Irene B Romano

Interests

Teaching

Professor Romano teaches courses on plundered art from antiquity to the present day, cultural heritage issues, museum studies, as well as ancient art and archaeology of the Mediterranean region.

Research

Professor Romano's research interests are Greek and Roman sculpture, marble provenience studies, the history of museum collections, Greek and Roman cult practices, ancient gardens, and Nazi-Era provenance research, especially on antiquities that were confiscated or transferred from 1933 to 1945 in Europe and the Middle East.

Courses

Scholarly Contributions

Books

• Romano, I. B., Tambakopoulos, D., Maniatis, Y., & Mahoney, K. (2024). Beth Shean Studies: Aspects of Religion, History, Art, and Archaeology in Hellenistic and Roman Nysa-Scythopolis. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.
  More info

  First author, with Kyle W. Mahoney; Appendix by Dimitris Tambakopoulos and Yannis Maniatis, Beth Shean Studies: Aspects of Religion, History, Art, and Archaeology in Hellenistic and Roman Nysa-Scythopolis. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society Vol. 112, part 2. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society Press, 2024. Under contract since 19 October 2021. 252 pages, 68 illustrations. Forthcoming February/March 2024. (peer-reviewed)
• Romano, I. B. (2023). Editor and Co-author, The Fate of Antiquities in the Nazi Era, Special Issue of the RIHA Journal, a collaboration of the Getty Research Institute and the Zentralinstitut fur Kunstgeschichte, Munich. . Munich, Germany: RIHA Journal (Zentralinstitut fur Kunstgeschichte). doi:https://doi.org/10.11588/riha.2022.2
• Romano, I. B. (2023). The Fate of Antiquities in the Nazi Era. Munich/Los Angeles: Special Issue of the RIHA Journal.
  More info

  The Fate of Antiquities in the Nazi Era is an edited volume of which I am the editor and co-author with contributions from 15 international scholars, a collaboration of the Getty Research Institute and the Zentralinstitut fur Kunstgesichichte in Munich, published as a Speical Issue of the RIHA Journal.
• Romano, I. B. (2018). Restaging Greek Artworks in Roman Times. Milan: LED Edizione Universitarie.
  More info

  Restaging Greek Artworks in Roman TimesEdited by Gianfranco Adornato, Irene Bald Romano, Gabriella Cirucci, and Alessandro Poggio This volume offers a collection of essays dealing with the material and immaterial reuse of Greek Art in Roman times from different perspectives and with regard to a wide range of contexts and aspects. The theme and the issues addressed in the book stem from two research projects led by Prof. Adornato and hosted by the SAET Laboratory of the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa: Beyond Pliny (PRIN-MIUR Fund, Research Project of National Interest) and Nobilia Opera? (SNS Internal Research Fund). The first part of the book developed out of the International Conference Athena Nike della Fondazione Sorgente Group. Un originale greco a Roma, held at the Scuola Normale in Pisa (April, 3-4 2014). The second part resulted from a session organized by Gabriella Cirucci and Alessandro Poggio and proposed to the 25th Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, held in Leicester in March 2015, to which other invited essays by specialists have been added. The book opens with a discussion of the Sorgente Athena, a recently published fifth-century B.C. Greek original that exemplifies very well some of the most common issues that arise when dealing with the reuse of Greek artworks in Roman context. The essays collected in the first part of the volume address the still open questions about the original aspect, primary and secondary function of the statue, what happened to it after its transition to Rome, its possible iconographic and typological relationship with the Athena in the Glencairn Museum. The second part of the book further explores the material re-staging and transformation of Greek artworks in Roman times by presenting a choice of cases ranging from the Ialysus by Protogenes, one of the most famous paintings in Antiquity that was transferred to Rome and exhibited in the Templum Pacis, to the Greek votive reliefs re-staged in private residencies in Roman Campania, to the reception of Greek works of art over time, with examples drawn from the city of Rome and from Greece under Roman rule.The final section of the book, dealing with the immaterial (metaphorical) recontextualization of Greek artworks, presents three case studies that revise the current interpretation of Roman statues usually understood as derivative from Greek prototypes by illuminating overlooked aspects of their materiality, of their formal qualities and typology, and of their contexts of use. The afterword intends to offer a critical assessment of the book’s content, thus contributing to locate it within the current scientific debate on the role played by Greek Art in Roman art and visual culture.ContentsPreface and Acknowledgements General IntroductionPart I: The Athena Nike of the Fondazione Sorgente Group1) Gabriella Cirucci (Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa), The “Greek Originals” in Rome: Ancient and Contemporary Perspectives.2) Arne Thomsen (Universität des Saarlandes), Athena, Nike, Athena Nike. Some iconographic Considerations3) Kenneth Lapatin (The J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles), Athena Nike and Athena’s Nike 4) Irene Bald Romano (The University of Arizona, Tucson), A Reexamination of the Glencairn Athena/Minerva and its Relationship to the Fondazione Sorgente Group Athena5) Olga Palagia (National and Kapodistrian University of Athens), A New Interpretation of the Sorgente Athena as Part of an Athenian Pediment6) Alexandra Carpino (Northern Arizona University), The Iconography of the Winged Menrva on Etruscan Engraved Bronze Mirrors from the 5th to Early 3rd centuries BCEPart II: Restaging Greek Artworks in Roman Times7) Eva Falaschi (Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa), More than Words. Re-staging Protogenes’ Ialysus. The many lives of an artwork between Greece and Rome 8) Marina Caso (Università di Napoli Federico II), Greek Sculptures in Roman Age Contexts: the case of Campania 9) Alessandro Poggio (Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa), "The Great Beauty". Greek Art and Urban Environment in Imperial Rome 10) Linda Pozzani (Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa), Made by the Athenian Κλεομένης Κλεομένους. The work of a Greek sculptor displayed in Rome 11) Gianfranco Adornato (Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa), The Dilemma of the Prima Porta Augustus: Polykleitos or not Polykleitos? 12) Mariateresa Curcio (La Sapienza, Università di Roma), Body Models in Roman Nude Portraits: Re-staging Polykleitos? Afterword BibliographiesIndicesIllustrations_______________________________________

Chapters

• Romano, I. B. (2021). Collecting of Classical Antiquities Among the Nazi Elite. In The Fate of Antiquities in the Nazi Era(pp 26 single-spaced manuscript pages). Munich/Los Angeles: Special Issue of the RIHA Journal.
• Romano, I. B. (2021). Introduction. In The Fate of Antiquities in the Nazi Era(pp ca. 10 pages). Munich/Los Angeles: Special Issue of the RIHA Journal/Getty Research Institute.
• Romano, I. B. (2020). A Colossal Roman Acrolith from Scythopolis. In Spondy: Tributes in Memory of Giorgios Despinis(pp 941-954). Athens, Greece: The Benaki Museum.
  More info

  Eight marble finger and hand fragments were excavated in the 1920s from a Byzantine cistern on the tell of ancient Scythopolis, modern Beth Shean, Israel. These belong to a colossal acrolithic statue, approximately eight to ten times life-sized, probably representing the founding deity of the city, Dionysos, or his father, Zeus (Akraios or Olympios), or a deity attested at Scythopolis that was a conflation of the two, Zeus Bakchos. It likely served as the cult image of the Roman temple on the acropolis of the city. A date for the statue in the second half of the 2nd or early the 3rd century AD coincides with the main period of marble importation to a region that had no marble resources of its own. Roman acroliths in Syria-Palestine are rare, with only three others that are archaeologically attested: a foot from Caesarea Maritima; a foot from Ashkelon; and hand and arm fragments from Philadelphia (Amman).
• Romano, I. B. (2020). Landscape and Gardens of the Roman Villa by Lake Nemi, loc. S. Maria. In A Roman Villa by Lake Nemi: Topography and Architecture(pp 326-364). Rome, Italy: Edizioni Quasar/University of Aarhus, Denmark/Carlsberg Foundation.
  More info

  Final publication of the excavation of the gardens of a Roman villa on the shores of Lake Nemi in the Alban Hills resulting in a reconstruction of aspects of the ancient landscape around Lake Nemi during the life of the villa and a description of the specific garden areas of the villa. The evidence includes soil analysis, palaeobotanical analysis, pollen cores, mollusks, as well as primary excavation data.
• Romano, I. B. (2018). A Reexamination of the Glencairn Athena/Minerva and its Relationship to the Fondazione Sorgente Group Athena. In Restaging Greek Artworks in Roman Times(pp 15-34 (as well as co-author of Introduction)). Milan: LED Universitarie Edizione.
• Romano, I. B. (2018). Two Imperial Monuments in Puteoli: Use of Proconnesian Marble in the Domitianic and Trajanic Periods in Campania. In Proceedings of ASMOSIA XI International Conference in Split, Croatia, May 18-23, 2015(pp 267-273). Split, Croatia: Sveučilište u Splitu Publications, University of Split, Croatia.
  More info

  This article is focused on two major public monuments of the Domitianic and Trajanic periods from Puteoli (modern Pozzuoli) on the Bay of Naples. There are no architectural traces of these monuments in Pozzuoli today and their specific ancient locations are not known. Our knowledge of them, therefore, is based on two major joining marble panels, one in the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology in Philadelphia and the other in the Neues Museum in Berlin. Scientific analyses of the marble of both panels show they are of Proconnesian marble, providing evidence for identifying other possible fragments of the monuments. In addition, the precisely-dated inscription of AD 95–96 on one side of the Philadelphia panel is an important example of a monument constructed by imperial order made of Proconnesian marble, establishing another fixed point in the late Flavian period for the use of this marble in the Italic peninsula.
• Romano, I. B. (2017). "Traditional Stone Working Tools" and"Marble Working Technique in Carrara: An Annotated Bibliography". In Le Mani che Lavorano: Il Marmo di Carrara/Hands at Works: Carrara Marble(pp pp. 60-75 and 92-96). Milan, Italy: International Traditional Knowledge Institute/Bandececchi and Vivaldi.
  More info

  Two bi-lingual chapters with Italian collaborator, Luisa Passeggia, in a scholarly book on the history of marble production in the quarries of Carrara, Italy. The book was also used to accompany the application of the city of Carrara for UNESCO status of "International City of Art and Crafts," which was granted in the fall of 2017.

Journals/Publications

• Romano, I. B. (2020). "The Most Important Hellenistic Sculpture Found in the Holy Land": A Roman Portrait of Alexander the Great from Beth Shean. Israel Museum Studies in Archaeology, 12, 14 illustrations.
• Romano, I. B., Tait, W. J., Bisulca, C., Creasman, P. P., Hodgins, G. W., & Wazny, T. J. (2018). An Ancient Egyptian Senet Board in the Arizona State Museum. Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde, 145(1), 71-85.
  More info

  This is a publication of a wooden fragment of an ancient Egyptian game board (senet) in the collections of the Arizona State Museum, with an exploration of its collecting history, the wood species, the inlay substance, the meaning of the hieroglyphic inscriptions, its radiocarbon date, and its place in the history of such game boards.
• Romano, I. B. (2017). "ASM and its Place in Museum History". Glyphs (Arizona Archaeological and Historical Society), 68(3), pp. 12-14.
  More info

  Brief article on the history of Arizona State Museum and its place in museum history.
• Romano, I. B. (2018). An Ancient Egyptian Senet Board in the Arizona State Museum. Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde (ZÄS), 1-15.
  More info

  Lead author with W. John Tait, Christina Bisulca, Pearce Paul Creasman, and Gregory Hodgins of an article on a rare ancient Egyptian game board discovered in the collection of the Arizona State Museum in which we discuss the provenance, decoration and hieroglyphs, the inlay substance, the wood species, and the date, established by radiocarbon technique.
• Romano, I. B. (2016). Old World Meets New World: Biography of an Egyptian Collection in the Sonoran Desert. Journal of the Southwest, 58(2), 189-236.
  More info

  Analysis of the formation of the Egyptian Collection at the Arizona State Museum and the nexus among New World and Old World archaeologists and institutions in the early 20th century.
• Romano, D. G., Romano, I. B., & Davis, G. H. (2015). “The Monument Landscape and Associated Geology at the Sanctuary of Zeus on Mt. Lykaion”. Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones in Antiquity, Asmosia X, X, 429-436.
  More info

  P. Pensabene and E. Gasparini, eds.

Presentations

• Romano, I. B. (2023, October). “Exhibiting Classical Antiquity during the Nazi Era" Invited Lecture. Fairfield University, in connection with a special exhibition on an artist of the Nazi Era. Fairfield University, Fairfield, CT: Fairfield University Art Museum.
• Romano, I. B. (2023, November).

  “Antiquities and their Fate during the Nazi Period and Beyond…,” Invited lecture, Antiquities Action Group, Program in Art History and Archaeology, University of Texas, Austin, 14 November 2023.

  . Invited Lecture. Austin, TX: Antiquities Action Group. Program in Art History and Archaeology, University of Texas, Austin.
• Romano, I. B. (2023, October).

  “Exhibiting Classical Antiquity during the Nazi Era,” Invited lecture, Fairfield University Art Museum, Fairfield, CT, 13 October 2023. 

  . Invited Lecture in Conjunction with a special exhibition of a Jewish artist working in Nazi Germany. Fairfield , CT: Fairfield University Art Museum.
• Romano, I. B. (2022, April). “Plundered, Displaced, and Missing: The Fate of Antiquities in the Nazi Era”. Invited Lecture. Rincon, AZ: Arizona Senior Academy, Academy Village.
• Romano, I. B. (2022, April). “The Plunder of Art by the Nazis: Background and Status Update". Invited Lecture. Owings Mills, MD: Beth Israel Synagogue.
• Romano, I. B. (2022, March). “Ashurbanipal, P.T. Barnum, Royal Eunuchs, and Fat-tailed Sheep: The Surprising Journey of a Fragmentary Sculpture from Ancient Mesopotamia to the Arizona State Museum". Invited Lecture. Virtual: Arizona State Museum andn University of Arizona Museum of Art.
• Romano, I. B. (2022, March). “The Fate of Antiquities in Italy during the Fascist and Nazi Periods,” Invited (virtual) lecture. Workshop on “The Spoliation and Recovery of Art and Antiquities from Italy". London, England (Virtual): The Society for the History of Collecting, London.
• Romano, I. B. (2022, May). “The Fate of Antiquities in the Nazi Era: Status Update". “Public Program: New Research, Collaborations, and Provenance Resources". Washington, D.C.: Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany. Co-hosted by the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, The German Embassy.
• Romano, I. B. (2022, October). “Exhibiting Classical Antiquity during the Nazi Era". Invited Public Lecture. Northwestern University, Evanston, IL: Department of Art History, Northwestern University.
• Romano, I. B. (2022, September).

  “ASMOSIA at 34 years: The Trajectory of Research on Ancient Stone 

  and its Relevance to Art Historical Questions". International Conference of Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stone in Antiquity (ASMOSIA). Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria: ASMOSIA and Kunsthistorisches Museum.
• Romano, I. B. (2019, April). Keynote Speech: "Plundered, Displaced, and Missing: The Fate of Antiquities in the Nazi Era". 13th Annual Council of Graduate Art Historians' Symposium. Tempe, Arizona: Council of Graduate Art Historians.
• Romano, I. B. (2019, November). A Roman Portrait of Alexander the Great from Scythopolis. Annual Meeting of the American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR). San Diego, CA: American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR).
• Romano, I. B. (2019, October). Collaborative Research Projects: Funding and Prospects (Panel). Provenance Research Exchange Program (PREP) Meeting. Washington, D.C.: German Historical Institute.
• Romano, I. B. (2019, October). Object Lessons: German and American Perspectives on Provenance Research on Collections from Colonial and Nazi Contexts. Public Forum/Panel Discussion sponsored by the German Historical Institute. Washington, D.C.: German Historical Institute.
  More info

  I was the moderator and a panelist for this public panel discussion. I communicated with the panelists, designed the questions for the panelists, directed the panel discussion, contributing my voice to issues related to Nazi-era and colonial-era confiscations and restitution claims.
• Romano, I. B. (2019, October). The Ancient Mediterranean World: Collections in the Arizona State Museum. Meeting of Docents of Arizona State Museum. Tucson, Arizona: Arizona State Museum Docents Council.
• Wazny, T. J., Romano, I. B., Tait, W. J., Hodgins, G. W., Bisulca, C., Creasman, P. P., Bisulca, C., Creasman, P. P., Tait, W. J., Hodgins, G. W., Romano, I. B., & Wazny, T. J. (2018, April). A Multidisciplinary Approach to Interpreting a Senet Board in the Arizona State Museum. Annual Meeting of the American Research Center in Egypt. Tucson.
• Romano, I. B., Tait, W. J., Bisulca, C., Creasman, P. P., Hodgins, G. W., & Wazny, T. J. (2017, March). Analysis of An Ancient Egyptian Game Board in the Arizona State Museum. Samuel H. Kress Foundation Symposium on Conservation and Technology in Art History. Tucson: University of Arizona Museum of Art.
• Romano, I. B. (2016, June). "Alexander in Scythopolis?. Invited Lecture. Tel Aviv, Israel: Jacob M. Alkow Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Cultures & Sonia & Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University.
  More info

  A lecture for faculty, undergraduate and graduate students at the Institute of Archaeology at Tel Aviv U. about my on-going research on a marble head of Alexander the Great from Beth Shean, Israel (ancient Scythopolis) and the archaeological and literary evidence for Alexander in ancient Israel.
• Romano, I. B. (2016, November). The Ancient Egyptian Game of Senet. Family Culture Day at Arizona State Museum. Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona: Arizona State Museum.
  More info

  Sitting at a table with an ancient Egyptian game board from the collection of the Arizona State Museum, I talked to visitors (family groups with adults and children of all ages) about ancient board games and how the ancient Egyptian game of senet was played.
• Romano, I. B. (2016, October). A Short History of Museums. Invited Lecture. Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona: Docents of Arizona State Museum.
  More info

  A lecture about the history of museums, putting the Arizona State Museum in the context of American museums in the 19th century.
• Romano, I. B. (2016, October). A Statue of Alexander the Great(?) and an Acrolithic Colossos from the Roman Acropolis of Scythopolis (Beth Shean, Israel). Invited Colloquium Lecture. Tucson, AZ: Center for Middle Eastern Studies, School of Middle Eastern and North African Studies (MENAS), University of Arizona.
  More info

  In celebration of International Archaeology Day, I was invited to present my current research on marble sculptures from the site of Beth Shean (ancient Scythopolis) in Israel, including a head of Alexander the Great and colossal fingers from an acrolithic statue.
• Romano, I. B. (2016, September). Agatha Christie and Archaeology. Invited Lecture. Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ: Archaeological Institute of America, Central Arizona Chapter.
  More info

  Dr. Irene Bald Romano brings to life Agatha Christie’s archaeological experiences and the cast of archaeological characters that inspired some of her fictional characters. Married to archaeologist Max Mallowan, Agatha Christie worked alongside her husband at famous Near Eastern sites such as Ur (where they first met and which inspired Murder in Mesopotamia, 1936), Nineveh, and Nimrud, places that have recently been in the news as targets of destruction by ISIS. Dr. Romano will present a glimpse of these sites as they were in the days of Mallowan and Christie and their current sad state.

Others

• Romano, I. B. (2017, August). "American School of Classical Studies at Athens (ASCSA)". Springer Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology.
  More info

  Encyclopedia entry (with co-author Jack L. Davis), in hard copy and online. Revised 2nd edition.
• Romano, I. B. (2016, March). All that Glitters is Not Gold: Glencairn's Siren Cauldron Attachment. Glencairn Museum News. https://glencairnmuseum.org/newsletter/2016/6/17/all-that-glitters-is-not-gold-glencairns-siren-cauldron-attachment
  More info

  Lead author with David Gilman Romano of an invited scholarly article (19 pages) on a Near Eastern bronze cauldron attachment for an online publication of a museum near Philadelphia where David Romano and I have researched and published the Classical collections.

Creative Works

• “The Monument Landscape and Associated Geology at the Sanctuary of Zeus on Mt. Lykaion"; Print publication; Bretschneider; September 2015; Proceedings of ASMOSIA X International Conference, “La Sapienza,” Universita di Roma
• Catalogue Entries on Roman Sculpture from Tel Batna, Syria and sculptures from unknown sites; print publication; DeGruyter, Germany; May 2021; Sculptures from Roman Syria (SFRS), Vol. 2: The Marble Statuary.; Edited by D. Kreikenborn, T.M. Weber, Mustafa Kocak, and K.-U. Mahler 
• “Old World Meets New World: Biography of an Egyptian Collection in the Sonoran Desert"; Print journal; Southwest Center, University of Arizona; June 2016; Journal of the Southwest; A history of the Egyptian collection of the Arizona State Museum with particular emphasis on the motivations for forming such a collection in a museum devoted to the cultures of the Southwest and on the intersection of Old World archaeology with American archaeology and the formation of the discipline of Southwest Archaeology.
• Villa and Temple. Nemus: Villa Nemorensi (the Villa of Julius Caesar?) and the Sanctuary of Diana Nemorensis (Lake Nemi, Italy),; Print and online publication; Cambridge U. Press; February 2017; Gardens of the Roman Empire; Accepted for publication. 
• “A Ptolemaic Royal Portrait in the Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona"; online journal; Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections (JAEI); April 2014; Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections (JAEI)