Kimberly D Gerhart

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Scholarly Contributions

Journals/Publications

• Gerhart, K., Sanchez, J., Arthur, A. W., Harvey, E., Twelker, J., Hsu, C., Dennis, L., & Miller, J. (2025).

  Vision and Developmental Delay in Toddlers

  . AAPOS. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104650
• Sanchez, J., Gerhart, K., Arthur, A. W., Harvey, E., Twelker, J. D., Hsu, C. H., Dennis, L. K., & Miller, J. M. (2025). Vision and developmental delay in toddlers. Journal of AAPOS, 29(Issue 5). doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104650
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  Research investigating an association between vision impairment and toddlers’ ability to reach developmental milestones is sparse. Medical records of children 11-37 months of age who had automated vision screening were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate whether such an association was present. A lower likelihood of development delay was associated with female sex and Hispanic patients. However, developmental delay diagnosis was not associated with failing automated vision screening.
• Twelker, J. D., Arthur, A. W., Bhakta, R., Davis, A. L., Dennis, L. K., Enriquez, S. G., Gerhart, K. D., Hsu, C. H., González Marshall, M. S., Martin, J., McGrath, E. R., Miller, J. M., Ramesh, D., & Harvey, E. M. (2025). Agreement between the Spot Vision Screener and cycloplegic retinoscopy for toddlers with astigmatism. Journal of AAPOS, 29(Issue 5). doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2025.104656
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  Background: We investigated the agreement between the Spot Vision Screener (Welch Allyn) and gold standard cycloplegic retinoscopy in infants and toddlers, with special attention to astigmatism. Methods: Participants were children 12-35 months of age who failed a routine photoscreening using the Spot conducted at a recent well-child visit and who subsequently received a cycloplegic eye examination through the Spectacle Prescribing in Early Childhood Study (SPECS). Results: The final sample included 410 children, with an average age of 20.24 months. The Spot mean spherical equivalent value (M) was significantly less hyperopic than cycloplegic retinoscopy M (+0.35 D vs +0.80 D, t[409] < 0.001), and mean Spot Vision Screener cylinder (CYL) was significantly higher than cycloplegic retinoscopy CYL (1.84 D. vs 1.58 D, t[409] < 0.001). Conclusions: Cycloplegic retinoscopy found more hyperopic, or conversely, less myopic sphere power, in 60% of participants at the clinically significant level of >0.50 D. When using the Spot, this could result in under-referral to an eye care professional for moderate to high hyperopia. About 1 in 4 subjects showed higher clinically significant cylinder (>1.00 D) using the Spot compared with cycloplegic retinoscopy, which could result in over-referral for astigmatism when using the 2013 criteria for astigmatism.
• Twelker, J. D., Harvey, E. M., Arthur, A. W., Dennis, L. K., Davis, A. L., Enriquez, S., Gerhart, K., Hsu, C., Marshall-Gonzales, M. S., Martin, J. A., Romer McGrath, E. F., Miller, J. M., & Divya, R. (2025).

  Agreement between the Welch Allyn Spot Vision Screener and Cycloplegic Retinoscopy in Toddlers.

  . Journal of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus.
• Gerhart, K., Goshinska, A. J., Harvey, E. M., Davis, A., Smith, J. M., & Miller, J. M. (2018).

  Compliance with Recommended Follow up Eye Exam After Spot Photoscreening

  . Pediatrics, 141(1_MeetingAbstract), 262-262. doi:10.1542/peds.141.1ma3.262
• Gerhart, K., Stern, D. A., Guerra, S., Morgan, W. J., Martínez, F. D., & Wright, A. L. (2018).

  Protective effect of breastfeeding on recurrent cough in adulthood

  . Thorax. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210841
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  Rationale Breastfeeding protects from respiratory infections in early life but its relationship to recurrent cough and other respiratory outcomes in adult life is not well established. Methods Infant feeding practices were assessed prospectively in the Tucson Children’s Respiratory Study, a non-selected birth cohort and categorised into formula from birth or introduced
• Gerhart, K. D. (2015). Identification of young children for participation in studies of spectacle correction through pediatric primary care clinics: A pilot study. Invest ophthalmol Vis Sci, 56, 2015.
• Abdy, N. A., & Gerhart, K. (2012).

  Duloxetine Withdrawal Syndrome in a Newborn

  . Clinical Pediatrics, 52(10), 976-977. doi:10.1177/0009922812450509

Poster Presentations

• Divya, R., Miller, J. M., Romer McGrath, E. F., Martin, J. A., Marshall-Gonzales, M. S., Hsu, C., Gerhart, K., Enriquez, S., Davis, A. L., Dennis, L. K., Arthur, A. W., Harvey, E. M., & Twelker, J. D. (2023, April). Agreement between the Welch Allyn Spot Vision Screener and Cycloplegic Retinoscopy in Toddlers.. Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA: ARVO.
• Twelker, J. D., Harvey, E. M., Arthur, A. W., Dennis, L. K., Davis, A. L., Enriquez, S., Gerhart, K., Hsu, C., Marshall-Gonzales, M. S., Martin, J. A., Romer McGrath, E. F., Miller, J. M., & Divya, R. (2023, April). Agreement between the Welch Allyn Spot Vision Screener and Cycloplegic Retinoscopy in Toddlers.. ARVO. New Orleans, LA: ARVO.