Linan Jiang

Interests

Teaching

Fluid mechanics, Heat transfer, Microfabrication.

Research

Microfluidics, microscale heat transfer.Lab-on-chips, organ-on-chips, bio microsensors and microdevices.Microscale optics, optical interconnection, polymer material and flexible thin film.Microdevice design, fabrication, integration and packaging.

Courses

Scholarly Contributions

Journals/Publications

• Gao, Y., Hamdoh, A., Jiang, L., Anderson, N., & Pau, S. (2025). Snapshot division-of-aperture spectropolarimeter and polarization radiometer. Applied optics, 64(23), 6610-6617.
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  A snapshot spectropolarimeter and a polarization radiometer, utilizing the division-of-aperture principle, have been constructed, calibrated, and tested. The instrument splits the incoming light beam into four sub-beams, which pass through a 2×2 polarizer array and a 2×2 lens array. The energy distribution and polarization information as a function of wavelength are derived from four different spectra measured simultaneously and independently by four spectrometers. Multimode fibers facilitate free-space light coupling. The calibration process for wavelength, radiometry, and polarization is detailed. The operating wavelength ranges from 420 to 700 nm, and the spectral resolution is 3.8 nm at 632.8 nm; the measurement errors for AoLP, DoLP, and DoCP are 0.75°, 2.7%, and 3.7%, respectively. Experimental results with both broadband and narrowband light sources demonstrate the system's spectral resolution and polarization accuracy.
• Hamdoh, A., Gao, Y., Spires, O., Brock, N., Jiang, L., & Pau, S. (2025). Short-wave infrared (SWIR) polarization imaging using division-of-focal-plane imaging polarimeter. Scientific reports, 15(1), 22577.
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  This study investigates the polarization properties of materials in the short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectrum using a compact division-of-focal-plane imaging polarimeter. The polarimeter is constructed by packaging a micro-polarizer array on top of an InGaAs sensor. Experiments conducted in both indoor and outdoor environments revealed unique transparency, absorption, and polarization behaviors across various materials. Transparent materials such as plastics, silicon, and black glass exhibited high SWIR transmission, allowing internal visualization, while opaque materials like aluminum, wood, and water demonstrated strong absorption. Polarization analysis identified strong linear polarization in birefringent materials and minimal polarization in isotropic ones, with elliptical or circular polarization arising from mechanisms like total internal reflection, complex refractive index, and birefringence. Outdoor observations showed the interaction of polarized skylights with reflective surfaces, enhancing contrast and revealing surface features. These findings underscore the potential of SWIR polarization imaging for applications in non-destructive testing, remote sensing, biomedical imaging, and optical communication.
• Minocha, E., Jiang, L., Gupta, A. K., Green, R. M., Zohar, Y., & Wertheim, J. A. (2025). Microfluidic Flow Promotes a Steatotic Phenotype in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocytes that is Influenced by Disease State of the Donor. Gastro hep advances, 4(4), 100601.
• Tahsin, S., Sane, N. S., Cernyar, B., Jiang, L., Zohar, Y., Lee, B. R., & Miranti, C. K. (2025). Correction: AR loss in prostate cancer stroma mediated by NF-κB and p38-MAPK signaling disrupts stromal morphogen production. Oncogene, 44(1), 50.
• Hamdoh, A., Miller, S., Gao, Y., Zou, Y., Smith, M., Jiang, L., & Pau, S. (2024). Polarization properties and Umov effect of human hair. Scientific reports, 14(1), 412.
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  This study delves into the polarization properties of various hair colors using several techniques, including polarization ray tracing, full Stokes, and Mueller matrix imaging. Our analysis involved studying hair in both indoor and outdoor settings under varying lighting conditions. Our results demonstrate a strong correlation between hair color and the degree of linear polarization. Specifically, light-colored hair, such as white and blond, exhibits high albedo and low DoLP. In contrast, dark hair, like black and brown hair, has low albedo and high DoLP. Our research also revealed that a single hair strand displays high diattenuation near specular reflections but high depolarization in areas with diffuse reflections. Additionally, we investigated the wavelength dependency of the polarization properties by comparing the Mueller matrix under illumination at 450 nm and 589 nm. Our investigation demonstrates the impact of hair shade and color on polarization properties and the Umov effect.
• Jiang, L., Khawaja, H., Tahsin, S., Clarkson, T. A., Miranti, C. K., & Zohar, Y. (2024). Microfluidic-based human prostate-cancer-on-chip. Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology, 12, 1302223.
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  Lack of adequate models significantly hinders advances in prostate cancer treatment, where resistance to androgen-deprivation therapies and bone metastasis remain as major challenges. Current models fail to faithfully mimic the complex prostate physiology. animal models can shed light on the oncogenes involved in prostate cancer development and progression; however, the animal prostate gland is fundamentally different from that of human, and the underlying genetic mechanisms are different. To address this problem, we developed the first microfluidic human Prostate-Cancer-on-Chip (PCoC) model, where human prostate cancer and stromal fibroblast cells were co-cultivated in two channels separated by a porous membrane under culture medium flow. The established microenvironment enables soluble signaling factors secreted by each culture to locally diffuse through the membrane pores affecting the neighboring culture. We particularly explored the conversion of the stromal fibroblasts into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) due to the interaction between the 2 cell types. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that tumor cells induced CAF biomarkers, αSMA and COL1A1, in stromal fibroblasts. The stromal CAF conversion level was observed to increase along the flow direction in response to diffusion agents, consistent with simulations of solute concentration gradients. The tumor cells also downregulated androgen receptor (AR) expression in stromal fibroblasts, while an adequate level of stromal AR expression is maintained in normal prostate homeostasis. We further investigated tumor invasion into the stroma, an early step in the metastatic cascade, in devices featuring a serpentine channel with orthogonal channel segments overlaying a straight channel and separated by an 8 µm-pore membrane. Both tumor cells and stromal CAFs were observed to cross over into their neighboring channel, and the stroma's role seemed to be proactive in promoting cell invasion. As control, normal epithelial cells neither induced CAF conversion nor promoted cell invasion. In summary, the developed PCoC model allows spatiotemporal analysis of the tumor-stroma dynamic interactions, due to bi-directional signaling and physical contact, recapitulating tissue-level multicellular responses associated with prostate cancer . Hence, it can serve as an model to dissect mechanisms in human prostate cancer development and seek advanced therapeutic strategies.
• Jiang, L., Khawaja, H., Tahsin, S., Clarkson, T., Miranti, C., & Zohar, Y. (2024).

  Corrigendum: Microfluidic-based human prostate-cancer-on-chip (Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, (2024), 12, (1302223), 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1302223)

  . Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 12. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2024.1520130
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  In the published article, there was an error in the Funding statement. The Funding statement was incorrectly written as: “The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. LJ, HK, ST, TC, CM, and YZ were supported by funding from NIH/NCI MPI R01 CA254200 as part of the Tissue Engineering Consortium and TACMASR by P30 CA023075 UACC support grant. TC acknowledges partial support by the NIH/NCI U54CA143924 for the Partnership of Native American Cancer Prevention (NACP).” The correct Funding statement appears below:
• Jiang, L., Khawaja, H., Tahsin, S., Clarkson, T., Miranti, C., & Zohar, Y. (2024). Microfluidic-based human prostate cancer on chip.. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 1-15.
• Jiang, L., Khawaja, H., Tahsin, S., Clarkson, T., Miranti, C., & Zohar, Y. (2024). Corrigendum: Microfluidic-based human prostate-cancer-on-chip (Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, (2024), 12, (1302223), 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1302223). Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 12. doi:10.3389/fbioe.2024.1520130
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  In the published article, there was an error in the Funding statement. The Funding statement was incorrectly written as: “The author(s) declare financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. LJ, HK, ST, TC, CM, and YZ were supported by funding from NIH/NCI MPI R01 CA254200 as part of the Tissue Engineering Consortium and TACMASR by P30 CA023075 UACC support grant. TC acknowledges partial support by the NIH/NCI U54CA143924 for the Partnership of Native American Cancer Prevention (NACP).” The correct Funding statement appears below:
• Miranti, C., Tahsin, S., Sane, N., Zohar, Y., Jiang, L., Lee, B. R., & Cernyar, B. (2024).

  AR loss in prostate cancer stroma mediated by NF-κB and p38-MAPK signaling disrupts stromal morphogen production.

  . Oncogene, 1-15.
• Miranti, C., Tahsin, S., Sane, N., Zohar, Y., Jiang, L., Lee, B. R., & Cernyar, B. (2024). AR loss in prostate cancer stroma mediated by NF-κB and p38-MAPK signaling disrupts stromal morphogen production.. Oncogene, 1-15.
• Szewczyk, K., Jiang, L., Khawaja, H., Miranti, C. K., & Zohar, Y. (2024). Microfluidic Applications in Prostate Cancer Research. Micromachines, 15(10).
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  Prostate cancer is a disease in which cells in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system below the bladder, grow out of control and, among men, it is the second-most frequently diagnosed cancer (other than skin cancer). In recent years, prostate cancer death rate has stabilized and, currently, it is the second-most frequent cause of cancer death in men (after lung cancer). Most deaths occur due to metastasis, as cancer cells from the original tumor establish secondary tumors in distant organs. For a long time, classical cell cultures and animal models have been utilized in basic and applied scientific research, including clinical applications for many diseases, such as prostate cancer, since no better alternatives were available. Although helpful in dissecting cellular mechanisms, these models are poor predictors of physiological behavior mainly because of the lack of appropriate microenvironments. Microfluidics has emerged in the last two decades as a technology that could lead to a paradigm shift in life sciences and, in particular, controlling cancer. Microfluidic systems, such as organ-on-chips, have been assembled to mimic the critical functions of human organs. These microphysiological systems enable the long-term maintenance of cellular co-cultures in vitro to reconstitute in vivo tissue-level microenvironments, bridging the gap between traditional cell cultures and animal models. Several reviews on microfluidics for prostate cancer studies have been published focusing on technology advancement and disease progression. As metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer remains a clinically challenging late-stage cancer, with no curative treatments, we expanded this review to cover recent microfluidic applications related to prostate cancer research. The review includes discussions of the roles of microfluidics in modeling the human prostate, prostate cancer initiation and development, as well as prostate cancer detection and therapy, highlighting potentially major contributions of microfluidics in the continuous march toward eradicating prostate cancer.
• Tahsin, S., Sane, N. S., Cernyar, B., Jiang, L., Zohar, Y., Lee, B. R., & Miranti, C. K. (2024). AR loss in prostate cancer stroma mediated by NF-κB and p38-MAPK signaling disrupts stromal morphogen production. Oncogene, 43(27), 2092-2103.
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  Androgen Receptor (AR) activity in prostate stroma is required to maintain prostate homeostasis. This is mediated through androgen-dependent induction and secretion of morphogenic factors that drive epithelial cell differentiation. However, stromal AR expression is lost in aggressive prostate cancer. The mechanisms leading to stromal AR loss and morphogen production are unknown. We identified TGFβ1 and TNFα as tumor-secreted factors capable of suppressing AR mRNA and protein expression in prostate stromal fibroblasts. Pharmacological and RNAi approaches identified NF-κB as the major signaling pathway involved in suppressing AR expression by TNFα. In addition, p38α- and p38δ-MAPK were identified as suppressors of AR expression independent of TNFα. Two regions of the AR promoter were responsible for AR suppression through TNFα. FGF10 and Wnt16 were identified as androgen-induced morphogens, whose expression was lost upon TNFα treatment and enhanced upon p38-MAPK inhibition. Wnt16, through non-canonical Jnk signaling, was required for prostate basal epithelial cell survival. These findings indicate that stromal AR loss is mediated by secreted factors within the TME. We identified TNFα/TGFβ as two possible factors, with TNFα mediating its effects through NF-κB or p38-MAPK to suppress AR mRNA transcription. This leads to loss of androgen-regulated stromal morphogens necessary to maintain normal epithelial homeostasis.
• Tello, J. A., Jiang, L., Zohar, Y., & Restifo, L. L. (2023). Drosophila CASK regulates brain size and neuronal morphogenesis, providing a genetic model of postnatal microcephaly suitable for drug discovery. Neural development, 18(1), 6.
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  CASK-related neurodevelopmental disorders are untreatable. Affected children show variable severity, with microcephaly, intellectual disability (ID), and short stature as common features. X-linked human CASK shows dosage sensitivity with haploinsufficiency in females. CASK protein has multiple domains, binding partners, and proposed functions at synapses and in the nucleus. Human and Drosophila CASK show high amino-acid-sequence similarity in all functional domains. Flies homozygous for a hypomorphic CASK mutation (∆18) have motor and cognitive deficits. A Drosophila genetic model of CASK-related disorders could have great scientific and translational value.
• Frankman, Z. D., Jiang, L., Schroeder, J. A., & Zohar, Y. (2022). Application of Microfluidic Systems for Breast Cancer Research. Micromachines, 13(2).
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  Cancer is a disease in which cells in the body grow out of control; breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the United States. Due to early screening and advancements in therapeutic interventions, deaths from breast cancer have declined over time, although breast cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death among women. Most deaths are due to metastasis, as cancer cells from the primary tumor in the breast form secondary tumors in remote sites in distant organs. Over many years, the basic biological mechanisms of breast cancer initiation and progression, as well as the subsequent metastatic cascade, have been studied using cell cultures and animal models. These models, although extremely useful for delineating cellular mechanisms, are poor predictors of physiological responses, primarily due to lack of proper microenvironments. In the last decade, microfluidics has emerged as a technology that could lead to a paradigm shift in breast cancer research. With the introduction of the organ-on-a-chip concept, microfluidic-based systems have been developed to reconstitute the dominant functions of several organs. These systems enable the construction of 3D cellular co-cultures mimicking in vivo tissue-level microenvironments, including that of breast cancer. Several reviews have been presented focusing on breast cancer formation, growth and metastasis, including invasion, intravasation, and extravasation. In this review, realizing that breast cancer can recur decades following post-treatment disease-free survival, we expand the discussion to account for microfluidic applications in the important areas of breast cancer detection, dormancy, and therapeutic development. It appears that, in the future, the role of microfluidics will only increase in the effort to eradicate breast cancer.
• Jiang, L. (2022). Birefringent coating to remove polarization aberrations. Optics Express.
• Jiang, L. (2022). Rapid Photolithographic Fabrication of High Density Optical Interconnects using Refractive Index Contrast Polymers. Optical Materials Express.
• Jiang, L., Miller, S., Tu, X., Smith, M., Zou, Y., Reininger, F., & Pau, S. (2022). Patterned achromatic elliptical polarizer for short-wave infrared imaging polarimetry. Optics express, 30(2), 1249-1260.
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  Short-wave infrared (SWIR) imaging polarimetry has widespread applications in telecommunication, medical imaging, surveillance, remote-sensing, and industrial metrology. In this work, we design, fabricate, and test an achromatic SWIR elliptical polarizer, which is a key component of SWIR imaging polarimetry. The elliptical polarizer is made of a patterned linear polarizer and a patterned optical elliptical retarder. The linear polarizer is a wire grid polarizer. The elliptical retarder is constructed with three layers of nematic phase A-plate liquid crystal polymer (LCP) films with different fast axis orientations and physical film thicknesses. For each LCP layer, four arrays of hexagonal patterns with individual fast-axis orientations are realized utilizing selective linearly polarized ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on a photo-alignment polymer film. The Mueller matrices of the optical filters were measured in the wavelength range 1000 nm to 1600 nm and compared with theory. Our results demonstrate the functionality and quality of the patterned retarders with normalized analyzer vector parameter deviation below 7% over this wavelength range. To the best of our knowledge, this work represents the first polymer-based patterned elliptical polarizer for SWIR polarimetry imaging applications.
• Jiang, L., Nishant, A., Frish, J., Kleine, T. S., Brusberg, L., Himmelhuber, R., Kim, K. J., Pyun, J., Pau, S., Norwood, R. A., & Koch, T. L. (2022). SmartPrint Single-Mode Flexible Polymer Optical Interconnect for High Density Integrated Photonics. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 40(Issue 12). doi:10.1109/jlt.2022.3149872
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  This paper reports on the demonstration of a single-mode flexible polymer optical interconnect for efficiently and conveniently connecting integrated photonics chips to one another (chip-to-chip) and to optical printed circuit boards (chip-to-board). The interconnect uses a low-loss partially fluorinated refractive index contrast (RIC) polymer, referred to as poly(F-SBOC), that provides for direct patterning of the desired refractive index profiles into a slab waveguide consisting of poly(F-SBOC) and a flexible fluoropolymer film (Tefzel). Using a maskless lithography system, interconnects consisting of s-bends and tapers can be printed in situ into the poly(F-SBOC) material with no need for mechanical alignment. We demonstrate the efficacy of this approach by connecting two separate ion-exchange (IOX) glass waveguide chips, achieving fiber-to-fiber total insertion losses below 6dB in some cases, through the use of grayscale tapers that are written directly into the poly(F-SBOC) material.
• Liu, B., Wang, X., Jiang, L., Xu, J., Zohar, Y., & Yao, G. (2022). Extracellular Fluid Flow Induces Shallow Quiescence Through Physical and Biochemical Cues. Frontiers in cell and developmental biology, 10, 792719.
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  The balance between cell quiescence and proliferation is fundamental to tissue physiology and homeostasis. Recent studies have shown that quiescence is not a passive and homogeneous state but actively maintained and heterogeneous. These cellular characteristics associated with quiescence were observed primarily in cultured cells under a static medium. However, cells face different microenvironmental conditions, particularly, under interstitial fluid flows distributed through extracellular matrices. Interstitial fluid flow exerts shear stress on cells and matrix strain, and results in continuous replacement of extracellular factors. In this study, we analyzed individual cells under varying fluid flow rates in microfluidic devices. We found quiescence characteristics previously identified under conventional static medium, including serum signal-dependant quiescence entry and exit and time-dependant quiescence deepening, are also present under continuous fluid flow. Furthermore, increasing the flow rate drives cells to shallower quiescence and become more likely to reenter the cell cycle upon growth stimulation. This effect is due to flow-induced physical and biochemical cues. Specifically, increasing shear stress or extracellular factor replacement individually, without altering other parameters, results in shallow quiescence. We show our experimental results can be quantitatively explained by a mathematical model connecting extracellular fluid flow to an Rb-E2f bistable switch that regulates the quiescence-to-proliferation transition. Our findings uncover a previously unappreciated mechanism that likely underlies the heterogeneous responses of quiescent cells for tissue repair and regeneration in different physiological tissue microenvironments.
• Miller, S., Jiang, L., & Pau, S. (2022). Birefringent coating to remove polarization aberrations. Optics express, 30(12), 20629-20646.
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  Polarization aberrations are found in most optical components due to a materials-differing response to s- and p-polarizations. This differing response can manifest either as diattenuation, retardance, or both. Correction of polarization aberrations, such as these, are critical in many applications such as interferometry, polarimetry, display, and high contrast imaging, including astronomy. In this work, compensators based on liquid crystal polymer and anti-reflection thin-films are presented to correct polarization aberrations in both transmission and reflection configurations. Our method is versatile, allowing for good correction in transmission and reflection due to optical components possessing differing diattenuation and retardance dispersions. Through simulation and experimental validation we show two designs, one correcting the polarization aberrations of a dichroic spectral filter over a 170nm wavelength band, and the other correcting the polarization aberration of an aluminum-coated mirror over a 400nm wavelength band and a 55-degree cone of angles. The measured performance of the polarization aberration compensators shows good agreement with theory.
• Miller, S., Jiang, L., & Pau, S. (2022). Generalized elliptical retarder design and construction using nematic and cholesteric phase liquid crystal polymers. Optics express, 30(10), 16734-16747.
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  Elliptical retarders have important applications in interferometry and polarimetry, as well as imaging and display technologies. In this work, we discuss the traditional elliptical retarder decomposition using Pauli matrices as basis sets and then introduce a solution to the inverse problem: how an arbitrary elliptical retarder with desired eigenpolarizations and retardance can be constructed using a combination of linear and circular retarders. We present a simple design process, based on eigen-decomposition, with a solution determined by the intrinsic properties of each individual retarder layer. Additionally, a novel use of cholesteric liquid crystal polymer as a circular retarder is presented. Through simulation and experimental validation, we show cholesteric phase liquid crystal has an achromatic region of circular retardance at shorter wavelengths, outside of the Bragg regime. Finally, we verify our design process by fabricating and testing an elliptical retarder using both nematic and cholesteric phase liquid crystal polymers. The performance of the elliptical retarders shows excellent agreement with theory.
• Miller, S., Jiang, L., Tu, X., & Pau, S. (2021). Patterned liquid crystal polymer C-plate retarder and color polarizer. Applied optics, 60(6), 1500-1507.
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  The patternability and guest-host interaction with dichroic dye and C-plate liquid crystal polymer (LCP) materials are investigated, and the optical properties of a thin film C-plate retarder and polarizer are studied and compared with theory. The C-plate retarder is a waveplate made of a uniaxial LCP where the optical axis of the LCP is parallel to the surface normal of the optic. No retardance is observed at a normal angle of incidence and retardance grows as the angle of incidence increases. The C-plate polarizer is a C-plate retarder with LCP as the host and a dichroic dye as the guest. The linear diattenuation (LD) of the linear polarizer is zero at a normal angle of incidence and grows with an increasing angle of incidence. Both the C-plate retarder and polarizer can be patterned with minimum feature size down to 2 µm by using ultraviolet photolithography and plasma etching. A planarization process is also developed to deposit a cover layer on top of the pattern to reduce optical loss and to serve as a barrier for subsequent layers.
• Frost, T. S., Jiang, L., & Zohar, Y. (2020). Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Epithelial/Endothelial Cell Barriers in Microfluidic Bilayer Devices with an Air-Liquid Interface. Micromachines, 11(5).
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  As the range of applications of organs-on-chips is broadening, the evaluation of aerosol-based therapies using a lung-on-a-chip model has become an attractive approach. Inhalation therapies are not only minimally invasive but also provide optimal pharmacokinetic conditions for drug absorption. As drug development evolves, it is likely that better screening through use of organs-on-chips can significantly save time and cost. In this work, bio-aerosols of various compounds including insulin were generated using a jet nebulizer. The aerosol flows were driven through microfluidic bilayer devices establishing an air-liquid interface to mimic the blood-air barrier in human small airways. The aerosol flow in the microfluidic devices has been characterized and adjusted to closely match physiological values. The permeability of several compounds, including paracellular and transcellular biomarkers, across epithelial/endothelial cell barriers was measured. Concentration-time plots were established in microfluidic devices with and without cells; the curves were then utilized to extract standard pharmacokinetic parameters such as the area under the curve, maximum concentration, and time to maximum concentration. The cell barrier significantly affected the measured pharmacokinetic parameters, as compound absorption through the barrier decreases with its increasing molecular size. Aerosolizing insulin can lead to the formation of fibrils, prior to its entry to the microfluidic device, with a substantially larger apparent molecular size effectively blocking its paracellular transport. The results demonstrate the advantage of using lung-on-a-chip for drug discovery with applications such as development of novel inhaled therapies.
• Frost, T. S., Jiang, L., & Zohar, Y. (2020). Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Epithelial/Endothelial Cell Barriers in Microfluidic Bilayer Devices with an Air–Liquid Interface. Micromachines, 11(5), 536-536.
• Jiang, L., Kim, K. J., Reininger, F. M., Jiguet, S., & Pau, S. (2020). Microfabrication of a color filter array utilizing colored SU-8 photoresists. Applied optics, 59(22), G137-G145. doi:https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.391579
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  Patterned color filter arrays are important components in digital cameras, camcorders, scanners, and multispectral detection and imaging instruments. In addition to the rapid and continuous progress to improve camera resolution and the efficiency of imaging sensors, research into the design of color filter arrays is important to extend the imaging capability beyond conventional applications. This paper reports the use of colored SU-8 photoresists as a material to fabricate color filter arrays. Optical properties, fabrication parameters, and pattern spatial resolution are systematically studied for five color photoresists: violet, blue, green, yellow, and red. An end-to-end fabrication process is developed to realize a five-color filter array designed for a wide angle multiband artificial compound eye camera system for pentachromatic and polarization imaging. Colored SU-8 photoresists present notable advantages, including patternability, color tunability, low-temperature compatibility, and process simplicity. The results regarding the optical properties and the fabrication process for a colored SU-8 photoresist provide significant insight into its usage as an optical material to investigate nonconventional color filter designs.
• Jiang, L., Wang, Y., Wong, M., & Zohar, Y. (2020). Fabrication and characterization of a microsystem for a micro-scale heat transfer study. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 9(4). doi:10.1088/0960-1317/9/4/320
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  A micro-system consisting of micro-channels with integrated temperature sensors was successfully designed and fabricated for the study of the heat-transfer properties of fluid flow in micro-domains. Surface micro-machining technology was used to construct the micro-channels with dimensions of about 40 μm×1.4 μm×4000 μm. Polysilicon thermistors, 4 μm×4 μm×0.4 μm in size were suspended across the channels and directly exposed to the fluid for local temperature measurements. The micro-channels and the micro-sensors were calibrated and the micro-system was characterized. The integrated micro-system performance was theoretically analyzed to provide a framework for the interpretation of the experimental data, and the various heat-transfer mechanisms are subsequently discussed.
• Jiang, L., Zou, Y., Tu, X., Smith, M. H., Pau, S. K., Miller, S., Mceldowney, S., Jiang, L., Guido, C., & Brock, N. (2020). Division of focal plane RGB full-Stokes imagingpolarimeter. Applied Optics. doi:10.6084/M9.FIGSHARE.C.4861596.V1
• Miller, S., Ding, Y., Jiang, L., Tu, X., & Pau, S. (2020). Observation of elliptically polarized light from total internal reflection in bubbles. Scientific reports, 10(1), 8725.
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  Bubbles are ubiquitous in the natural environment, where different substances and phases of the same substance forms globules due to differences in pressure and surface tension. Total internal reflection occurs at the interface of a bubble, where light travels from the higher refractive index material outside a bubble to the lower index material inside a bubble at appropriate angles of incidence, which can lead to a phase shift in the reflected light. Linearly polarized skylight can be converted to elliptically polarized light with efficiency up to 53% by single scattering from the water-air interface. Total internal reflection from air bubble in water is one of the few sources of elliptical polarization in the natural world. Stationary and dynamic scenes of air bubbles in water in both indoor and outdoor settings are studied using an imaging polarimeter. Our results are important for studies in fluid dynamics, remote sensing, and polarimetry.
• Tu, X., McEldowney, S., Zou, Y., Smith, M., Guido, C., Brock, N., Miller, S., Jiang, L., & Pau, S. (2020). Division of focal plane red-green-blue full-Stokes imaging polarimeter. Applied optics, 59(22), G33-G40.
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  We calibrate and test a division-of-focal-plane red-green-blue (RGB) full-Stokes imaging polarimeter in a variety of indoor and outdoor environments. The polarimeter, acting as a polarization camera, utilizes a low dispersion microretarder array on top of a sensor with Bayer filters and wire-grid linear polarizers. We also present the design and fabrication of the microretarder array and the assembly of the camera and validate the performance of the camera by taking multiple RGB full-Stokes images and videos. Our camera has a small form factor due to its single-sensor design and the unique capability to measure the intensity, color, and polarization of an optical field in a single shot.
• Frost, T. S., Estrada, V., Jiang, L., & Zohar, Y. (2019). Convection–diffusion molecular transport in a microfluidic bilayer device with a porous membrane. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 23(10).
• Frost, T. S., Jiang, L., Lynch, R. M., & Zohar, Y. (2019). Permeability of Epithelial/Endothelial Barriers in Transwells and Microfluidic Bilayer Devices. Micromachines, 10(8).
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  Lung-on-a-chip (LoC) models hold the potential to rapidly change the landscape for pulmonary drug screening and therapy, giving patients more advanced and less invasive treatment options. Understanding the drug absorption in these microphysiological systems, modeling the lung-blood barrier is essential for increasing the role of the organ-on-a-chip technology in drug development. In this work, epithelial/endothelial barrier tissue interfaces were established in microfluidic bilayer devices and transwells, with porous membranes, for permeability characterization. The effect of shear stress on the molecular transport was assessed using known paracellular and transcellular biomarkers. The permeability of porous membranes without cells, in both models, is inversely proportional to the molecular size due to its diffusivity. Paracellular transport, between epithelial/endothelial cell junctions, of large molecules such as transferrin, as well as transcellular transport, through cell lacking required active transporters, of molecules such as dextrans, is negligible. When subjected to shear stress, paracellular transport of intermediate-size molecules such as dextran was enhanced in microfluidic devices when compared to transwells. Similarly, shear stress enhances paracellular transport of small molecules such as Lucifer yellow, but its effect on transcellular transport is not clear. The results highlight the important role that LoC can play in drug absorption studies to accelerate pulmonary drug development.
• Jiang, L., Ivich, F., Tahsin, S., Tran, M., Frank, S. B., Miranti, C. K., & Zohar, Y. (2019). Human stroma and epithelium co-culture in a microfluidic model of a human prostate gland. Biomicrofluidics, 13(6).
• Miller, S., Tu, X., Jiang, L., & Pau, S. (2019). Polarizing beam splitter cube for circularly and elliptically polarized light. Optics Express, 27(11).
• Miller, S., Tu, X., Jiang, L., & Pau, S. (2019). Polarizing beam splitter cube for circularly and elliptically polarized light. Optics Express, 27(Issue 11). doi:10.1364/oe.27.016258
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  A method of designing an arbitrary polarizing beam splitter (PBS) cube using multiple layers of thin-film liquid crystal polymer is demonstrated. This methodology utilizes cholesteric phase liquid crystal polymer (Ch-LCP) to transmit one handedness of elliptically polarized light and reflect the orthogonal state when unpolarized light is incident. Using additional nematic liquid crystal polymer layers, the polarization state for the transmitted and reflected light can be controlled and output to any two orthogonal states represented on the Poincaré sphere. Two cubes are designed, fabricated, tested, and compared with theory. One cube is constructed with a single layer of Ch-LCP, and another cube is constructed with a layer of Ch-LCP and an additional nematic liquid crystal polymer layer.
• Miller, S., Tu, X., Jiang, L., & Pau, S. (2019). Polarizing beam splitter cube for circularly and elliptically polarized light. Optics express, 27(11), 16258-16270.
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  A method of designing an arbitrary polarizing beam splitter (PBS) cube using multiple layers of thin-film liquid crystal polymer is demonstrated. This methodology utilizes cholesteric phase liquid crystal polymer (Ch-LCP) to transmit one handedness of elliptically polarized light and reflect the orthogonal state when unpolarized light is incident. Using additional nematic liquid crystal polymer layers, the polarization state for the transmitted and reflected light can be controlled and output to any two orthogonal states represented on the Poincaré sphere. Two cubes are designed, fabricated, tested, and compared with theory. One cube is constructed with a single layer of Ch-LCP, and another cube is constructed with a layer of Ch-LCP and an additional nematic liquid crystal polymer layer.
• Tu, X., Jiang, L., Ibn-Elhaj, M. .., & Pau, S. (2017). Design, fabrication and testing of achromatic elliptical polarizer. Optics Express, 25(9).
• Tu, X., Jiang, L., Ibn-Elhaj, M., & Pau, S. (2017). Design, fabrication and testing of achromatic elliptical polarizer. Optics express, 25(9), 10355-10367.
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  A method of designing achromatic elliptical polarizers using a combination of multiple birefringent waveplates is demonstrated. This approach has a simple geometric interpretation and simplifies the problem of designing an achromatic elliptical polarizer to find overlapping arcs on the Poincaré sphere. The technique is applied to the design of achromatic elliptical polarizers for a broadband division-of-focal-plane full-Stokes imaging polarimeter for visible wavelength band (λ = 450nm to 650nm). An achromatic elliptical polarizer sample with a two-layer retarder is fabricated using liquid crystal polymer. The performance of the polarizer sample is measured and compared with the theoretical calculation. For comparison, a superachromatic polarizer design (λ = 400nm to 1μm) is also presented by using three-layer and four-layer retarder configurations.
• Zohar, Y., Restifo, L. L., & Jiang, L. (2015). Dissociation of brain tissue into viable single neurons in a microfluidic device.. IEEE Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering, 9, 29-32.
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  A microfluidic technology-based tissue-dissociation device has for the first time been designed, fabricated and characterized for the purpose of primary neuronal cell culture.The system has been utilized for controlled dissociation, under an oscillatory flow field, of freshly explanted, enzyme-treated Drosophila larval central nervous system (CNS) into individual, viable neurons capable of robust outgrowth during in vitro culture. Device dimensions, constriction height and width, and operating conditions, flow-rate amplitude and frequency, have been determined based on video microscopy as well as quantitative analyses of the subsequent neuron-culture results.
• Riahi, R., Yang, Y. L., Kim, H., Jiang, L., Wong, P. K., & Zohar, Y. (2014). A microfluidic model for organ-specific extravasation of circulating tumor cells. Biomicrofluidics, 8(2).
• Stamm, M. T., Trickey-Glassman, A. S., Jiang, L., & Zohar, Y. (2014). Specific interactions between functionalised particles and circulating tumour cells. IET nanobiotechnology, 8(1), 18-23.
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  Receptor-ligand binding has been one of the more popular approaches to specifically targeting tumour cells. In this work, targeting efficiency was quantitatively characterized using silica particles functionalized with EpCAM antibodies and EpCAM-expressing BT-20 breast cancer cells. The effects of incubation time and particle concentration on the number of functionalised particles bound to target cells were experimentally investigated. The number of bound particles was found to increase with particle concentration, but not necessarily with incubation time. Binding affinity loss because of cell-particle-cell interaction was identified as a limiting mechanism for the number of particles bound to target cells. While cell-surface coverage because of bound particles rises exponentially under low particle concentration, it features a peak value at high particle concentration. The current findings suggest that separation of a bound particle from a cell may be detrimental to cellular binding affinity.
• Zeng, L., Jiang, L., Teng, W., Cappello, J., Zohar, Y., & Wu, X. (2014). Engineering aqueous fiber assembly into silk-elastin-like protein polymers. Macromolecular rapid communications, 35(14), 1273-9.
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  Self-assembled peptide/protein nanofibers are valuable 1D building blocks for creating complex structures with designed properties and functions. It is reported that the self-assembly of silk-elastin-like protein polymers into nanofibers or globular aggregates in aqueous solutions can be modulated by tuning the temperature of the protein solutions, the size of the silk blocks, and the charge of the elastin blocks. A core-sheath model is proposed for nanofiber formation, with the silk blocks in the cores and the hydrated elastin blocks in the sheaths. The folding of the silk blocks into stable cores--affected by the size of the silk blocks and the charge of the elastin blocks--plays a critical role in the assembly of silk-elastin nanofibers. Furthermore, enhanced hydrophobic interactions between the elastin blocks at elevated temperatures greatly influence the nanoscale features of silk-elastin nanofibers.
• Zeng, L., Teng, W., Jiang, L., Cappello, J., & Wu, X. (2014). Ordering recombinant silk-elastin-like nanofibers on the microscale. Applied physics letters, 104(3), 033702.
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  Self-assembled peptide/polypeptide nanofibers are appealing building blocks for creating complex three-dimensional structures. However, ordering assembled peptide/polypeptide nanofibers into three-dimensional structures on the microscale remains challenging and often requires the employment of top-down approaches. We report that silk-elastin-like protein polymers self-assemble into nanofibers in physiologically relevant conditions, the assembled nanofibers further form fiber clusters on the microscale, and the nanofiber clusters eventually coalesce into three-dimensional structures with distinct nanoscale and microscale features. It is believed that the interplay between fiber growth and molecular diffusion leads to the ordering of the assembled silk-elastin-like nanofibers at the microscale.
• Zohar, Y., Jiang, L., Zohar, Y., Zha, Z., Stamm, M. T., Jiang, L., & Dai, Z. (2012). Functionalization of Ceramic Liposomal Nanoparticles, Cerasomes, with Antibodies. Journal of Physical Chemistry & Biophysics, 2(1), 1-5. doi:10.4172/2161-0398.1000105
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  Ceramic nanoparticles and silica microparticles are functionalized with antibodies on their surfaces that act as targeting ligands. For the ceramic liposomal nanoparticles, cerasomes, this is achieved by using the siloxane network present on the cerasome surface as the foundation for chemical treatment processes previously developed for silicon surfaces. The bio-functionality and physical integrity of the cerasomes are characterized, demonstrating successful immobilization of antibodies on the cerasome surface. The surface functionalization allows the cerasomes to deliver drugs to targeted cells expressing certain types of receptors with desired selectivity and specificity that are not possible using standard liposomes. The Silica microparticles are used to mimic cerasomes in experiments targeting cancer cells and the particle-cell specific binding due to the bio-functionalization process is demonstrated.
• Gudipaty, T., Stamm, M. T., Cheung, L. S., Jiang, L., & Zohar, Y. (2011). Cluster formation and growth in microchannel flow of dilute particle suspensions. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 10(Issue 3). doi:10.1007/s10404-010-0700-6
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  The lifetime of microfluidic devices depends on their ability to maintain flow without interruption. Certain applications require microdevices for transport of liquids containing particles. However, microchannels are susceptible to blockage by solid particles. Therefore, in this study, the phenomenon of interest is the formation and growth of clusters on a microchannel surface in the flow of a dilute suspension of hard spheres. Based on the present experiments, aggregation of clusters was observed for particleladen flows in microchannels with particle void fraction as low as 0.001 and particle diameter to channel height ratio as low as 0.1. The incipience and growth of a single cluster is discussed, and the spatial distribution and time evolution of clusters along the microchannel are presented. Although the cluster size seems to be independent of location, more clusters are found at the inlet/outlet regions than in the microchannel center. Similarly as for an individual cluster, as long as particle-cluster interaction is the dominant mode, the total cluster area in the microchannel grows almost linearly in time. The effects of flow rate, particle size, and concentration are also reported. © Springer-Verlag 2010.
• Jiang, L., Whitten, W. B., & Pau, S. (2011). A charged-particle manipulator utilizing a co-axial tube electrodynamic trap with an integrated camera. Journal of Instrumentation, 6(10).
• Jiang, L., Whitten, W. B., & Pau, S. (2011). A planar ion trapping microdevice with integrated waveguides for optical detection. Optics Express, 19(4).
• Stamm, M. T., Gudipaty, T., Rush, C., Jiang, L., & Zohar, Y. (2011). Particle aggregation rate in a microchannel due to a dilute suspension flow. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 11(4).
• Yetisen, A. K., Jiang, L., Cooper, J. R., Qin, Y., Palanivelu, R., & Zohar, Y. (2011). A microsystem-based assay for studying pollen tube guidance in plant reproduction. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 21(5).
• Jiang, L., Myer, B., Tellefsen, K., & Pau, S. (2009). A planar microfabricated electrolyzer for hydrogen and oxygen generation. Journal of Power Sources, 188(1).
• Jiang, L., Gerhardt, K. P., Myer, B., Zohar, Y., & Pau, S. (2008). Evanescent-wave spectroscopy using an SU-8 waveguide for rapid quantitative detection of biomolecules. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 17(6).
• Jiang, L., & Pau, S. (2007). Integrated waveguide with a microfluidic channel in spiral geometry for spectroscopic applications. Applied Physics Letters, 90(11).
• Kenny, T. W., Goodson, K. E., Santiago, J. G., Wang, E., Koo, J., Jiang, L., Pop, E., Sinha, S., Zhang, L., Fogg, D., Yao, S., Flynn, R., Chang, C., & Hidrovo, C. H. (2006). Advanced cooling technologies for microprocessors. International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems, 16(1).
• Koo, J., Im, S., Jiang, L., & Goodson, K. E. (2005). Integrated microchannel cooling for three-dimensional electronic circuit architectures. Journal of Heat Transfer, 127(1).
• Wang, E. N., Zhang, L., Jiang, L., Koo, J. M., Maveety, J. G., Sanchez, E. A., Goodson, K. E., & Kenny, T. W. (2004). Micromachined jets for liquid impingement cooling of VLSI chips. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 13(Issue 5). doi:10.1109/jmems.2004.835768
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  Two-phase microjet impingement cooling is a potential solution for removing heat from high-power VLSI chips. Arrays of microjets promise to achieve more uniform chip temperatures and very high heat transfer coefficients. This paper presents the design and fabrication of single-jets and multijet arrays with circular orifice diameters ranging from 40 to 76 μm, as well as integrated heater and temperature sensor test devices. The performance of the microjet heat sinks is studied using the integrated heater device as well as an industry standard 1 cm2 thermal test chip. For single-phase, the silicon temperature distribution data are consistent with a model accounting for silicon conduction and fluid advection using convection coefficients in the range from 0.072 to 4.4 W/cm2 K. For two-phase, the experimental results show a heat removal of up to 90 W on a 1 cm 2 heated area using a four-jet array with 76 μm diameter orifices at a flowrate of 8 ml/min with a temperature rise of 100 °C. The data indicate convection coefficients are not significantly different from coefficients for pool boiling, which motivates future work on optimizing flowrates and flow regimes. These microjet heat sinks are intended for eventual integration into a closed-loop electroosmotically pumped cooling system. © 2004 IEEE.
• Wang, E. N., Zhang, L., Jiang, L., Koo, J., Maveety, J. G., Sanchez, E. A., Goodson, K. E., & Kenny, T. W. (2004). Correction to "Micromachined Jets for Liquid Impingement Cooling of VLSI Chips". Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 13(6).
• Wang, E. N., Zhang, L., Jiang, L., Koo, J., Maveety, J. G., Sanchez, E. A., Goodson, K. E., & Kenny, T. W. (2004). Micromachined jets for liquid impingement cooling of VLSI chips. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 13(5).
• Jiang, L., Mikkelsen, J., Koo, J., Huber, D., Yao, S., Zhang, L., Zhou, P., Maveety, J. G., Prasher, R., Santiago, J. G., Kenny, T. W., & Goodson, K. E. (2002). Closed-loop electroosmotic microchannel cooling system for VLSI circuits. IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies, 25(3).
• Zhang, L., Koo, J., Jiang, L., Asheghi, M., Goodson, K. E., Santiago, J. G., & Kenny, T. W. (2002). Measurements and modeling of two-phase flow in microchannels with nearly constant heat flux boundary conditions. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 11(1).
• Zohar, Y., Lee, S., Lee, W. Y., Jiang, L., & Tong, P. (2002). Subsonic gas flow in a straight and uniform microchannel. Journal of Fluid Mechanics.
• Jiang, L., Wong, M., & Zohar, Y. (2001). Forced convection boiling in a microchannel heat sink. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 10(1).
• Jiang, L., Wong, M., & Zohar, Y. (2000). Transient temperature performance of an integrated micro-thermal system. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 10(3).
• Jiang, L., Wong, M., & Zohar, Y. (2000). Unsteady characteristics of a thermal microsystem. Sensors and Actuators, A: Physical, 82(1).
• Jiang, L., Wang, Y., Wong, M., & Zohar, Y. (1999). Fabrication and characterization of a microsystem for a micro-scale heat transfer study. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 9(4).
• Jiang, L., Wang, Y., Wong, M., & Zohar, Y. (1999). Integrated micro thermal sensors for local temperature measurements in microsystems. Proceedings of the 1999 3rd ASME/JSME Joint Fluids Engineering Conference, FEDSM'99, San Francisco, California, USA, 18-23 July 1999 (CD-ROM).
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  An array of integrated thermal micro sensors was successfully designed, fabricated and characterized for the measurement of temperature distributions in forced convection microchannel flows. Polycrystalline microsensors with the size of 4μmx4μmx0.4μm were suspended across the micro-channels, with hydraulic diameters of less than 3μm, directly exposed to the fluid for local temperature measurements. The fabrication of the integrated microsystem was accomplished using surface micromachining techniques. The sensor sensitivity, time response, accuracy and long term stability are documented. A theoretical analysis of the sensor performance, as part of an integrated microsystem, is presented to provide a framework for the interpretation of the experimental results.
• Jiang, L., Wong, M., & Zohar, Y. (1999). Micromachined polycrystalline thin film temperature sensors. Measurement Science and Technology, 10(8).
• Jiang, L., Wong, M., & Zohar, Y. (1999). Phase change in microchannel heat sinks with integrated temperature sensors. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 8(4).
• Li, B., Xiong, B., Jiang, L., Zohar, Y., & Wong, M. (1999). Germanium as a versatile material for low-temperature micromachining. Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, 8(4).

Proceedings Publications

• Frost, T. S., Jiang, L., & Zohar, Y. (2019, 2019///). Characterizing A549 Cell Line as an Epithelial Cell Monolayer Model for Pharmacokinetic Applications. In IEEE International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering, NANOMED, 2018-Decem.
• Ivich, F., Tran, M., Tahsin, S., Frank, S. B., Kraft, A., Miranti, C. K., Zohar, Y., & Jiang, L. (2019, 2019///). Application of a Microfluidic-Based Model of a Human Prostate Gland for Cancer Research. In IEEE International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering, NANOMED, 2018-Decem.
• Frost, T. S., Estrada, V., Jiang, L., & Zohar, Y. (2018, 2018///). Protein transsport through a separation membrane in a microfluidic device. In 22nd International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences, MicroTAS 2018, 4.
• Ivich, F., Tran, M., Tahsin, S., Frank, S. B., Kraft, A., Miranti, C. K., Zohar, Y., & Jiang, L. (2018). Application of a Microfluidic-Based Model of a Human Prostate Gland for Cancer Research. In 12th IEEE International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering, NANOMED 2018, 2018-.
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  A Microfluidic-based model of a human prostate gland has been developed featuring a 3D co-culture of epithelial and stromal cells. The model was used to investigate the effects of normal stroma on normal luminal epithelial cell differentiation, and to measure the ability of cancerous epithelium to convert normal stroma to cancer stroma. The ability of PIM1 kinase to induce cancer stroma was also tested in the model. The results demonstrate a promising potential of the model for cancer research applications.
• Jiang, L., Ivich, F., Tran, M., Frank, S. B., Miranti, C. K., & Zohar, Y. (2018, 2018///). Development of a microfluidic-based model of a human prostate gland. In 22nd International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences, MicroTAS 2018, 3.
• Jiang, L., Zohar, Y., Zohar, Y., Jiang, L., & Frost, T. S. (2018). Characterizing A549 Cell Line as an Epithelial Cell Monolayer Model for Pharmacokinetic Applications. In 2018 IEEE 12th International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering (NANOMED), 27-30.
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  Transport of three different molecules across a porous membrane, with and without a confluent A549 cell monolayer, has been investigated in Transwells and microfluidic devices. The A549 cell line was selected since it has extensively been utilized in toxicology studies due to its potential target for drug delivery of macro molecules. The measured molecular transport rate was found to decrease with increasing molecular size due to lower diffusivity. The confluent cell monolayer presents a barrier to molecular, significantly reducing the transport rate of larger molecules with little effect on the paracellular transport of smaller molecules. The results indicate that the microfluidic system is a good model for pharmacokinetic applications.
• Jiang, L., Kraft, R., Restifo, L. L., & Zohar, Y. (2016, 2016///). Dissociation of brain tissue into viable single neurons in a microfluidic device. In IEEE International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering, NANOMED, 2016-June.
• Jiang, L., Restifo, L. L., Zohar, Y., Zohar, Y., Restifo, L. L., Kraft, R., & Jiang, L. (2015). Dissociation of brain tissue into viable single neurons in a microfluidic device. In 2015 9th IEEE International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine & Engineering (NANOMED), 29-32.
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  A microfluidic technology-based tissue-dissociation device has for the first time been designed, fabricated and characterized for the purpose of primary neuronal cell culture. The system has been utilized for controlled dissociation, under an oscillatory flow field, of freshly explanted, enzyme-treated Drosophila larval central nervous system (CNS) into individual, viable neurons capable of robust outgrowth during in vitro culture. Device dimensions, constriction height and width, and operating conditions, flow-rate amplitude and frequency, have been determined based on video microscopy as well as quantitative analyses of the subsequent neuron-culture results.
• Riahi, R., Yang, Y., Kim, H., Jiang, L., Wong, P. K., & Zohar, Y. (2013, 2013). A microfluidic-based platform for in vitro studies of cell signaling in blood vessels. In 2013 Transducers and Eurosensors XXVII: The 17th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems, TRANSDUCERS and EUROSENSORS 2013.
• Stamm, M. T., Trickey-Glassman, A. S., Jiang, L., & Zohar, Y. (2013, 2013///). Quantitative characterization of specific targeting of tumor cells by antibody-functionalized particles. In 8th Annual IEEE International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems, IEEE NEMS 2013.
• Zheng, X., Jiang, L., Schroeder, J. A., Marron, M., Iannone, M., Stopeck, A. T., & Zohar, Y. (2012, 2012///). Flow-rate dependent capture of circulating tumor cells in bio-functional microchannels. In IEEE International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering, NANOMED.
• Zheng, X., Jiang, L., Schroeder, J. A., Marron, M., Iannone, M., Stopeck, A. T., & Zohar, Y. (2012, 2012///). On the minimum detection limit of circulating tumor cells in an antibody-functionalized microchannel array. In IEEE International Conference on Nano/Molecular Medicine and Engineering, NANOMED.
• Stamm, M. T., Zha, Z., Jiang, L., Dai, Z., & Zohar, Y. (2011, 2011///). Functionalization of ceramic liposomal nanoparticles, cerasomes, with antibodies. In 2011 16th International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference, TRANSDUCERS'11.
• Zheng, X. J., Cheung, L., Jiang, L., Schroeder, J. A., Heimark, R. L., Baygents, J. C., Guzman, R., & Zohar, Y. (2011, 2011///). Dynamic states of adhering cancer cells under shear flow in an antibody-functionalized microchannel. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS).
• Cooper, J. R., Qin, Y., Jiang, L., Palanivelu, R., & Zohar, Y. (2009, 2009///). Microsystem-based study of pollen-tube attractants secreted by ovules. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS).
• Gudipaty, T., Cheung, L., Jiang, L., & Zohar, Y. (2009, 2009///). Cluster formation and growth in flow of dilute particle suspension in microchannels. In 2008 Proceedings of the 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis, 4.
• Gudipaty, T., Stamm, M. T., Cheung, L., Zohar, Y., & Jiang, L. (2009, 2009///). Cluster dynamics in flow of suspended particles in microchannels. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS).
• Gudipaty, T., Cheung, L., Jiang, L., & Zohar, Y. (2008, 2008///). Cluster formation and evolution in particle-laden microchannel flow. In 12th International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences - The Proceedings of MicroTAS 2008 Conference.
• Jiang, L., Gerhardt, K. P., Myer, B., Zohar, Y., & Pau, S. (2008, 2008///). An SU-8 based fluidic immuno-spectroscopic lab-on-a-chip for rapid quantitative detection of biomolecules. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS).
• Chang, C., Flynn, R. D., Fogg, D. W., Goodson, K. E., Hidrovo, C., Jiang, L., Kenny, T. W., Koo, J., Pop, E., Santiago, J. G., Sinha, S., Wang, E. N., Yao, S., & Zhang, L. (2006, July, 9, 2005).

  ADVANCED COOLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR MICROPROCESSORS

  . In International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems.
• Hu, X., Jiang, L., & Goodson, K. E. (2004, 2004///). Thermal characterization of eutectic alloy thermal interface materials with void-like inclusions. In Annual IEEE Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium, 20.
• Hu, X., Jiang, L., & Goodson, K. E. (2004, 2004///). Thermal conductance enhancement of particle-filled thermal interface materials using carbon nanotube inclusions. In Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems -Proceedings of the Intersociety Conference, 1.
• Bari, A., Koo, J., Jiang, L., Paidipati, J., & Goodson, K. E. (2003, 2003///). Frictional characteristics of microchannel gas flow. In International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels, 1.
• Cho, E. S., Koo, J., Jiang, L., Prasher, R. S., Kim, M. S., Santiago, J. G., Kenny, T. W., & Goodson, K. E. (2003, 2003///). Experimental study on two-phase heat transfer in microchannel heat sinks with hotspots. In Annual IEEE Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium.
• Fogg, D. W., Koo, J. M., Jiang, L., & Goodson, K. E. (2003, 2003///). Numerical simulation of transient boiling convection in microchannels. In Proceedings of the ASME Summer Heat Transfer Conference, 2003.
• Hu, X., Jiang, L., & Goodson, K. E. (2003, 2003///). Impact of wall region particle volume fraction distribution on thermal resistance of particle filled thermal interface materials. In Annual IEEE Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium.
• Jain, A., Ness, K., McConnell, A., Jiang, L., & Goodson, K. (2003, 2003///). Design, fabrication and thermal characterization of a MEMS device for control of nerve cell growth. In American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Micro-Electromechanical Systems Division Publication (MEMS), 5.
• Ashegi, M., Banerjee, S., Goodson, K. E., Jiang, L., Kenny, T. W., Koo, J., Santiago, J. G., & Zhang, L. (2002, Feb).

  Measurements and Modeling of Two-Phase Flow in Microchannels With Nearly-Constant Heat Flux Boundary Conditions

  . In Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 12-19, Feb. 2002, doi: 10.1109/84.982858..
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  Abstract Two-phase forced convective flow in microchannels can be used as an effective means of cooling microelectronics. However, the number of studies on boiling in microchannels with dimensions smaller than 100 microns is limited. Particularly, the impact of small dimensions on bubble formation and the critical heat flux have received little attention. This work develops single and multi-channel silicon test devices with integrated heaters and thermometers, in an effort toward precisely determining the flow condition, the temperature distribution, and the heat transfer coefficients within microchannels. Rectangular channels with hydraulic diameter below 100 microns and varying aspect ratios were fabricated. The test devices have channel walls with widths below 350 microns, which minimizes solid conduction along the test section and reduces variations in the heat flux boundary condition. A semiconductor resistor strip measures the wall temperature distribution along the channel during phase change. A thermal resistance model has been developed to estimate the heat loss from the system. Down to hydraulic diameters as small as 25 microns, nucleation boiling under 5 °C of wall superheating was observed in plasma etched silicon microchannels.
• Jiang, L., Koo, J., Wang, E., Bari, A., Cho, E. S., Ong, W., Prasher, R. S., Maveety, J., Kim, M. S., Kenny, T. W., Santiago, J. G., & Goodson, K. E. (2002, 2002///). Cross-linked microchannels for vlsi hotspot cooling. In ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Proceedings.
• Koo, J., Im, S., Cho, E. S., Prasher, R. S., Wang, E., Jiang, L., Bari, A., Campion, D., Fogg, D., Kim, M. S., Kenny, T. W., Santiago, J. G., & Goodson, K. E. (2002, 2002///). VLSI hotspot cooling using two-phase microchannel convection. In American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Process Industries Division (Publication) PID, 7.
• Koo, J., Jiang, L., Bari, A., Zhang, L., Wang, E., Kenny, T. W., Santiago, J. G., & Goodson, K. E. (2002, 2002///). Convective boiling in microchannel heat sinks with spatially-varying heat generation. In Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems -Proceedings of the Intersociety Conference.
• Zhang, L., Wang, E. N., Koo, J., Jiang, L., Goodson, K. E., Santiago, J. G., & Kenny, T. W. (2002, 2002///). Enhanced nucleate boiling in microchannels. In Proceedings of the IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS).
• Goodson, K. E., Jiang, L., Kenny, T. W., Koo, J., Santiago, J. G., & Zhang, L. (2001).

  Study of Boiling Regimes and Transient Signal Measurements in Microchannels

  . In Transducers ’01 Eurosensors XV.
• Jiang, L., Koo, J., Zeng, S., Mikkelsen, J. C., Zhang, L., Zhou, P., Santiago, J. G., Kenny, T. W., & Goodson, K. E. (2001, 2001///). Two-phase microchannel heat sinks for an electrokinetic VLSI chip cooling system. In Annual IEEE Semiconductor Thermal Measurement and Management Symposium.
• Koo, J., Jiang, L., Zhang, L., Zhou, P., Banerjee, S. S., Kenny, T. W., Santiago, J. G., & Goodson, K. E. (2001, 2001///). Modeling of two-phase microchannel heat sinks for VLSI chips. In Proceedings of the IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS).
• Zhang, L., Wang, E. N., Koch, J. D., Liu, J., Koo, J., Jiang, L., Goodson, K. E., Santiago, J. G., & Kenny, T. W. (2001, 2001///). Microscale liquid impingement cooling. In ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Proceedings, 2.
• Jiang, L., Wong, M., & Zohar, Y. (2000, 2000///). Phase change in microchannel heat sink under forced convection boiling. In Proceedings of the IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS).
• Jiang, L., Wang, Y., Wong, M., & Zohar, Y. (1999). MICRO-CHANNELS WITH SUSPENDED TEMPERATURE SENSORS FOR HEAT TRANSFER STUDY. In IMECE, pp. 567-573.
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  A micro-system consisting of micro-channels with integrated temperature sensors was successfully designed and fabricated for the study of heat-transfer properties of fluid flow in micro-domains. Surface micro-machining technology was used to construct the micro-channels with dimensions of about 40μm × 1.4μm × 4000μm. Polysilicon thermistors, 4μm × 4μm × 0.4μm in size were suspended across the channels and directly exposed to the fluid for local temperature measurements. The micro-channels and the micro-sensors were calibrated prior to the heat-transfer studies. Experimental results of temperature distributions along a micro-channel are presented. The integrated micro-system performance was analyzed to provide a framework for the interpretation of the experimental data, and the various heat-transfer mechanisms are subsequently discussed.
• Jiang, L., Wong, M., & Zohar, Y. (1999, 1999///). Micro-channel heat sink with integrated temperature sensors for phase transition study. In Proceedings of the IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS).
• Li, B., Xiong, B., Jiang, L., Zohar, Y., & Wong, M. (1999, 1999///). Applications of germanium to low temperature micro-machining. In Proceedings of the IEEE Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS).

Poster Presentations

• Jiang, L., Khawaja, H., Clarkson, T. A., Cernyar, B. M., Miranti, C., & Zohar, Y. (2023, September). Prostate-Cancer-on-Chip model to study therapeutic responses. NCI Patient-Derived Models of Cancer (PDMC) and Cancer Tissue Engineering Collective (TEC) Joint Annual Meeting. OHSU Knight Cancer Center Portland, Oregon: National Cancer Institute.

Creative Productions

• Altaqui, A., Miller, S., Jiang, L., & Pau, S. (2024.

  Wavefront sensor using polarization imaging

  UA disclosure and patent application.
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  U.S. provitional patent application
• Jiang, L., & Miranti, C. (2024.

  Bio-engineered human prostate gland and disease model

  UA Disclosure and patent application.
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  U.S. utility and/or PCT application
• Jiang, L., & Pau, S. (2024. Stress induced tunable optical waveplate
  
  UA.
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  U.S. Provisional Patent Application
• Pau, S. K., Koshel, R. J., & Jiang, L. (2024.

  High performance ultraviolet disinfection in a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system with integrated concentrator optics

  UA disclosure and patent application.
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  Provisional Application

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• Zohar, Y., Restifo, L. L., & Jiang, L. (2017, December). Systems for Dissociation of Biological Tissues. US Patent & Trademark Office. https://pdfaiw.uspto.gov/.aiw?PageNum=0&docid=20170355950
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  This is a patent application. Here are the unique identifiers:PCT/US15/63978Publication No. US 2017/0355950 A1Abstract: Provided herein is technology relating to processing biological samples and particularly, but not exclusively, to systems and apparatuses for dissociating biological tissues into viable cells.