Erin M Harvey

Interests

Research

Visual Development, Refractive Error, Psychophysics

Courses

No activities entered.

Scholarly Contributions

Journals/Publications

• Harvey, E. M. (2021). The Intersection of Behavioral Economics and the General Medicine Literature. The American Journal of Medicine.
• Miller, J. M., Dennis, L. K., Hsu, C. H., & Harvey, E. M. (2021). Objective Assessment of Spectacle Wear in Infants and Toddlers Using a Wearable Sensor. Translational vision science & technology, 10(9), 29.
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  To assess the feasibility of using a thermal microsensor to monitor spectacle wear in infants and toddlers, to determine the inter-method reliability of two methods of estimating spectacle wear from sensor data, and to validate sensor estimates of wear.
• Miller, J. M., Jang, H. S., Ramesh, D., Gonzalez Marshall, M. S., Yescas, S., & Harvey, E. M. (2020). Telemedicine distance and near visual acuity tests for adults and children. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 24(4), 235-236.
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  We describe a set of distance and near, adult and child, visual acuity tests for home use. The five charts are packaged in a PDF document and are also available as JPEG images that can be printed on standard letter paper or displayed on a monitor or handheld device. Adult distance visual acuity is tested using a modified ETDRS Chart R; child distance vision is tested using a similarly formatted HOTV logMAR chart. Testing distance is 5 or 10 feet, appropriate for home use. Near visual acuity is displayed in the range of J16 to J1 using random words (for adults) or in HOTV matching format (for young children). An Amsler Grid and HOTV matching card are included. The charts include a calibration circle. For those without a printer, sending a JPEG image as an email attachment initiates onscreen testing with a single click. Devices with smaller screens require an assistant to scroll through the display. The test can performed without assistance from a printed page.
• Dennis, L. K., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., McGrath, E. R., & Harvey, E. M. (2018). A Preliminary Study of Astigmatism and Early Childhood Development. Journal of American Association of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus.
• Harvey, E. M., McGrath, E. R., Miller, J. M., Davis, A. L., Twelker, J. D., & Dennis, L. K. (2018). A preliminary study of astigmatism and early childhood development. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 22(4), 294-298.
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  To determine whether uncorrected astigmatism in toddlers is associated with poorer performance on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition (BSITD-III).
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Bedrick, S., Mohan, P., & Calhoun, E. (2018). Simple Patient Care Instructions Translate Best: Safety Guidelines for Physician Use of Google Translate .. Journal of Clinical Outcomes Management, 25(1).
• Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Davis, A. L., & Dennis, L. K. (2018). Spectacle Wear in Toddlers: Frequency of Wear and Impact of Treatment on the Child and Family. Translational Vision Science & Technology, 7(6), 43. doi:10.1167/tvst.7.6.43
• Harvey, E. M. (2017). Visual Motor and Perceptual Task Performance in Astigmatic Students. Journal of Ophthalmology.
• Harvey, E. M., Dennis, L. K., Leonard-Green, T. K., Campus, I., Mohan, K., Twelker, J. D., Kulp, M. T., Miller, J. M., Davis, A. L., Davis, A. L., Kulp, M. T., Miller, J. M., Mohan, K., Twelker, J. D., Campus, I., Leonard-Green, T. K., Dennis, L. K., Harvey, E. M., Dennis, L. K., , Campus, I., et al. (2017). Interrater and Test-Retest Reliability of the Beery Visual-Motor Integration in Schoolchildren. Optometry and Vision Science, 94(5), 598-605.
• Harvey, E. M., Leonard-Green, T. K., Mohan, K. M., Kulp, M. T., Davis, A. L., Miller, J. M., Twelker, J. D., Campus, I., & Dennis, L. K. (2017). Interrater and Test-Retest Reliability of the Beery Visual-Motor Integration in Schoolchildren. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 94(5), 598-605.
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  To assess interrater and test-retest reliability of the 6th Edition Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI) and test-retest reliability of the VMI Visual Perception Supplemental Test (VMIp) in school-age children.
• Harvey, E. M., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Leonard-Green, T. K., Mohan, K. M., Davis, A. L., & Campus, I. (2017). Visual Motor and Perceptual Task Performance in Astigmatic Students. Journal of ophthalmology, 2017, 6460281.
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  Purpose. To determine if spectacle corrected and uncorrected astigmats show reduced performance on visual motor and perceptual tasks. Methods. Third through 8th grade students were assigned to the low refractive error control group (astigmatism < 1.00 D, myopia < 0.75 D, hyperopia < 2.50 D, and anisometropia < 1.50 D) or bilateral astigmatism group (right and left eye ≥ 1.00 D) based on cycloplegic refraction. Students completed the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (VMI) and Visual Perception (VMIp). Astigmats were randomly assigned to testing with/without correction and control group was tested uncorrected. Analyses compared VMI and VMIp scores for corrected and uncorrected astigmats to the control group. Results. The sample included 333 students (control group 170, astigmats tested with correction 75, and astigmats tested uncorrected 88). Mean VMI score in corrected astigmats did not differ from the control group (p = 0.829). Uncorrected astigmats had lower VMI scores than the control group (p = 0.038) and corrected astigmats (p = 0.007). Mean VMIp scores for uncorrected (p = 0.209) and corrected astigmats (p = 0.124) did not differ from the control group. Uncorrected astigmats had lower mean scores than the corrected astigmats (p = 0.003). Conclusions. Uncorrected astigmatism influences visual motor and perceptual task performance. Previously spectacle treated astigmats do not show developmental deficits on visual motor or perceptual tasks when tested with correction.
• Davis, A. L., Harvey, E. M., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Leonard-Green, T., & Campus, I. (2016). Convergence Insufficiency, Accommodative Insufficiency, Visual Symptoms, and Astigmatism in Tohono O'odham Students. Journal of ophthalmology, 2016, 6963976.
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  Purpose. To determine rate of convergence insufficiency (CI) and accommodative insufficiency (AI) and assess the relation between CI, AI, visual symptoms, and astigmatism in school-age children. Methods. 3rd-8th-grade students completed the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) and binocular vision testing with correction if prescribed. Students were categorized by astigmatism magnitude (no/low:
• Harvey, E. M., Miller, J. M., Twelker, J. D., & Davis, A. L. (2016). Reading Fluency in School-Aged Children with Bilateral Astigmatism. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 93(2), 118-25.
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  To compare oral reading fluency (ORF) in students with no/low astigmatism and moderate/high astigmatism and to assess the impact of spectacle correction on ORF in moderate and high astigmats.
• Mohan, K. M., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Gerhart, K. D., Apple, H. P., Apple, D., Smith, J. M., Davis, A. L., Leonard-Green, T., Campus, I., & Dennis, L. K. (2016). Assessment of Grating Acuity in Infants and Toddlers Using an Electronic Acuity Card: The Dobson Card. Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus, 53(1), 56-9.
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  To determine if testing binocular visual acuity in infants and toddlers using the Acuity Card Procedure (ACP) with electronic grating stimuli yields clinically useful data.
• Crescioni, M., Miller, J. M., & Harvey, E. M. (2015). Accuracy of the Spot and Plusoptix photoscreeners for detection of astigmatism. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus / American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 19(5), 435-40.
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  To evaluate the accuracy of the Spot (V2.0.16) and Plusoptix S12 (ROC4, V6.1.4.0) photoscreeners in detecting astigmatism meeting AAPOS referral criteria in students from a population with high prevalence of astigmatism.
• Crescioni, M., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., & Crescioni, M. (2015). Performance of the SPOT and PlusoptiX Photoscreeners in a highly astigmatic population. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 56(7), 2956-2956.
• Crescioni, M., Twelker, J. D., Mohan, K. M., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., Davis, A. H., & Crescioni, M. (2015). Comparison of best-corrected vs uncorrected performance on the Beery VMI Developmental Test of Visual Perception in astigmatic children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 56(7), 533-533.
• Harvey, E. M., Miller, J. M., Twelker, J. D., & Sherrill, D. L. (2015). Longitudinal change and stability of refractive, keratometric, and internal astigmatism in childhood. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 56(1), 190-8.
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  To assess longitudinal change in refractive, keratometric, and internal astigmatism in a sample of students from a population with a high prevalence of with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism and to determine the optical origins of changes in refractive astigmatism.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Schwiegerling, J. (2015). Higher-order aberrations and best-corrected visual acuity in Native American children with a high prevalence of astigmatism. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus / American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 19(4), 352-7.e1.
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  To determine whether higher-order aberrations (HOAs) in children from a highly astigmatic population differ from population norms and whether HOAs are associated with astigmatism and reduced best-corrected visual acuity.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., Apple, H. P., & Apple, D. (2015). The Dobson Card: An electronic display for forced-choice preferential looking (FPL) assessment of infant and toddler visual acuity. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 56(7), 2921-2921.
• Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Davis, A. H. (2015). The Relation Between Convergence Insufficiency and Astigmatism. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 56(7), 532-532.
• Crescioni, M., Messer, D. H., Warholak, T. L., Miller, J. M., Twelker, J. D., & Harvey, E. M. (2014). Rasch analysis of the Student Refractive Error and Eyeglass Questionnaire. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 91(6), 624-33.
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  To evaluate and refine a newly developed instrument, the Student Refractive Error and Eyeglasses Questionnaire (SREEQ), designed to measure the impact of uncorrected and corrected refractive error on vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) in school-aged children.
• Crescioni, M., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Leonard-green, T. K., Harvey, E. M., Davis, A. L., Crescioni, M., Apple, H. P., & Apple, D. (2014). Meridional amblyopia in astigmatic students documented with computer generated stimuli on commercial displays. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 55(13), 2740-2740.
• Crescioni, M., Warholak, T. L., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Davis, A. L., & Crescioni, M. (2014). Rasch Analysis of the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS) Used to Assess Symptom Reduction with Spectacle Correction Among Students. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 55(13), 4492-4492.
• Harvey, E. M., Miller, J. M., Apple, H. P., Parashar, P., Twelker, J. D., Crescioni, M., Davis, A. L., Leonard-Green, T. K., Campus, I., & Sherrill, D. L. (2014). Accommodation in astigmatic children during visual task performance. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 55(8), 5420-30.
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  To determine the accuracy and stability of accommodation in uncorrected children during visual task performance.
• Miller, J. M., Leonard-green, T. K., Harvey, E. M., Apple, H. P., & Apple, D. (2014). Suitability of computer generated grating acuity stimuli for assessment of grating acuity in children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 55(13), 2738-2738.
• Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., & Harvey, E. M. (2014). Native American schoolchildren tend to emmetropize to the spherical equivalent, regardless of level of astigmatism. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 55(13), 2744-2744.
• Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Davis, A. L. (2014). Inter-observer and Intra-observer Reliability of Measurements of the Obliquity of Palpebral Fissures. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 55(13), 2739-2739.
• Twelker, J. D., Twelker, J. D., Sherrill, D. L., Miller, J. M., & Harvey, E. M. (2014). Longitudinal change and stability of refractive, keratometric, and internal astigmatism in childhood.. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 56(1), 190-8. doi:10.1167/iovs.14-13898
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  To assess longitudinal change in refractive, keratometric, and internal astigmatism in a sample of students from a population with a high prevalence of with-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism and to determine the optical origins of changes in refractive astigmatism..A retrospective analysis of longitudinal measurements of right eye refractive and keratometric astigmatism in Tohono O'odham Native American children was conducted. Changes in refractive and keratometric astigmatism per year were compared in a younger cohort (n = 1594, 3 to
• Crescioni, M., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Green, T., & Crescioni, M. (2013). Effects of Eyeglass Correction on Oral Reading Fluency in Elementary and Middle School Children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 54(15), 2331-2331.
• Crescioni, M., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Green, T., & Crescioni, M. (2013). Relation between grade and gender and reasons for spectacle non-compliance among school aged children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 54(15), 5680-5680.
• Gilani, F., Cortese, M., Ambrósio, R. R., Lopes, B., Ramos, I., Harvey, E. M., & Belin, M. W. (2013). Comprehensive anterior segment normal values generated by rotating Scheimpflug tomography. Journal of cataract and refractive surgery, 39(11), 1707-12.
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  To identify normal values for tomographic parameters that are considered useful in screening patients for refractive surgery.
• Harvey, E. M., Miller, J. M., & Schwiegerling, J. (2013). Utility of an open field Shack-Hartmann aberrometer for measurement of refractive error in infants and young children. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus / American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 17(5), 494-500.
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  To assess the utility of an open-field Shack-Hartmann aberrometer for measurement of refractive error without cycloplegia in infants and young children.
• Harvey, E. M., Miller, J. M., Schwiegerling, J., Sherrill, D., Messer, D. H., & Dobson, V. (2013). Developmental changes in anterior corneal astigmatism in Tohono O'odham Native American infants and children. Ophthalmic epidemiology, 20(2), 102-8.
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  ABSTRACT Purpose: To describe change in corneal astigmatism in infants and children of a Native American tribe with a high prevalence of astigmatism.
• Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., & Harvey, E. M. (2013). Relation between refractive astigmatism and change in spherical equivalent with age in a sample of Native American children age 3 to 18 years of age. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 54(15), 2333-2333.
• Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Sherrill, D. L., & Harvey, E. M. (2013). Astigmatism and myopia in Tohono O'odham Native American children. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 90(11), 1267-73.
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  To describe change in spherical equivalent (M) in a longitudinal sample of Tohono O'odham students ages 3 to 18 years and to test the hypothesis that astigmatism creates complex cues to emmetropization, resulting in increased change in M in the direction of increasing myopia and increased occurrence of myopia.
• Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. T., Messer, D. H., & Harvey, E. M. (2013). The Magnitude and Symmetry of Refractive and Corneal Astigmatism in Children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 54(15), 5962-5962.
• Twelker, J. D., Ober, C., Miller, J. T., Miller, H., Mercer, D., Kramer, T. R., Harvey, E. M., Green, T., & Donaldson, C. (2013). Comparison of Diopsys Pattern Reversal Visual Evoked Potential Responses and Grating Acuity Measurements using the Teller Acuity Card Procedure. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 54(15), 4377-4377.
• Crescioni, M., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Messer, D. H., Harvey, E. M., & Crescioni, M. (2012). Construct Validation of the Student Refractive Error and Eyeglass Questionnaire. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 53(14), 4432-4432.
• Crescioni, M., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Messer, D. H., Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., Crescioni, M., & Adams, I. (2012). Test-Retest Agreement on the Student Refractive Error and Eyeglass Questionnaire (SREEQ). Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 53(14), 4433-4433.
• Crescioni, M., Twelker, J. D., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Messer, D. H., Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., Crescioni, M., & Adams, I. (2012). Type of Refractive Error and Grade as Predictors of Spectacle Wear in 1st-12th Grade Students. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 53(14), 4461-4461.
• Belin, M. W., Twelker, J. D., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Messer, D. H., Harvey, E. M., & Belin, M. W. (2011). Agreement Between Retinomax K+ and Pentacam Measurements Of Anterior Corneal Astigmatism. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 52(14), 2821-2821.
• Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., Miller, J. M., Schwiegerling, J., Clifford-Donaldson, C. E., Green, T. K., & Messer, D. H. (2011). Prevalence of corneal astigmatism in Tohono O'odham Native American children 6 months to 8 years of age. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 52(7), 4350-5.
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  To describe the prevalence of corneal astigmatism in infants and young children who are members of a Native American tribe with a high prevalence of refractive astigmatism.
• Harvey, E. M., Miller, J. M., Schwiegerling, J., Clifford-Donaldson, C. E., Green, T. K., Messer, D. H., & Dobson, V. (2011). Accuracy and validity of IK4 handheld video keratometer measurements in children. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus / American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 15(4), 407-9.
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  The infant keratometer (IK4) is a custom handheld instrument that was designed specifically to allow measurement of corneal astigmatism in infants as young as 6 months of age. In this study, accuracy of IK4 measurements with the use of standard toric surfaces was within 0.25 D. Validity measurements obtained in 860 children aged 3-7 years demonstrated slightly greater astigmatism measurements in the IK4 than in the Retinomax K+. Measurement success was 98% when the IK4 was used. The IK4 may prove to be clinically useful for screening children as young as 3 years of age at high risk for corneal astigmatism.
• Seltzer, R. G., Twelker, J. D., Twelker, J. D., Sherrill, D. L., Miller, J. M., Messer, D. H., & Harvey, E. M. (2011). Stability of Refractive Astigmatism in a Large Longitudinal Sample of Tohono O'odham Children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 52(14), 2830-2830.
• Twelker, J. D., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Messer, D. H., Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., & Adams, I. (2011). Use Of A Modified Version Of The Pediatric Refractive Error Profile (PREP) To Identify Factors Associated With Eyeglass Wearing Compliance. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 52(14), 2827-2827. doi:10.1167/iovs.09-4826
• Twelker, J. D., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Messer, D. H., Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., & Apple, H. P. (2011). Accommodative Lag Changes in Uncorrected Astigmatic and Non-Astigmatic Students While Attempting to Read Small and Large Letters. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 52(14), 838-838.
• Twelker, J. D., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Messer, D. H., Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., & Apple, H. P. (2011). Evaluation Of The Grand Seiko WAM And Apple Micro-display For The Study Of Accommodative Response To Near Stimuli. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 52(14), 835-835.
• Hargadon, D. D., Wood, J., Twelker, J. D., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (2010). Recognition acuity, grating acuity, contrast sensitivity, and visual fields in 6-year-old children. Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960), 128(1), 70-4.
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  To measure monocular distance visual acuity (VA), grating VA, contrast sensitivity, and visual field extent in full-term, 6-year-old children.
• Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., Clifford-Donaldson, C. E., Green, T. K., Messer, D. H., & Miller, J. M. (2010). Prevalence of astigmatism in Native American infants and children. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 87(6), 400-5.
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  To describe the prevalence of high astigmatism in infants and young children who are members of a Native American tribe with a high prevalence of astigmatism.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (2010). Infant Keratoscopy Ring Keratoscope Error Analysis. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 51(13), 5280-5280.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., Clifford-donaldson, C. E., & Apple, H. P. (2010). Simplified Laptop Testing Protocol for Radial Hyperacuity. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 51(13), 5281-5281.
• Miller, J. M., Messer, D. H., Harvey, E. M., Garvey, K. A., & Dobson, V. (2010). Prevalence of strabismus among preschool, kindergarten, and first-grade Tohono O'odham children.. Optometry (St. Louis, Mo.), 81(4), 194-9. doi:10.1016/j.optm.2009.10.010
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  Although the prevalence of strabismus is 2% to 5% in European-based and African-American populations, little is known about the prevalence of strabismus in Native-American populations. We report the prevalence of strabismus in children who are members of a Native-American tribe with a high prevalence of astigmatism..Subjects were 594 children enrolled in Head Start and 315 children enrolled in kindergarten or first grade (K/1) in schools on the Tohono O'odham Reservation. Distance and near cover tests were performed on each child by an ophthalmologist or optometrist, and cycloplegic refraction was obtained..Strabismus was detected in 9 Head Start children (1.5%) and 3 K/1 children (1.0%). Ratio of esotropia to exotropia was 1:3 in Head Start and 1:2 in K/1. Anisometropia >or=1.00 diopter (D) spherical equivalent was present in 2 children with strabismus, and anisometropia >or=1.00 D cylinder was present in 4 with strabismus..The prevalence of strabismus in Tohono O'odham children is at the low end of the prevalence range reported in studies of European-based and African-American populations.
• Miller, J. M., Messer, D. H., Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., Dobson, V., & Clifford-donaldson, C. E. (2010). Parent Eyeglass Wear Compliance Questionnaire Pilot Study: Results From a Mailed Survey. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 51(13), 5290-5290.
• Miller, J. M., Messer, D. H., Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., Donaldson, C. E., & Dobson, V. (2010). Radial Hyperacuity in Astigmatic Children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 51(13), 5279-5279.
• Twelker, J. D., Twelker, J. D., Sherrill, D. L., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (2010). Astigmatism and emmetropization in a native american population. Journal of Vision, 3(12), 18-18. doi:10.1167/3.12.18
• Harvey, E. M. (2009). Development and treatment of astigmatism-related amblyopia. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 86(6), 634-9.
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  Blur induced by uncorrected astigmatism during early development can result in amblyopia, as evidenced by reduced best-corrected vision relative to normal, in measures of grating acuity, vernier acuity, contrast sensitivity across a range of spatial frequencies, recognition acuity, and stereoacuity. In addition, uncorrected astigmatism during early development can result in meridional amblyopia, or best-corrected visual deficits that are greater for, or are present only for, specific stimulus orientations. Astigmatism-related amblyopia can be successfully treated with optical correction in children as old as school age, but the amblyopia may not be completely eliminated with optical treatment alone, and the age at which optical treatment is most effective has yet to be determined. Future research on determining the period of susceptibility of the visual system to negative effects of uncorrected astigmatism and exploration of alternative or complimentary treatment methods, in addition to optical correction, are warranted.
• Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., Miller, J. M., Clifford-Donaldson, C. E., Green, T. K., Messer, D. H., & Garvey, K. A. (2009). Accuracy of the Welch Allyn SureSight for measurement of magnitude of astigmatism in 3- to 7-year-old children. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus / American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 13(5), 466-71.
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  To evaluate the accuracy of the Welch Allyn SureSight in noncycloplegic measurements of astigmatism as compared to cycloplegic Retinomax K+ autorefractor measurements of astigmatism in children from a Native American population with a high prevalence of high astigmatism.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Garvey, K. A., Dobson, V., & Clifford-donaldson, C. E. (2009). A comparison of Lea Symbol vs ETDRS letter distance visual acuity in a population of young children with a high prevalence of astigmatism.. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 13(3), 253-7. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2009.01.007
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  To compare visual acuity results obtained by use of the Lea Symbols chart with results obtained with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts in young children who are members of a population with a high prevalence of astigmatism..Subjects were 438 children ages 5 through 7 years who were enrolled in kindergarten or first grade on the Tohono O'odham Reservation: 241 (55%) had astigmatism >or=1.00 D in one or both eyes (range, 0.00-6.75 D). While wearing best correction, each child had right eye visual acuity tested with the 62 cm by 65 cm Lea Symbols chart at 3 m and with the 62 cm by 65 cm ETDRS chart at 4 m. Visual acuity was scored as the smallest optotype size at which the child correctly identified 3 of a maximum of 5 optotypes. ETDRS visual acuity also was scored based on the total number of letters that the child correctly identified..Correlation between Lea Symbols visual acuity and ETDRS visual acuity was 0.78 (p < 0.001). Mean Lea Symbols visual acuity was one-half line (0.04-0.06 logMAR) better than mean ETDRS visual acuity (p < 0.001). The difference between Lea Symbols and ETDRS visual acuity was not correlated with the mean of the Lea Symbols and ETDRS visual acuity scores, which ranged from -0.3 logMAR (20/10) to 0.74 logMAR (20/110)..In this population of young children, in whom the primary source of reduced visual acuity is astigmatism-related amblyopia, the Lea Symbols chart produced visual acuity scores that were about 0.5 line better than visual acuity scores obtained with ETDRS charts.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., Dobson, V., & Clifford-donaldson, C. E. (2009). Normative monocular visual acuity for early treatment diabetic retinopathy study charts in emmetropic children 5 to 12 years of age.. Ophthalmology, 116(7), 1397-401. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.01.019
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  To provide normative data for children tested with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts..Cross-sectional study..A total of 252 Native American (Tohono O'odham) children aged 5 to 12 years. On the basis of cycloplegic refraction conducted on the day of testing, all were emmetropic (myopia < or =0.25 diopter [D] spherical equivalent, hyperopia < or =1.00 D spherical equivalent, and astigmatism < or =0.50 D in both eyes)..Monocular visual acuity was tested at 4 m, using 1 ETDRS chart for the right eye (RE) and another for the left eye (LE)..Visual acuity was scored as the total number of letters correctly identified, by naming or matching to letters on a lap card, and as the smallest letter size for which the child identified 3 of 5 letters correctly..Visual acuity results did not differ for the RE versus the LE, so data are reported for the RE only. Mean visual acuity for 5-year-olds (0.16 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR] [20/29]) was significantly worse than for 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, and 12-year-olds (0.05 logMAR [20/22] or better at each age). The lower 95% prediction limit for determining whether a child has visual acuity within the normal range was 0.38 (20/48) for 5-year-olds and 0.30 (20/40) for 6- to 12-year-olds, which was reduced to 0.32 (20/42) for 5-year-olds and 0.21 (20/32) for 6- to 12-year-olds when recalculated with outlying data points removed. Mean interocular acuity difference did not vary by age, averaging less than 1 logMAR line at each age, with a lower 95% prediction limit of 0.17 log unit (1.7 logMAR lines) across all ages..For monocular visual acuity based on ETDRS charts to be in the normal range, it must be better than 20/50 for 5-year-olds and better than 20/40 for 6- to 12-year-olds. Normal interocular acuity difference includes values of less than 2 logMAR lines. Normative ETDRS visual acuity values are not as good as norms reported for adults, suggesting that a child's visual acuity results should be compared with norms based on data from children, not with adult norms.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., Dobson, V., & Clifford-donaldson, C. E. (2009). Optical treatment reduces amblyopia in astigmatic children who receive spectacles before kindergarten.. Ophthalmology, 116(5), 1002-8. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.11.013
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  To examine the effect of spectacle correction of astigmatism during preschool on best-corrected recognition visual acuity (VA), grating VA, and meridional amblyopia (difference between acuity for vertical versus horizontal gratings) once the children reach kindergarten..Comparative case series..Seventy-three astigmatic (right eye > or =1.50 diopters [D] cylinder) Native American (Tohono O'odham) children 5 to 7 years of age. All had with-the-rule astigmatism. In 28 children, the astigmatism was simple myopic, compound myopic, or mixed (M/MA), and in 45 children, it was simple or compound hyperopic (HA)..Thirty-nine children (Treated Group) had spectacle correction of refractive error, prescribed for full-time wear, in preschool (0.8-2.4 years before testing). Thirty-four children (Untreated Group) had no prior correction..Comparison of Treated versus Untreated Groups for mean best-corrected right-eye recognition VA, measured with the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) chart and the Lea Symbols chart, for grating VA, measured with modified Teller acuity card stimuli, and for meridional amblyopia, based on grating acuity results..Mean ETDRS VA was significantly better in the Treated Group (20/37) than in the Untreated Group (20/48; P
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., Dobson, V., & Clifford-donaldson, C. E. (2009). Perception of Global Form in Children With Astigmatism-Related Amblyopia: A Pilot Study. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 50(13), 3818-3818.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., Dobson, V., & Clifford-donaldson, C. E. (2009). The Effects of New Retention Strategies on the Follow-up Rate of Native American Toddlers Enrolled in a Longitudinal Study of Visual Development. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 50(13), 3814-3814.
• Miller, J. M., Messer, D. H., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (2009). Relation Between Level of Astigmatism and Changes in Refractive and Corneal Astigmatism Over a Period of 2 Years. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 50(13), 3969-3969.
• Miller, J. M., Messer, D. H., Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., Donaldson, C. E., Dobson, V., & Adams, I. (2009). Rate of Spectacle Wear and Compliance With Spectacle Wear Among Preschool Children From a Population With a High Prevalence of Astigmatism. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 50(13), 3968-3968.
• Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., Miller, J. M., & Clifford-Donaldson, C. E. (2008). Changes in visual function following optical treatment of astigmatism-related amblyopia. Vision research, 48(6), 773-87.
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  Effects of optical correction on best-corrected grating acuity (vertical (V), horizontal (H), oblique (O)), vernier acuity (V, H, O), contrast sensitivity (1.5, 6.0, and 18.0 cy/deg spatial frequency, V and H), and stereoacuity were evaluated prospectively in 4- to 13-year-old astigmats and a non-astigmatic age-matched control group. Measurements made at baseline (eyeglasses dispensed for astigmats), 6 weeks, and 1 year showed greater improvement in astigmatic than non-astigmatic children for all measures. Treatment effects occurred by 6 weeks, and did not differ by cohort (or= 8 years), but astigmatic children did not attain normal levels of visual function.
• Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., Donaldson, C. E., & Dobson, V. (2008). Success Rate and Confidence Ratings of the Suresight Autorefractor for Testing Infants and Young Children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 49(13), 1428-1428.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., & Clifford-donaldson, C. E. (2008). Anisometropia prevalence in a highly astigmatic school-aged population.. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 85(7), 512-9. doi:10.1097/opx.0b013e31817c930b
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  To describe prevalence of anisometropia, defined in terms of both sphere and cylinder, examined cross-sectionally, in school-aged members of a Native American tribe with a high prevalence of astigmatism..Cycloplegic autorefraction measurements, confirmed by retinoscopy and, when possible, by subjective refraction were obtained from 1041 Tohono O'odham children, 4 to 13 years of age..Astigmatism > or =1.00 diopter (D) was present in one or both eyes of 462 children (44.4%). Anisometropia > or =1.00 D spherical equivalent (SE) was found in 70 children (6.7%), and anisometropia > or =1.00 D cylinder was found in 156 children (15.0%). Prevalence of anisometropia did not vary significantly with age or gender. Overall prevalence of significant anisometropia was 18.1% for a difference between eyes > or =1.00 D SE or cylinder. Vector analysis of between-eye differences showed a prevalence of significant anisometropia of 25.3% for one type of vector notation (difference between eyes > or =1.00 D for M and/or > or =0.50 D for J0 or J45), and 16.2% for a second type of vector notation (between-eye vector dioptric difference > or =1.41)..Prevalence of SE anisometropia is similar to that reported for other school-aged populations. However, prevalence of astigmatic anisometropia is higher than that reported for other school-aged populations.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., & Clifford-donaldson, C. E. (2008). Associations between anisometropia, amblyopia, and reduced stereoacuity in a school-aged population with a high prevalence of astigmatism.. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 49(10), 4427-36. doi:10.1167/iovs.08-1985
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  To describe the relation between magnitude of anisometropia and interocular acuity difference (IAD), stereoacuity (SA), and the presence of amblyopia in school-aged members of a Native American tribe with a high prevalence of astigmatism..Refractive error (cycloplegic autorefraction confirmed by retinoscopy), best corrected monocular visual acuity (VA; Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study logMAR charts), and best corrected SA (Randot Preschool Stereoacuity Test) were measured in 4- to 13-year-old Tohono O'odham children (N = 972). Anisometropia was calculated in clinical notation (spherical equivalent and cylinder) and in two forms of vector notation that take into account interocular differences in both axis and cylinder magnitude..Astigmatism >or= 1.00 D was present in one or both eyes of 415 children (42.7%). Significant increases in IAD and presence of amblyopia (IAD >or= 2 logMAR lines) occurred, with >or=1 D of hyperopic anisometropia and >or=2 to 3 D of cylinder anisometropia. Significant decreases in SA occurred with >or=0.5 D of hyperopic, myopic, or cylinder anisometropia. Results for vector notation depended on the analysis used, but also showed disruption of SA at lower values of anisometropia than were associated with increases in IAD and presence of amblyopia..Best corrected IAD and presence of amblyopia are related to amount and type of refractive error difference (hyperopic, myopic, or cylindrical) between eyes. Disruption of best corrected random dot SA occurs with smaller interocular differences than those producing an increase in IAD, suggesting that the development of SA is particularly dependent on similarity of the refractive error between eyes.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., & Clifford-donaldson, C. E. (2008). Predictors of Amblyopia Subtypes in a Population of Children With a High Prevalence of Astigmatism. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 49(13), 1425-1425.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., & Clifford-donaldson, C. E. (2008). The Relation Between Magnitude of Anisometropia (Spherical Equivalent and Astigmatic) and Amblyopia in a Population of Children With a High Prevalence of Astigmatism. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 49(13), 1424-1424.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Garvey, K. A., & Dobson, V. (2008). Prevalence of Strabismus and Heterphoria in a Population of Native American Children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 49(13), 1423-1423.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., Dobson, V., & Clifford-donaldson, C. E. (2008). Prevalence of Astigmatism in Native American Children 6 Months to 8 Years of Age. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 49(13), 1422-1422.
• Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., Clifford-Donaldson, C. E., & Miller, J. M. (2007). Optical treatment of amblyopia in astigmatic children: the sensitive period for successful treatment. Ophthalmology, 114(12), 2293-301.
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  To compare the effectiveness of eyeglass treatment of astigmatism-related amblyopia in children younger than 8 years (range, 4.75-7.99 years) versus children 8 years of age and older (range, 8.00-13.53 years) over short (6-week) and long (1-year) treatment intervals.
• Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., Miller, J. M., & Clifford-Donaldson, C. E. (2007). Amblyopia in astigmatic children: patterns of deficits. Vision research, 47(3), 315-26.
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  Neural changes that result from disruption of normal visual experience during development are termed amblyopia. To characterize visual deficits specific to astigmatism-related amblyopia, we compared best-corrected visual performance in 330 astigmatic and 475 non-astigmatic kindergarten through 6th grade children. Astigmatism was associated with deficits in letter, grating and vernier acuity, high and middle spatial frequency contrast sensitivity, and stereoacuity. Although grating acuity, vernier acuity, and contrast sensitivity were reduced across stimulus orientation, astigmats demonstrated orientation-dependent deficits (meridional amblyopia) only for grating acuity. Astigmatic children are at risk for deficits across a range of visual functions.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (2007). Spherical equivalent refractive error in preschool children from a population with a high prevalence of astigmatism.. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 84(2), 124-30. doi:10.1097/opx.0b013e318031b6ac
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  To describe spherical equivalent (sph eq) refractive errors in preschool members of a Native American tribe with a high prevalence of astigmatism..Cycloplegic autorefraction measurements were obtained for 819 three- and four-year-old Tohono O'odham children, with follow-up measurements in 146 after 4 to 8 years..Mean sph eq was significantly more hyperopic in the astigmatic group than in the non-astigmatic group (1.24 vs. 0.87 D). At follow-up, prevalence of hyperopic sph eq and hyperopic astigmatism had significantly decreased, and prevalence of emmetropic/myopic sph eq and myopic astigmatism had significantly increased. The decrease in mean sph eq was similar in astigmats and non-astigmats. Astigmatism did not change over time..Most preschool children in this highly astigmatic population are hyperopic, with astigmats showing higher mean hyperopic sph eq than non-astigmats. Astigmats and non-astigmats show a similar decrease in amount of hyperopic sph eq over follow-up of 4 to 8 years.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., & Clifford-donaldson, C. E. (2007). Best-corrected Lea Symbols Acuity versus Best-corrected ETDRS Letter Acuity in a Population of Children With a High Prevalence of Astigmatism. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 48(13), 5510-5510.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., & Clifford-donaldson, C. E. (2007). Effects of Eyeglass Treatment on Best-Corrected Grating Acuity in School-Age Children With High Astigmatism. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 48(13), 5509-5509.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Garvey, K. A., Dobson, V., & Clifford-donaldson, C. E. (2007). Non-Cycloplegic Refractive Error Measured With the SureSightTM Autorefractor: Does Age or Astigmatism Have an Effect on Accuracy?. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 48(13), 996-996.
• Miller, J. M., Kawamorita, T., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (2007). The SureSightTM Autorefractor: The Difference Between Sphere Readings in Adult and Child Modes. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 48(13), 995-995.
• Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., & Miller, J. M. (2006). Prevalence of high astigmatism, eyeglass wear, and poor visual acuity among Native American grade school children. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 83(4), 206-12.
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  The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of astigmatism and poor visual acuity and rate of eyeglass wear in grade school children who are members of a Native American tribe reported to have a high prevalence of large amounts of astigmatism.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Clifford, C. E. (2006). Determining Factors Associated With Eyeglass Wearing Compliance in School–Age Children: A Pilot Survey. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 47(13), 719-719.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Apple, H. P., & Apple, D. (2006). Child Response to an Electronic Vision Occluder for Acuity Testing. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 47(13), 3161-3161.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., & Clifford, C. E. (2006). Anisometropia and Anisometropic Amblyopia in a Population of Children with a High Prevalence of Astigmatism. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 47(13), 2455-2455.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., & Clifford, C. E. (2006). Effectiveness of Recommended Visual Acuity Screening Referral Criteria in a Population With a High Prevalence of Astigmatism. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 47(13), 691-691.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., & Clifford, C. E. (2006). Improved Method for SureSight Autorefractor Astigmatism Measurement. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 47(13), 697-697.
• Harvey, E. M., Miller, J. M., Dobson, V., & Clifford, C. E. (2005). Prescribing eyeglass correction for astigmatism in infancy and early childhood: a survey of AAPOS members. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus / American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 9(2), 189-91.
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  To determine prescribing practices of pediatric ophthalmologists for astigmatism and astigmatic anisometropia in infants and young children.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., & Clifford, C. E. (2005). AMBLYOPIA IN ASTIGMATIC CHILDREN Development and Treatment. Journal of Vision, 5(12), 38-38. doi:10.1167/5.12.38
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., & Clifford, C. E. (2005). Impact of a Population–Based Vision Screening Program on Spectacle Wear Among Native American Children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 46(13), 688-688.
• Miller, J. M., Lopez, F., Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., Clifford, C. E., & Adams, I. (2005). Prevalence of High Corneal Astigmatism in Native American Infants and Toddlers. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 46(13), 5620-5620.
• Shelton, J. B., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., & Clifford, C. E. (2005). Performance of Children With Astigmatism–related Amblyopia on the ‘Pelli–Levi Dual Acuity Chart’. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 46(13), 5644-5644.
• Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., Miller, J. M., & Sherrill, D. L. (2004). Treatment of astigmatism-related amblyopia in 3- to 5-year-old children. Vision research, 44(14), 1623-34.
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  Best-corrected acuity was measured for vertical and horizontal gratings and for Lea Symbols recognition acuity in 3- to 5-year-old children with high astigmatism and in non-astigmatic children. There was significant amblyopia among astigmatic children at baseline. There was no evidence that eyeglass correction of astigmatism resulted in a reduction in amblyopia over a 4-month average treatment duration (although vision in astigmatic children was significantly improved immediately upon eyeglass correction, indicating that eyeglass correction did provide a visual benefit). Treatment outcome results are discussed in terms of both methodological issues and theoretical implications.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (2004). Treatment of Astigmatism–Related Amblyopia: Evidence for a Sensitive Period that Extends beyond Early Childhood. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 45(13), 2580-2580.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (2004). Use of the Dimensions Technology Autostereoscopic Monitor for Monocular and Binocular Testing. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 45(13), 4311-4311.
• Mohan, K. M., Miller, J. M., Haynes, B. M., Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., & Clifford, C. E. (2004). A Compact Computer–Based Stimulus Display for Use in Preferential Looking Assessment of Infant Vision.. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 45(13), 4310-4310.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., & Clifford, C. E. (2003). Accommodation in Uncorrected Astigmatic Children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 44(13), 2727-2727.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., & Clifford, C. E. (2003). Accuracy of the Grand Seiko Autorefractor in Children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 44(13), 2793-2793.
• Mohan, K. M., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (2003). Amblyopia in astigmatic preschool children.. Vision research, 43(9), 1081-90. doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(03)00014-2
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  Best-corrected acuity was measured for vertical and horizontal gratings and for recognition acuity optotypes (Lea Symbols) in a group of three- to five-year-old children with a high prevalence of astigmatism. Results showed meridional amblyopia (MA) among children with simple/compound myopic or mixed astigmatism, due to reduced acuity for horizontal gratings. Children with simple/compound hyperopic astigmatism showed no MA, but did show reduced acuity for both grating orientations. Reduced best-corrected recognition acuity was shown by both myopic/mixed and hyperopic astigmats. These results suggest that optical correction of astigmatism should be provided prior to age three to five years, to prevent development of amblyopia.
• Sherrill, D. L., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (2003). Cost-efficient vision screening for astigmatism in native american preschool children.. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 44(9), 3756-63. doi:10.1167/iovs.02-0970
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  To design and test a cost-efficient, community-based vision screening program for a population of Native American preschool children in which there is a high prevalence of astigmatism..Based on analysis of vision screening and eye examination data from a preschool population with a 33% prevalence of astigmatism, comparative costs to conduct a 1000-child screening program with a target sensitivity of 90% were estimated for photoscreening, noncycloplegic autorefraction, autokeratometry, and Lea symbols distance visual acuity testing. Results of the cost analysis and examination of sensitivity and specificity data from the preschool population led to development of a hybrid screening program of autokeratometry and visual acuity screening with referral thresholds of 2.25 D of corneal astigmatism or inability to read a 20/63 Lea symbols line on two separate attempts. The screening program was prospectively implemented in a community-based screening of a similar cohort of 167 children, and its efficiency was evaluated by comparison to results of cycloplegic refraction..The community-based screening showed 96.8% sensitivity and 79.2% specificity for detecting the presence of refractive astigmatism of 1.50 D or more..Referring children who have at least 2.25 D of corneal astigmatism or acuity worse than 20/63 on two attempts, provides the high sensitivity and specificity associated with automated keratometry while maintaining an acuity component that can detect other causes of reduced acuity in the absence of astigmatism.
• Sherrill, D. L., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (2003). Stability of Astigmatism in Native American Preschool Children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 44(13), 4773-4773.
• Sherrill, D. L., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (2003). Stability of Spherical Equivalent Refraction in Native American Preschool Children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 44(13), 4774-4774.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (2002). A Practical Method for Testing Vernier Acuity in Children. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 43(13), 2665-2665.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (2002). Below Normal Best-Corrected Grating Acuity Across Stimulus Orientation in Children With High Astigmatism. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 43(13), 4692-4692.
• Mohan, K. M., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (2002). Amblyopia in astigmatic preschool children. Journal of Vision, 2(10), 48-48. doi:10.1167/2.10.48
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  Best-corrected acuity was measured for vertical and horizontal gratings and for recognition acuity optotypes (Lea Symbols) in a group of three- to five-year-old children with a high prevalence of astigmatism. Results showed meridional amblyopia (MA) among children with simple/compound myopic or mixed astigmatism, due to reduced acuity for horizontal gratings. Children with simple/compound hyperopic astigmatism showed no MA, but did show reduced acuity for both grating orientations. Reduced best-corrected recognition acuity was shown by both myopic/mixed and hyperopic astigmats. These results suggest that optical correction of astigmatism should be provided prior to age three to five years, to prevent development of amblyopia.
• Mohan, K. M., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (2002). Meridional Amblyopia in 3- to 5-Year-Old Native American Children with Astigmatism >/= 1.50 Diopters. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 43(13), 3939-3939.
• Sherrill, D. L., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (2002). The stability of astigmatism in native American preschool children. Journal of Vision, 2(10), 120-120. doi:10.1167/2.10.120
• Sherrill, D. L., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (2001). Comparison of preschool vision screening methods in a population with a high prevalence of astigmatism.. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 42(5), 917-24.
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  To compare the effectiveness of four methods of screening 3- to 5-year-old children for astigmatism high enough to require spectacle correction..Lea Symbols Visual Acuity Screening (LSVAS), MTI Photoscreening (MTIPS), Nidek KM-500 Keratometry Screening (KERS), and Retinomax K-Plus Noncycloplegic Autorefraction Screening (NCARS) were attempted on 379 preschool children who are members of a Native American tribe having a high prevalence of astigmatism that is primarily corneal in origin. The need for spectacle correction was determined by cycloplegic refraction. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were fit, confidence intervals were determined, and area under the curves was compared..Astigmatism > or = 1.00 D was present in the right eye of 47.5% and in the left eye of 48.0% of children. Spectacles were prescribed for children < 48 months of age who had cylinder > or = 2.00 D and children > or = 48 months who had cylinder > or = 1.50 D, with the result that 33% of subjects required spectacles. Area under the ROC curve was 0.98 for NCARS, 0.92 for KERS, 0.78 for MTIPS, and 0.70 for LSVAS, and each of these values differed significantly from the other three (all P < 0.007). Testability was significantly higher for NCARS (99.5%) and KERS (99.7%) than for MTIPS (93.5%) and LSVAS (92.0%)..In a population that included many children with astigmatism, objective, fully automated screening methods (NCARS and KERS) were superior to both visual acuity screening and photoscreening with subjective interpretation in identifying children who had astigmatism requiring spectacle correction.
• Delaney, S. M., Dobson, V., Harvey, E. M., Mohan, K. M., Weidenbacher, H. J., & Leber, N. R. (2000). Stimulus motion increases measured visual field extent in children 3.5 to 30 months of age. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 77(2), 82-9.
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  To examine the influence of stimulus motion on measured visual field extent of 3.5- to 30-month-old children and adults.
• Harvey, E. M., Miller, J. M., Dobson, V., Tyszko, R., & Davis, A. L. (2000). Measurement of refractive error in Native American preschoolers: validity and reproducibility of autorefraction. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 77(3), 140-9.
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  To examine (1) reproducibility of cycloplegic retinoscopy (C-RNS), cycloplegic autorefraction (C-Autoref), and noncycloplegic autorefraction (NC-Autoref), and (2) validity of C-Autoref and NC-Autoref compared with C-RNS in preschoolers with astigmatism.
• Mohan, K. M., Miller, J. M., Dobson, V., Harvey, E. M., & Sherrill, D. L. (2000). Inter-rater and intra-rater reliability in the interpretation of MTI Photoscreener photographs of Native American preschool children. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 77(9), 473-82.
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  To evaluate inter- and intra-rater reliability for the interpretation of MTI Photoscreener photographs taken in a population of Native American preschool children with a high prevalence of astigmatism.
• Sherrill, D. L., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (2000). Astigmatism and Amblyopia among Native American Children (AANAC): design and methods.. Ophthalmic Epidemiology, 7(3), 187-207. doi:10.1076/0928-6586(200009)731-vft187
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  The overall goal of the AANAC study is to improve detection of astigmatism and prevention of amblyopia in populations with a high prevalence of astigmatism. To meet this goal, the study will evaluate four methods of screening for astigmatism in preschool children and will assess both the short-term and long-term benefits of early correction of astigmatism in improving acuity and preventing amblyopia. This paper presents an overview of the design and methodology of the AANAC study. Subjects are members of the Tohono O'Odham Nation, a Native American tribe with a high prevalence of astigmatism. Preschool-age children who attend Head Start are screened with four tools: the Marco Nidek KM-500 autokeratometer, the MTI photoscreener, the Nikon Retinomax K-Plus autorefractor, and the Lea Symbols acuity chart. Sensitivity and specificity for detection of significant astigmatism, as measured by a technique that uses both cycloplegic retinoscopy and cycloplegic autorefraction, is determined for each of the four screening tools. Presence of amblyopia is evaluated by measurement of best-corrected recognition acuity and acuity for orthogonal gratings. Spectacles are provided to all 3-year-old children with > or =2.00 diopters (D) of astigmatism and all 4- and 5-year-old children with > or =1.50 D of astigmatism. Persistence of amblyopia after glasses wearing is evaluated by follow-up measurement of best-corrected recognition acuity and acuity for orthogonal gratings, conducted 2-5 months after glasses are prescribed. Long-term effectiveness of early screening and glasses prescription is evaluated through measurement of recognition acuity in two groups of first-grade children: one group who participated in the Head Start program before the intensive vision screening program was initiated, and a second group who participated in the study's Head Start vision screening program.
• Dobson, V., Miller, J. M., & Harvey, E. M. (1999). Corneal and refractive astigmatism in a sample of 3- to 5-year-old children with a high prevalence of astigmatism. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 76(12), 855-60.
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  To examine the relation between corneal and refractive astigmatism in a sample of pre-school-age Native American children with a high prevalence of astigmatism.
• Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., Tung, B., Quinn, G. E., & Hardy, R. J. (1999). Interobserver agreement for grating acuity and letter acuity assessment in 1- to 5.5-year-olds with severe retinopathy of prematurity. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 40(7), 1565-76.
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  To evaluate interobserver test-retest reliability of the Teller Acuity Card procedure for assessment of grating acuity at ages 1, 2, 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5 years, for HOTV letter acuity at 3.5 and 4.5 years, and for Early-Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) letter acuity at 5.5 years in the multicenter study of Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity (CRYO-ROP).
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (1999). Visual acuity screening versus noncycloplegic autorefraction screening for astigmatism in Native American preschool children. Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus / American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, 3(3), 160-5.
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  Visual acuity screening (VAS) is less reliable in preschoolers than in school-aged children as a means of detecting significant refractive error. We wished to compare the effectiveness of VAS with the effectiveness of an objective method, noncycloplegic autorefraction screening (NCARS), in detecting the presence of significant astigmatism warranting spectacle correction.
• Mohan, K. M., Dobson, V., Harvey, E. M., Delaney, S. M., & Leber, N. R. (1999). Does rate of stimulus presentation affect measured visual field extent in infants and toddlers?. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 76(4), 234-40.
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  To evaluate the effect of stimulus presentation rate on the measurement of visual field extent in infants and toddlers.
• Dobson, V., Brown, A. M., Harvey, E. M., & Narter, D. B. (1998). Visual field extent in children 3.5-30 months of age tested with a double-arc LED perimeter. Vision research, 38(18), 2743-60.
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  Visual field extent along the four diagonal meridia was measured cross-sectionally in 180 normal children (infants and toddlers), and 22 adults. Infants were tested monocularly at 3.5, 7, or 9 months, and toddlers were tested binocularly at 11, 17, or 30 months. Adult control data were obtained under monocular viewing. Three testing methods were investigated: static and hybrid static-kinetic perimetry, using LED arrays under computer control, and kinetic perimetry, using white styrofoam spheres manipulated by hand. Data analysis included corrections for false positives in the method of constant stimuli and for errors of anticipation in the ascending method of limits. Across all data sets from children, kinetic perimetry yielded larger, more adult-like fields, which approached adult levels around 17 months, whereas static and hybrid static-kinetic perimetry yielded smaller visual fields, approaching adult levels only at 30 months.
• Miller, J. M., & Harvey, E. M. (1998). Spectacle prescribing recommendations of AAPOS members. Journal of pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus, 35(1), 51-2.
• Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., & Luna, B. (1997). Long-term grating acuity and visual-field development in preterm children who experienced bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 39(3), 167-73.
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  Grating acuity, visual-field extent, and recognition acuity were examined in 77 children who had bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), 101 children who had hyaline membrane disease (HMD), and 77 healthy preterm (HPT) children. None of the subjects had significant retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) or neurological abnormalities. Grating acuity and field extent were tested at 0 to 1, 4, 9, 12, 17, 24, 30, 36, and 48 months corrected age and recognition acuity was tested at 36 and 48 months corrected age. Ophthalmological examinations indicated that a greater proportion of subjects in the BPD group than in the HMD or in the HPT group had strabismus or high refractive error. However, grating acuity and field extent in the BPD group did not significantly differ from the HMD group or from the HPT group at any test age. Recognition acuity was poorer in the BPD and HMD groups than in the HPT group at both 36 and 48 months, but the difference was significant only at 36 months. These results suggest that children who experienced BPD with no significant ROP and no neurological complications show grating acuity and visual-field development comparable to that of healthy preterm children, but that recognition acuity, or the skills required to perform a recognition-acuity task, may be delayed in this BPD population.
• Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., & Narter, D. B. (1997). The influence of a central stimulus on visual field measurements in children from 3.5 to 30 months of age. Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 74(9), 768-74.
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  To provide normative data on the effect of a central competing stimulus on monocular visual field extent in 3.5- to 9-month-olds and adults, and binocular visual field extent in 11- to 30-month-olds.
• Harvey, E. M., Dobson, V., Luna, B., & Scher, M. S. (1997). Grating acuity and visual-field development in children with intraventricular hemorrhage. Developmental medicine and child neurology, 39(5), 305-12.
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  Visual development was studied in 171 preterm children who had intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and in 73 healthy preterm (HPT) children who did not develop IVH. Binocular grating acuity was assessed at age 1 month; monocular grating acuity and binocular visual-field extent were assessed at 4, 8, 12, 17, 24, 30, 36, and 48 months; and monocular H, O, T, V letter recognition acuity was tested at 36 and 48 months. A significantly greater proportion of IVH subjects than HPT subjects had ocular abnormalities. IVH subjects had significantly poorer grating acuity than HPT subjects at 1, 4, 8, 36, and 48 months, poorer recognition acuity than HPT subjects at 36 and 48 months, and smaller average field extent than HPT subjects at 4, 12, and 17 months. Acuity deficits were not related to grade of IVH or to the presence of periventricular leukomalacia, but may have been associated with the presence of ocular abnormalities or cerebral palsy in some IVH subjects.
• Harvey, E. M., Miller, J. M., Wagner, L. K., & Dobson, V. (1997). Reproducibility and accuracy of measurements with a hand held autorefractor in children. The British journal of ophthalmology, 81(11), 941-8.
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  To determine reproducibility and accuracy of the Nikon Retinomax autorefractor when used with children who were made cycloplegic.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (1997). Refractive amblyopia in a native american preschool population with a high prevalence of astigmatism. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 38(4).
• Miller, J. M., Mansueto, L. A., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (1997). Sensitivity and specificity of the mti photoscreener in a preschool population with a high prevalence of astigmatism. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 38(4).
• Miller, J. M., & Harvey, E. M. (1996). Accuracy and repeatablity of a hand-held video keratoscope in a population with a high prevalence of astigmatism. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 37(3).
• Wilson, M. C., Wagner, L. K., Miller, J. M., & Harvey, E. M. (1996). Accuracy of a hand-held autorefractor in a pediatric population. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 37(3).
• Harvey, E. M., Miller, J. M., & Dobson, V. (1995). Reproducibility of corneal astigmatism measurements with a hand held keratometer in preschool children. The British journal of ophthalmology, 79(11), 983-90.
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  To evaluate the overall accuracy and reproducibility of the Alcon portable autokeratometer (PAK) measurements in infants and young children.
• Harvey, E. M., Rawson, R. A., & Obert, J. L. (1994). History of sexual assault and the treatment of substance abuse disorders. Journal of psychoactive drugs, 26(4), 361-7.
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  A treatment outcome study of adult patients treated for substance abuse disorders was conducted in which 80% of the participants were successfully contacted for follow-up six months post discharge. Analyses focused on baseline and outcome comparisons of patients with histories of sexual assault and patients with no history of sexual assault. The prevalence of assault in the sample was 15%. Baseline measures indicated that patients in the assaulted group were more likely to have a history of suicide planning and demonstrated greater psychiatric symptom severity as measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory. Outcome measures indicated that treatment was effective for both groups in psychiatric symptom reduction and in reduction of alcohol and other drug use. Results are discussed in terms of specific treatment needs for substance abuse patients with sexual assault histories.
• Peterson, M. A., Harvey, E. M., & Weidenbacher, H. J. (1991). Shape recognition contributions to figure-ground reversal: which route counts?. Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance, 17(4), 1075-89.
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  Observers viewed upright and inverted versions of figure-ground stimuli, in which Gestalt variables specified that the center was figure. In upright versions, the surround was high in denotivity, in that most viewers agreed it depicted the same shape; in inverted versions, the surround was low in denotivity. The surround was maintained as figure longer and was more likely to be obtained as figure when the stimuli were upright rather than inverted. In four experiments, these effects reflected inputs to figure-ground computations from orientation-specific shape representations only. To account for these findings, a nonratiomorphic mechanism is proposed that enables shape recognition processes before figure-ground relationships are determined.

Proceedings Publications

• Schwiegerling, J. T., Y, G., Miller, J. M., & Harvey, E. M. (2021). Remote measurement of sphero-cylindrical lens power and orientation through distortion analysis.. In Proc. SPIE 11815, Novel Optical Systems, Methods, and Applications XXIV.
• Sherrill, D. L., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (2001). A Screening Protocol for Preschool Children Who Are Members of a Population with a High Prevalence of Astigmatism. In Vision Science and its Applications.
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  A two-part screening program consisting of keratometry screening for corneal astigmatism, combined with screening/rescreening of visual acuity, is proposed. Data from 374 children provided referral thresholds that would detect most children with significant astigmatism, while minimizing over-referrals.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (2000). Prescribing spectacles by confirmed autorefraction. In Vision Science and its Applications.
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  Prescribing spectacles for children too young to cooperate with subjective refinement of refraction requires that the refractive error be estimated by objective means. Clinical studies frequently employ autorefractors for measurement of refractive error, as they have been shown to have reproducibility that is superior to that of a retinoscopist.1 However, reproducibility does not equate to accuracy, and so for instances where the measurement is being used to prescribe spectacles, it is important that the accuracy of the autorefractor be confirmed.
• Sherrill, D. L., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Dobson, V. (1999). Prevalence of astigmatism, astigmatic anisometropla, and glasses wearing among preschool-and school-age Native American children. In Vision Science and its Applications.
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  A high prevalence of astigmatism has been documented among school-age members of some Native American peoples, including the Cheyenne,1 Crow,1 Navajo,2–4 Pueblo,5 Sioux,6,7 Tohono O’Odham8, and Zuni.3

Presentations

• Miller, J. M., Ober, C., Leonard-Green, T., Twelker, J. D., Kramer, T. R., Miller, H., Mercer, D., & Harvey, E. M. (2013, Jun). Comparison of Objective Measures of Visual Acuity for Assessing Potential Change in Vision Following Cord Blood Transplant in Preverbal Children. Annual Meeting of the International Cord Blood Symposium. San Francisco, CA: Cord Blood Association.

Poster Presentations

• Twelker, J. D., Harvey, E. M., Arthur, A. W., Dennis, L. K., Davis, A. L., Enriquez, S., Gerhart, K., Hsu, C., Marshall-Gonzales, M. S., Martin, J. A., Romer McGrath, E. F., Miller, J. M., & Divya, R. (2023, April). Agreement between the Welch Allyn Spot Vision Screener and Cycloplegic Retinoscopy in Toddlers.. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA: ARVO.
• Miller, J. M., Schwiegerling, J. T., & Harvey, E. M. (2022). Telemedicine Lensometry: Determination of Spectacle Prescription by analysis of cell phone images of coins through spectacle lenses.. Arizona Ophthalmological Society Meeting, 2022.
• Campus, I., Leonard-Green, T., Davis, A., Twelker, J. D., Apple, H., Miller, J. M., & Harvey, E. M. (2017, May). Perception of Global Form and Motion in Students with Bilateral Astigmatism. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., & Belin, M. (2017, May). Anatomical Correlates of Increasing and Decreasing Keratometric Astigmatism in Astigmatic Native American Children. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting.
• Harvey, E. M., Leonard-Green, T. K., Mohan, K., Kulp, M. T., Davis, A. L., Miller, J. M., Twelker, J. D., & Campus, I. (2016, May). Inter-Scorer and Test-Retest Reliability of the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration in School-Age Children. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting. Seattle, WA.
• Miller, J. M., Belin, M. W., & Harvey, E. M. (2016, May). Posterior corneal shape following gain or loss of keratometric astigmatism. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting. Seattle, WA.
• Crescioni, M., Warholak, T. L., Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., Campus, I., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Crescioni, M., Warholak, T. L., Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., Campus, I., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Crescioni, M., Warholak, T. L., Harvey, E. M., Leonard Green, T., Campus, I., , Twelker, J. D., et al. (2015, May). Validation of Self-Reported Spectacle Compliance Among School Aged Children and Parents Using Rasch Analysis. Annual Meeting of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Denver, CO: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Davis, A., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., & Harvey, E. M. (2015, May). The Relation Between Convergence Insufficiency and Astigmatism. Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Denver, CO: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Crescioni, M., Warholak, T. L., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Davis, A. L., & Harvey, E. M. (2014, May). Rasch Analysis of the Convergence Insufficiency Symptoms Survey (CISS) Used to Assess Symptom Reduction with Spectacle Correction Among Students. Annual Meeting of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Orlando, FL: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Davis, A. L., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., & Harvey, E. M. (2014, May). Inter-Observer and Intra-Observer Reliability of Measurements of the Obliquity of Palpebral Fissures. Annual Meeting of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Orlando, FL: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Green, T. K., Davis, A., Crescioni, M., Campus, I., Mohan, K., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., & Harvey, E. M. (2015, May). Comparison of Best-Corrected vs. Uncorrected Performance on the Beery VMI Developmental Test of Visual Perception in Astigmatic Children. Annual Meeting of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Denver, CO: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Harvey, E. M., Miller, J. M., Apple, H. P., Parasha, P., Apple, D., Twelker, J. D., Crescioni, M., Leonard-Green, T. K., & Davis, A. L. (2014, May). Accommodation Patterns in Astigmatic Children During Visual Task Performance. Annual Meeting of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Orlando, FL: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Leonard-Green, T. K., Apple, H. P., Apple, D., Crescioni, M., Miller, J. M., Twelker, J. D., Davis, A. L., Campus, I., & Harvey, E. M. (2014, May). Meridional Amblyopia in Astigmatic Students Documented with Computer Generated Stimuli on Commercial Displays. Annual Meeting of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Orlando, FL: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Twelker, J. D., Belin, M. W., & Sherrill, D. L. (2014, May). Posterior Corneal Curvature Conforms to Anterior Cornea Curvature in Astigmatic Tohono O’odham Native American Schoolchildren. Annual Meeting of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Orlando, FL: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., & Harvey, E. M. (2014, May). Native American Schoolchildren Tend to Emmetropize to the Spherical Equivalent, Regardless of Level of Astigmatism. Annual Meeting of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Orlando, FL: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Campus, I., Crescioni, M., Green, T. K., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., & Harvey, E. M. (2013, May). Effects of Eyeglass Correction on Oral Reading Fluency in Elementary and Middle School Children. Annual Meeting of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Seattle, WA: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Crescioni, M., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Green, T. K., Campus, I., Harvey, E. M., Crescioni, M., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Green, T. K., Campus, I., & Harvey, E. M. (2013, May). Relation Between Grade and Gender and Reasons for Spectacle Non-Compliance Among School Aged Children. Annual Meeting of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Seattle, WA: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Harvey, E. M., Twelker, J. D., & Miller, J. M. (2013, May). Relation Between Refractive Astigmatism and Change in Spherical Equivalent with Age in a Sample of Native American Children Age 3 to 18 Years of Age. Annual Meeting of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Seattle, WA: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Messer, D. H., & Harvey, E. M. (2013, May). The Magnitude and Symmetry of Corneal and Refractive Astigmatism. Annual Meeting of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Seattle, WA: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Adams, I., Crescioni, M., Messer, D. H., Green, T. K., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., & Harvey, E. M. (2012, May). Test-Retest Agreement on the Student Refractive Error and Eyeglass Questionnaire (SREEQ). Annual Meeting of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Crescioni, M., Messer, D. H., Harvey, E. M., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., Crescioni, M., Messer, D. H., Harvey, E. M., Twelker, J. D., & Miller, J. M. (2012, May). Construct Validation of the Student Refractive Error and Eyeglass Questionnaire. Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Green, T. K., Adams, I. A., Crescioni, M., Messer, D. H., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., & Harvey, E. M. (2012, May). Type of Refractive Error and Grade as Predictors of Spectacle Wear in 1st-12th Grade Students. Annual Meeting of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Harvey, E. M., Miller, J. M., Schwiegerling, J. T., Sherrill, D. L., Messer, D. H., & Twelker, J. D. (2012, May). Longitudinal Change in Corneal Astigmatism in Tohono O'odham Infants and Toddlers. Annual Meeting of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Miller, J. M., Schwiegerling, J. T., Harvey, E. M., Sherrill, D. L., Messer, D. H., & Twelker, J. D. (2012, May). Data Reduction Strategies for Aberration Measurements in Tohono O'odham Infants and Children. Annual Meeting of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Adams, I., Green, T. K., Messer, D. H., Twelker, J. D., Miller, J. M., & Harvey, E. M. (2011, May). Use of a Modified Version of the Pediatric Refractive Error Profile (PREP) to Identify Factors Associated with Eyeglass Wearing Compliance. Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Apple, H., Miller, J. M., Harvey, E. M., Green, T. K., Messer, D. H., & Twelker, J. D. (2011, May). Accommodative Lag Changes in Uncorrected Astigmatic and Non-Astigmatic Students While Attempting to Read Small and Large Letters. Annual Meeting of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Green, T. K., Miller, J. M., Apple, H. P., Harvey, E. M., Messer, D. H., & Twelker, J. D. (2011, May). Evaluation of the Grand Seiko WAM and Apple Micro-Display for the Study of Accommodative Response to Near Stimuli. Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Harvey, E. M., Miller, J. M., Belin, M. W., Messer, D. H., & Twelker, J. D. (2011, May). Agreement Between Retinomax K+ and Pentacam Measurements of Anterior Corneal Astigmatism. Annual Meeting of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.
• Miller, J. M., Seltzer, R. G., Sherrill, D. L., Harvey, E. M., Twelker, J. D., & Messer, D. H. (2011, May). Stability of Refractive Astigmatism in a Large Longitudinal Sample of Tohono O'odham Children. Annual Meeting of Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology. Ft. Lauderdale: Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.