommendation for the use of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine under EUA is interim and will be updated as additional information becomes available.
• Reeves, C., Campos-Outcalt, D. E., & Barraza, L. F. (2020). Outcome of Coronavirus Disease 2019 on School Vaccination Policies for 2020-2021. JAMA Health Forum.
• Campos-Outcalt, D. (2019). 2019 USPSTF update. The Journal of family practice, 68(4), 223;224;226;228.
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  The latest recommendations include 2 topics previously unaddressed: perinatal depression prevention and EKG screening for atrial fibrillation.
• Campos-Outcalt, D. (2019). Hepatitis vaccination update. The Journal of family practice, 68(2), 94; 96; 98.
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  Immunization rates for hepatitis B are still suboptimal; a new 2-dose vaccine may help turn that around. HepA vaccine is now preferred as post-exposure prophylaxis for adults >40 years.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Pust, R. (2019). Family Medicine and Social Determinants. Family medicine, 51(5), 445-446.
• Barraza, L., & Campos-Outcalt, D. (2018). More Research Needed to Increase Policies for HPV Vaccine Uptake. American journal of public health, 108(4), 430-431.
• Campos-Outcalt, D. (2018). A look at new guidelines for HIV treatment and prevention. The Journal of family practice, 67(12), 768-772.
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  Start antiretroviral therapy as soon as possible after HIV infection is confirmed. Consider daily PrEP for patients at risk from sexual exposure or who inject illicit drugs.
• Campos-Outcalt, D. (2018). CDC provides advice on recent hepatitis A outbreaks. The Journal of family practice, 67(1), 30-32.
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  The epidemiology of hepatitis A virus disease has changed. Since July 2016, there have been 5 large outbreaks of infection involving more than 1600 cases, with affected states requiring assistance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Two of these outbreaks were foodborne, and 3 involved person-to-person transmission. This article reviews the extent of the outbreaks, what's behind the outbreaks, and outbreak-specific vaccine recommendations.
• Campos-Outcalt, D. (2018). CDC recommendations for the 2018-2019 influenza season. The Journal of family practice, 67(9), 550-553.
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  Vaccines will contain a new A (H3N2) component and B antigen. The live attenuated influenza vaccine returns as an option for those 2- to 49-years of age.
• Campos-Outcalt, D. (2018). Practice Alert: ACIP vaccine update. The Journal of family practice, 67(3), 155-158.
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  The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices made relatively few new vaccine recommendations in 2017. One pertained to prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in infants born to HBV-infected mothers. Another recommended a new vaccine to prevent shingles. A third advised considering an additional dose of mumps vaccine during an outbreak.
• Campos-Outcalt, D. (2018). USPSTF update: New and revised recommendations. The Journal of family practice, 67(5), 294;296;298;299.
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  Behavioral interventions for obese kids and teens can improve weight for up to a year, and a new analysis reverses previous advice on scoliosis screening.
• Campos-Outcalt, D. (2017). Latest recommendations for the 2017-2018 flu season. The Journal of family practice, 66(9), 570-572.
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  This season's vaccine has a new H1N1 component and any vaccine, except the live attenuated virus formulation, is suitable for pregnant women.
• Campos-Outcalt, D. (2017). Measles: Why it's still a threat. The Journal of family practice, 66(7), 446-449.
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  A recent outbreak in Minnesota underscores the need to maintain vigilance and adhere to best practices in immunization and containment of known cases.
• Campos-Outcalt, D. (2017). Screening for tuberculosis: Updated recommendations. The Journal of family practice, 66(12), 755-757.
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  Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health problem worldwide with an estimated 10.4 million new cases and 1.7 million deaths having occurred in 2016. In that same year, there were 9287 new cases in the United States--the lowest number of TB cases on record. TB appears in one of 2 forms: active disease, which causes symptoms, morbidity, and mortality and is a source of transmission to others; and latent TB infection (LTBI), which is asymptomatic and noninfectious but can progress to active disease. The estimated prevalence of LTBI worldwide is 23%, although in the United States it is only about 5%. The proportion of those with LTBI who will develop active disease is estimated at 5% to 10% and is highly variable depending on risks. In the United States, about two-thirds of active TB cases occur among those who are foreign born, whose rate of active disease is 14.6/100,000. Five countries account for more than half of foreign-born cases: Mexico, the Philippines, India, Vietnam, and China.
• Campos-Outcalt, D. (2017). Treat gun violence like the public health crisis it is. The Journal of family practice, 66(11), 653.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (0). Family practice specialty selection: a research agenda. Family medicine, 23(8).
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  This article examines the declining interest in family practice by US medical students and trends in specialty selection over the past decade. Four factors affecting specialty choice (medical student characteristics, medical school, residencies, and certain aspects of the health care system) are discussed, and a research agenda is developed for each area. Researchers and funding agencies are urged to begin an exploration of these issues to better understand the dynamics behind current specialty choices so that successful policies to increase the number of students entering family practice can be developed.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (0). Religion and disease prevention: beyond the metaphor. American journal of health promotion : AJHP, 7(3).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2013). Influenza: Update for the 2013-2014 season. The Journal of family practice, 62(9).
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  New vaccine products are available for this season, including a recombinant agent that has no egg protein.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2013). The latest recommendations from the USPSTF. The Journal of family practice, 62(5).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2013). Vaccine update: the latest from ACIP. The Journal of family practice, 62(3).
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  ACIP has combined 2 vaccine schedules into a single schedule for infants, children, and adolescents. It also recommends the Tdap vaccine for those ≥ 65 years and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for adults at high risk.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2013). Vitamin D: when it helps, when it harms. The Journal of family practice, 62(7).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., Kutob, R. M., Senf, J. H., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (0). Declining interest in family medicine: perspectives of department heads and faculty. Family medicine, 35(7).
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  In 2003, US seniors filled 42% of family practice residency positions, the lowest percentage in the specialty's recent history. We hypothesized that institutional support, contact with family medicine faculty, and faculty satisfaction would be positively related to choice of family practice and that faculty satisfaction would be negatively affected by increasing pressure for clinical productivity.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2012). ACIP immunization update. The Journal of family practice, 61(3).
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  Males ages 11 to 12 years should routinely receive quadrivalent vaccine against human papillomavirus; patients through age 59 years who have diabetes should receive HBV vaccine routinely.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2012). Battling influenza: changes for the 2012-2013 season. The Journal of family practice, 61(10).
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  A revised vaccine algorithm aids in decision making for children ages 6 months to 8 years; a newly approved quadrivalent LAIV should be available for the 2013-2014 season.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2012). HPV vaccine is now routinely indicated for males. The Journal of family practice, 61(1).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2012). Hepatitis C: new CDC screening recommendations. The Journal of family practice, 61(12).
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  Screen everyone born between 1945 and 1965-regardless of risk level.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2012). Meningococcal vaccine for infants?. The Journal of family practice, 61(8).
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  With the incidence of meningococcal disease declining in all age groups, ACIP is weighing the need for vaccination in children
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2012). The latest recommendations from the USPSTF. The Journal of family practice, 61(5).
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  In addition to releasing several new recommendations--most notably one on cervical cancer screening--the USPSTF has revised the peer review process that occurs before final recommendations are issued.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2011). A case for special programs to expand the ranks of rural physicians. The virtual mentor : VM, 13(5).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2011). ACIP immunization update. The Journal of family practice, 60(5).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2011). CDC update on gonorrhea: expand treatment to limit resistance. The Journal of family practice, 60(12).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2011). CDC update: Guidelines for treating STDs. The Journal of family practice, 60(3).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2011). CVD prevention in women: a practice update. The Journal of family practice, 60(7).
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  Which interventions should you consider recommending to women to reduce their risk of CVD? This comparison of the AHA's 2011 guidelines with USPSTF recommendations highlights the benefits of drawing upon both.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2011). Ready for flu season? The 2011-2012 ACIP recommendations. The Journal of family practice, 60(9).
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  Strains in this year's vaccine are identical to last year's, but revaccination is strongly recommended. Also, the dosing decision for children < 9 years has been simplified.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2011). The integration of public health and prevention into all years of a medical school curriculum. American journal of preventive medicine, 41(4 Suppl 3).
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  This is one of six short papers that describe additional innovations to help integrate public health into medical education; these were featured in the "Patients and Populations: Public Health in Medical Education" conference. They represent relatively new endeavors or curricular components that had not been explored in prior publications. Although evaluation data are lacking, it was felt that sharing a description of the public health, prevention, population health, and policy (P4) curriculum at the University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix (UACOM-P), would be of value to medical educators.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2010). ACIP immunization update. The Journal of family practice, 59(3).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2010). ACIP update: 2 new recommendations for meningococcal vaccine. The Journal of family practice, 59(12).
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  You now need to give previously vaccinated teens a booster dose at age 16 and protect high-risk patients with a 2-dose primary series.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2010). Flu season's almost here: Are you ready?. The Journal of family practice, 59(9).
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  This year, a single vaccine includes the 2009 H1N1 and 2 other strains and most of your patients will need only 1 dose. The public health goal: Immunize everyone without a contraindication.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2010). USPSTF recommendations you may have missed amid the breast cancer controversy. The Journal of family practice, 59(5).
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  The USPSTF recommends aspirin for the prevention of stroke and heart attack for those at risk, and screening for major depression and childhood obesity.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2010). Vaccine update 2010: keeping up with the changes. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine, 77(4).
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  A number of new vaccines have been approved in recent years, and existing vaccines have been extended to new groups. We summarize the additions and changes over the past 3 years.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2010). Your guide to the new pneumococcal vaccine for children. The Journal of family practice, 59(7).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2009). CDC recommendations expand vaccine indications. The Journal of family practice, 58(3).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2009). Pandemic and seasonal flu: what you need to know. The Journal of family practice, 58(9).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2009). Preventive services: the good, the bad, and the unproven. The Journal of family practice, 58(7).
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  Latest recommendations from the USPSTF reinforce some long-standing advisories and contradict others.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2009). The case for HPV immunization. The Journal of family practice, 58(12).
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  HPV4 is now available for boys, and a second vaccine to protect against HPV-associated cancer has been approved. Should you be using these vaccines in your practice?
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2008). CDC: older kids should get annual flu vaccine, too. The Journal of family practice, 57(10).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2008). Measles hits home: sobering lessons from 2 outbreaks. The Journal of family practice, 57(4).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2008). Should you screen--or not? The latest recommendations. The Journal of family practice, 57(7).
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  Last year, and in the early part of this year, the Task Force issued a number of recommendations on topics ranging from hypertension screening to screening for illicit drug use. While some of these recommendations were reaffirmations of past recommendations, others included some changes. The Task Force has: 1) dropped the age for routine screening for Chlamydia in sexually active women from 25 years and younger to 24 and younger; 2) added a recommendation against the use of aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to prevent colorectal cancer (CRC); 3) changed its recommendation on screening for carotid artery stenosis. In 1996, the Task Force noted that the evidence was insufficient to make a recommendation; in 2007 it recommended against such routine screening; 4) added recommendations on counseling patients about drinking and driving, as well as on screening for illicit drug use. In both cases, the Task Force says the evidence is insufficient to recommend for or against.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2008). Transforming health care through prospective medicine: a broader perspective is needed. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 83(8).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2008). USPSTF scales back approach to lipid screening for women. The Journal of family practice, 57(11).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2008). Vaccine update: new CDC recommendations from 2007. The Journal of family practice, 57(3).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2008). Varicella vaccination: 2 doses now the standard. The Journal of family practice, 57(1).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2007). Flu vaccination rates: how can you do better?. The Journal of family practice, 56(10).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2007). Immunization update: latest recommendations from the CDC. The Journal of family practice, 56(5).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2007). Personalized medicine: the promise, the reality. The Journal of family practice, 56(8).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2007). Practice alert: CDC no longer recommends quinolones for treatment of gonorrhea. The Journal of family practice, 56(7).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2007). Screening: new guidance on what and what not to do. The Journal of family practice, 56(6).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2007). Time to revise your HIV testing routine. The Journal of family practice, 56(4).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2007). You, your public health department and the next flu pandemic. Family practice management, 14(3).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2006). Are you up to date with new immunization recommendations?. The Journal of family practice, 55(3).
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  Vaccines are one of the most important and effective tools for protecting the health of the public and family physicians are instrumental in insuring that vaccine recommendations are implemented. With the development of new vaccines come increasingly complex recommendations. Staying current is challenging. This column describes the most recent changes to the immunization schedules made by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2006). Clarifying the US Preventive Services Task Force's 2005 recommendations. The Journal of family practice, 55(5).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2006). Disaster medical response: maximizing your effectiveness. The Journal of family practice, 55(2).
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  In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, physicians and other health professionals volunteered for deployment to the affected area to provide medical services. The frustrating reality most of them encountered was the incapacity of those in charge to use the number of professional volunteers expressing interest. Untrained volunteers, though well intentioned, are often not that helpful. The immediate needs of a disaster area relate to public health and other safety issues. Until a proper infrastructure is re-established, general medical services cannot be provided. Physician services are most effectively provided in collaboration with, or as part of, an organized local response agency.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2006). HIV postexposure prophylaxis: Who should get it?. The Journal of family practice, 55(7).
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  In most cases, HIV postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) is given only to healthcare workers if the settings make exposure to HIV-infected persons likely. Otherwise, it is usually deemed unnecessary. However, a decision for or against PEP is complicated. Occupational and nonoccupational exposure to HIV can produce fear, anxiety, and stress. Information on the exposure risk is frequently incomplete, the risk of infection is usually low, the degree of protection offered by PEP is not fully defined, and the potential for side effects from the medications is significant. This article distills the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's most recent guidance on HIV PEP.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2006). Important questions before flu season. The Journal of family practice, 55(10).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2006). Mumps epidemic in 2006: are you prepared to detect and prevent it?. The Journal of family practice, 55(6).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2006). The preteen visit: an opportunity for prevention. The Journal of family practice, 55(12).
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  All early adolescents should visit a physician at age 11 or 12 years to receive a set of recommended vaccines. Two vaccines are recommended for boys in this age group-quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate vaccine (MCV4) and tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap). Three vaccines are recommended for girls--MCV4, Tdap, and human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine. In addition, 2 doses of varicella vaccine are now recommended before age 5 years; both boys and girls at age 11 or 12 who have received only 1 dose should be given a second.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., Kutob, R. M., Senf, J. H., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2006). The diverse functions of role models across primary care specialties. Family medicine, 38(4).
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  This study investigated the relationship of role models to primary care specialty and gathered information on the attributes and functions of role models.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2005). Cause-of-death certification--not as easy as it seems. The Journal of family practice, 54(2).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2005). Meningococcal vaccine: New product, new recommendations. The Journal of family practice, 54(4).
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  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention now recommends that all adolescents aged 11 to 12 years receive a quadrivalent, conjugate meningococcal vaccine (MCV-4). With time, universal administration of meningococcal vaccine for this age group will make moot the question of whether entering college freshmen should receive meningococcal vaccine. It should lead to a marked reduction in a potentially catastrophic disease and contribute to the continued decline in morbidity and mortality from bacterial meningitis in the United States, which has largely been due to advances in vaccine technology.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2005). Pandemic influenza: how it would progress and what it would require of you. The Journal of family practice, 54(12).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2005). Pertussis: a disease re-emerges. The Journal of family practice, 54(8).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2005). US Preventive Services Task Force: the gold standard of evidence-based prevention. The Journal of family practice, 54(6).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2005). When, and when not, to use the interferon-gamma TB test. The Journal of family practice, 54(10).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2004). HIV prevention enters a new era. The Journal of family practice, 53(7).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2004). How does HIPAA affect public health reporting?. The Journal of family practice, 53(9).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2004). Influenza vaccine: new recommendations for infants and children aged 6 to 23 months. The Journal of family practice, 53(11).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., Senf, J. H., Kutob, R., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2004). Which primary care specialty? Factors that relate to a choice of family medicine, internal medicine, combined internal medicine-pediatrics, or pediatrics. Family medicine, 36(2).
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  This study was conducted to examine factors used by medical students to select a primary care specialty that may differentiate students who choose the primary care specialties of family medicine, internal medicine, pediatrics, and combined internal medicine-pediatrics.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (2003). Sexually transmitted disease: easier screening tests, single-dose therapies. The Journal of family practice, 52(12).
• Campos-Outcalt, D., Senf, J. H., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (1995). The effect of a required third-year family medicine clerkship on medical students' attitudes: value indoctrination and value clarification. Academic medicine : journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 70(2).
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  The effect of a required six-week third-year family medicine clerkship was examined within a framework of professional socialization. Socialization was considered to consist of an institutional process, i.e., value indoctrination, and a learner process, i.e., value clarification.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (1994). Occupational health epidemiology and objectives for the year 2000. Primary care, 21(2).
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  This article summarizes epidemiologic data available on work-related morbidity and mortality and describes the occupational health surveillance systems currently in use. The NIOSH top 10 priority occupational illnesses and injuries and the year 2000 objectives for occupational health are described. Finally, statistics regarding occupational medicine specialists are presented.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (1992). Trichloroethylene: environmental and occupational exposure. American family physician, 46(2).
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  Trichloroethylene is used in paint strippers, rug cleaners, spot removers, typewriter correction fluid and industrial cleaners. It is a common environmental contaminant, detected in over one-third of hazardous waste sites and in 10 percent of groundwater sources. Acute workplace exposure above acceptable levels can cause neurologic, respiratory and hepatic problems. The health effects of prolonged occupational and environmental low-level exposure are probably minimal, but whether such exposure poses a risk remains controversial. Although trichloroethylene has been shown to cause cancer in some animals, it has not been proven to be a human carcinogen. Trichloroethylene has been involved in several well-publicized cases of contamination of community water supplies, and family physicians are likely to receive questions about this chemical.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (1991). An evaluation of a microcomputer information system for leprosy control two years post-implementation. Leprosy review, 62(1).
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  As part of a national programme to improve the management of health services in Papua New Guinea, a microcomputerized information system was designed and implemented in seven provinces. Four other provinces later adopted this system. One component of this information system was a program to assist disease control officers to monitor the treatment received by leprosy and tuberculosis patients. In contrast to other components of the information system, the leprosy and TB computer program was not maintained nor used after two years. This article describes the computer program developed and discusses possible reasons for its nonuse.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., Molina, J., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (1991). Coronary artery disease risk factors in Yaqui Indians and Mexican Americans. Journal of the National Medical Association, 83(12).
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  The prevalence of coronary artery disease risk factors in adults was studied in Yaqui Indians and Mexican Americans. The risk factors studied included hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, and sedentary life-style. Subjects included 94 Mexican Americans, 44 Yaqui Indians, and 12 of mixed or other ancestry. Mexican Americans had higher rates of smoking (21.3% versus 11.4%) and hypercholesterolemia (9.4% versus 4.8%) than did Yaqui Indians although neither comparison was statistically significant. Yaqui Indians had twice the risk of diabetes (40.5% versus 19.8%, P less than .05). When looking at both races combined, men smoked at six times the rate of women (36.4% versus 6.3%, P less than .05). Of all those tested, only 6% had no risk factors, and 88% were classified as having a sedentary life-style. Achieving increased levels of exercise in the population studied would appear to hold the most promise for reducing coronary artery disease risks.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (1990). Accuracy of ICD-9-CM codes in identifying reportable communicable diseases. Quality assurance and utilization review : official journal of the American College of Utilization Review Physicians, 5(3).
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  Billing records from the outpatient clinics of a university medical center were used to identify reportable communicable diseases. Patient charts were reviewed to check the accuracy of all cases of communicable diseases not reported to the local health department. Thirty-three percent of the cases identified as one of 20 communicable diseases, using the ICD-9-CM system, were found to be incorrectly coded. This study documents a lack of specificity (numerous false positives) when using encounter form data and ICD-9-CM codes to identify communicable diseases in an outpatient setting.
• Campos-Outcalt, D., & Campos-Outcalt, D. E. (1990). Measles update. American family physician, 42(5).
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  The incidence of measles in the United States dramatically increased in the 1980s, from a low of 1,497 cases in 1983 to over 17,000 cases in 1989. Family physicians can help reverse this trend by following the revised immunization schedule, which includes a measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) booster for preschool-age children. New guidelines also recommend that either the two-dose MMR schedule or serologic evidence of immunity be required for all persons entering college or employed in the medical field. Immunization policies for physician's offices should ensure that all office staff have acquired measles immunity and that a triage policy separating patients with rash from those with other illnesses is utilized. Mild upper respiratory illness, a history of seizures, nonanaphylactic egg allergy and asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection are not contraindications to measles vaccine. All cases of measles should be reported to the local health department.

Others

• Tabor, J. A., Jennings, N., Kohler, L., Degan, W., Derksen, D. J., Campos-Outcalt, D. E., & Eng, H. (2014, July). The Supply of Physician Assistants, Nurse Practitioners, and Certified Nurse Midwives in Arizona. Center for Rural Health, the University of Arizona. http://crh.arizona.edu/sites/crh.arizona.edu/files/pdf/publications/PA_NP_CNM_workforce_report.pdf