Leslie Farland

Interests

Research

Women's Health

Courses

Scholarly Contributions

Journals/Publications

• Farland, L. V., Degnan, W. J., Harris, H. R., Han, J., Cho, E., VoPham, T., Kvaskoff, M., & Missmer, S. A. (2021). Recreational and residential sun exposure and risk of endometriosis: a prospective cohort study. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 36(1), 199-210.
  More info

  Is recreational and residential sun exposure associated with risk of endometriosis?
• Farland, L. V., Degnan, W. J., Harris, H. R., Tobias, D. K., & Missmer, S. A. (2021). A prospective study of endometriosis and risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia.
  More info

  The objective of this study was to investigate the association between laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis and risk of type 2 diabetes.
• Farland, L. V., Stern, J. E., Hwang, S. S., Liu, C. L., Cabral, H., Knowlton, R., Gershman, S. T., Coddington, C. C., & Missmer, S. A. (2021). Early-life cancer, infertility, and risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes: a registry linkage study in Massachusetts. Cancer causes & control : CCC, 32(2), 169-180.
  More info

  Investigate the relationship between history of cancer and adverse pregnancy outcomes according to subfertility/fertility treatment.
• Hwang, S. S., Dukhovny, D., Gopal, D., Cabral, H., Farland, L. V., & Stern, J. E. (2021). Sex differences in infant health following ART-treated, subfertile, and fertile deliveries. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics, 38(1), 211-218.
  More info

  Among infants following ART-treated, subfertile, and fertile deliveries to determine (1) the presence and magnitude of sex differences in health outcomes and (2) whether the presence of sex differences varied among maternal fertility groups.
• Luke, B., Brown, M. B., Wantman, E., Forestieri, N. E., Browne, M. L., Fisher, S. C., Yazdy, M. M., Ethen, M. K., Canfield, M. A., Watkins, S., Nichols, H. B., Farland, L. V., Oehninger, S., Doody, K. J., Eisenberg, M. L., & Baker, V. L. (2021). The risk of birth defects with conception by ART. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 36(1), 116-129.
  More info

  What is the association between ART conception and treatment parameters and the risk of birth defects?
• Shafrir, A. L., Palmor, M. C., Fourquet, J., DiVasta, A. D., Farland, L. V., Vitonis, A. F., Harris, H. R., Laufer, M. R., Cramer, D. W., Terry, K. L., & Missmer, S. A. (2021). Co-occurrence of immune-mediated conditions and endometriosis among adolescents and adult women. American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989), e13404.
  More info

  Associations between immune dysfunction conditions (e.g. systemic lupus erythematous, rheumatoid arthritis) and endometriosis have been observed in adult women, but not assessed among a younger population. We investigated the association between immune-mediated conditions and endometriosis among young women.
• Brady, P. C., Farland, L. V., Racowsky, C., & Ginsburg, E. S. (2020). Hyperglycosylated human chorionic gonadotropin as a predictor of ongoing pregnancy. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 222(1), 68.e1-68.e12.
  More info

  Hyperglycosylated human chorionic gonadotropin, the predominant human chorionic gonadotropin variant secreted following implantation, is associated with trophoblast invasion.
• Brady, P. C., Horne, A. W., Saunders, P. T., Thomas, A. M., Missmer, S. A., & Farland, L. V. (2020). Research priorities for endometriosis differ among patients, clinicians, and researchers. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 222(6), 630-632.
• Charlton, B. M., Farland, L. V., Boehmer, U., Tamimi, R. M., Collins, L. C., VanKim, N. A., Bertone-Johnson, E. R., Potter, J., Sarda, V., & Austin, S. B. (2020). Sexual orientation and benign breast disease in a cohort of U.S. women. Cancer causes & control : CCC.
  More info

  Several studies indicate that sexual minority (e.g., bisexual, lesbian) women may be at an increased risk for breast cancer. However, we know little about how risk factors, such as benign breast disease (BBD)-which can confer nearly a fourfold breast cancer risk increase-may vary across sexual orientation groups.
• Correia, K. F., Dodge, L. E., Farland, L. V., Hacker, M. R., Ginsburg, E., Whitcomb, B. W., Wise, L. A., & Missmer, S. A. (2020). Confounding and effect measure modification in reproductive medicine research. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 35(5), 1013-1018.
  More info

  The majority of research within reproductive and gynecologic health, or investigating ART, is observational in design. One of the most critical challenges for observational studies is confounding, while one of the most important for discovery and inference is effect modification. In this commentary, we explain what confounding and effect modification are and why they matter. We present examples illustrating how failing to adjust for a confounder leads to invalid conclusions, as well as examples where adjusting for a factor that is not a confounder also leads to invalid or imprecise conclusions. Careful consideration of which factors may act as confounders or modifiers of the association of interest is critical to conducting sound research, particularly with complex observational studies in reproductive medicine.
• Dodge, L. E., Farland, L. V., Correia, K. F., Missmer, S. A., Seidler, E. A., Wilkinson, J., Modest, A. M., & Hacker, M. R. (2020). Choice of statistical model in observational studies of ART. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 35(7), 1499-1504.
  More info

  Analyzing data on ART presents unique and sometimes complicated challenges related to choosing the unit(s) of analysis and the statistical model. In this commentary, we provide examples of how these challenges arise and guidance for overcoming them. We discuss the implications of different ways to count treatment cycles, considering the perspectives of research questions, data management and analysis and patient counseling. We present the advantages and disadvantages of different statistical models, and finally, we discuss the definition and calculation of the cumulative incidence of live birth, which is a key outcome of research on ART.
• Farland, L. V., & Harris, H. R. (2020). Long-term Health Consequences of Endometriosis - Pathways and Mediation by Treatment. Current obstetrics and gynecology reports, 9(3), 79-88.
  More info

  The purpose of this review is to discuss the most up to date research on endometriosis and chronic disease risk, highlighting the role treatments for endometriosis may play in these associations.
• Farland, L. V., Correia, K. F., Dodge, L. E., Modest, A. M., Williams, P. L., Smith, L. H., Toth, T. L., Hacker, M. R., & Missmer, S. A. (2020). The importance of mediation in reproductive health studies. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 35(6), 1262-1266.
  More info

  A mediator is a factor that occurs after the exposure of interest, precedes the outcome of interest (i.e. between the exposure and the outcome) and is associated with both the exposure and the outcome of interest (i.e. is on the pathway between exposure and outcome). Mediation analyses can be valuable in many reproductive health contexts, as mediation analysis can help researchers to better identify, quantify and understand the underlying pathways of the association they are studying. The purpose of this commentary is to introduce the concept of mediation and provide examples that solidify understanding of mediation for valid discovery and interpretation in the field of reproductive medicine.
• Farland, L. V., Correia, K. F., Missmer, S. A., & Racowsky, C. (2020). Seasonal variation, temperature, day length, and IVF outcomes from fresh cycles. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics, 37(10), 2427-2433.
  More info

  It is known that delivery rates from spontaneous conception vary according to season which may be due to cultural or environmental factors; however, conflicting data exist regarding whether outcomes from IVF are also seasonally dependent. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that the season at oocyte retrieval is associated with livebirth after fresh transfer.
• Hoffman, S. R., Farland, L. V., Doll, K. M., Nicholson, W. K., Wright, M. A., & Robinson, W. R. (2020). The epidemiology of gynaecologic health: contemporary opportunities and challenges. Journal of epidemiology and community health.
  More info

  The field of reproductive epidemiology has primarily focused on reproductive outcomes and gynaecologic cancers. The study of non-cancerous, gynaecologic conditions (eg, uterine fibroids, endometriosis) has not received serious treatment in existing epidemiology textbooks and reproductive epidemiology curricula. Further, these conditions do not neatly fit into the other common subdisciplines within epidemiology (eg, infectious disease, cardiovascular, injury and occupational epidemiology and so on). In this commentary, we identify and illustrate three critical challenges to advancing the epidemiologic research of non-cancerous, gynaecologic conditions. With greater investment and a patient-centred approach, epidemiology can advance knowledge about this critical area of human welfare.
• Honigberg, M. C., Zekavat, S. M., Niroula, A., Griffin, G. K., Bick, A. G., Pirruccello, J. P., Nakao, T., Whitsel, E. A., Farland, L. V., Laurie, C., Kooperberg, C., Manson, J. E., Gabriel, S., Libby, P., Reiner, A. P., Ebert, B. L., & Natarajan, P. (2020). Premature Menopause, Clonal Hematopoiesis, and Coronary Artery Disease in Postmenopausal Women. Circulation.
  More info

  Premature menopause is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in women, but mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. Clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP), the age-related expansion of hematopoietic cells with leukemogenic mutations without detectable malignancy, is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. Whether premature menopause is associated with CHIP is unknown. We included postmenopausal women from the UK Biobank (N=11,495) aged 40-70 years with whole exome sequences and from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI, N=8,111) aged 50-79 years with whole genome sequences. Premature menopause was defined as natural or surgical menopause occurring before age 40 years. Co-primary outcomes were the presence of (1) any CHIP and (2) CHIP with variant allele frequency (VAF) >0.1. Logistic regression tested the association of premature menopause with CHIP, adjusted for age, race, the first 10 principal components of ancestry, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and hormone therapy use. Secondary analyses considered natural vs. surgical premature menopause and gene-specific CHIP subtypes. Multivariable-adjusted Cox models tested the association between CHIP and incident coronary artery disease (CAD). The sample included 19,606 women, including 418 (2.1%) with natural premature menopause and 887 (4.5%) with surgical premature menopause. Across cohorts, CHIP prevalence in postmenopausal women with vs. without a history of premature menopause was 8.8% vs. 5.5% (P0.1: OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.10-1.79, P=0.007). Associations were larger for natural premature menopause (all CHIP: OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.23-2.44, P=0.001; CHIP with VAF >0.1: OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.30-2.80, P0.1: 1.48, 95% CI 1.13-1.94, P=0.005). Premature menopause, especially natural premature menopause, is independently associated with CHIP among postmenopausal women. Natural premature menopause may serve as a risk signal for predilection to develop CHIP and CHIP-associated cardiovascular disease.
• Kvaskoff, M., Mahamat-Saleh, Y., Farland, L. V., Shigesi, N., Terry, K. L., Harris, H. R., Roman, H., Becker, C. M., As-Sanie, S., Zondervan, K. T., Horne, A. W., & Missmer, S. A. (2020). Endometriosis and cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human reproduction update.
  More info

  Endometriosis is an often chronic, inflammatory gynaecologic condition affecting 190 million women worldwide. Studies have reported an elevated cancer risk among patients with endometriosis. However, prior research has included methodologic issues that impede valid and robust interpretation.
• Sasamoto, N., Farland, L. V., Vitonis, A. F., Harris, H. R., DiVasta, A. D., Laufer, M. R., Terry, K. L., & Missmer, S. A. (2020). In utero and early life exposures in relation to endometriosis in adolescents and young adults. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 252, 393-398.
  More info

  Endometriosis is a common gynecologic disorder often associated with severe pelvic pain and infertility with few known modifiable risk factors. We investigated whether in utero and early life exposures are associated with surgically diagnosed endometriosis among adolescents and young adults.
• Farland, L. V., & Horne, A. W. (2019). Disparity in endometriosis diagnoses between racial/ethnic groups. BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 126(9), 1115-1116.
• Farland, L. V., Brown, H. E., & Dennis, L. K. (2019). DSM II Colormeter for measuring skin color: its usefulness and reliability of its measurement of melanin. J Dermatol Cosmet Treat, 1(1), 1-5.
• Farland, L. V., Prescott, J., Sasamoto, N., Tobias, D. K., Gaskins, A. J., Stuart, J. J., Carusi, D. A., Chavarro, J. E., Horne, A. W., Rich-Edwards, J. W., & Missmer, S. A. (2019). Endometriosis and Risk of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes. Obstetrics and gynecology, 134(3), 527-536.
  More info

  To investigate the relationship between endometriosis and adverse pregnancy outcomes.
• Faust, L., Bradley, D., Landau, E., Noddin, K., Farland, L. V., Baron, A., & Wolfberg, A. (2019). Findings from a mobile application-based cohort are consistent with established knowledge of the menstrual cycle, fertile window, and conception. Fertility and sterility, 112(3), 450-457.e3.
  More info

  To investigate the validity of self-reported fertility data generated by a mobile application-based cohort in comparison with data collected by traditional clinical methodologies.
• Goldman, R. H., Farland, L. V., Thomas, A. M., Zera, C. A., & Ginsburg, E. S. (2019). The combined impact of maternal age and body mass index on cumulative live birth following in vitro fertilization. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 221(6), 617.e1-617.e13.
  More info

  It is critical to evaluate the combined impact of age and body mass index on the cumulative likelihood of live birth following in vitro fertilization, as achieving a lower body mass index before infertility treatment often is recommended for women with overweight and obesity. It is important to consider whether achieving a particular body mass index, thus resulting in an older age at in vitro fertilization cycle start, is beneficial or harmful to the likelihood of live birth.
• Lee, M. S., Farland, L. V., Thomas, A. M., & Ginsburg, E. S. (2019). Public perspectives on placing age limits on men and women seeking fertility treatment. Fertility and sterility.
  More info

  To assess public attitudes toward placing age limits on men and women seeking fertility treatment.
• Murray, E. J., Farland, L. V., Caniglia, E. C., Dorans, K. S., DuPre, N. C., Hughes, K. C., Kim, I. Y., Pernar, C. H., Tanz, L. J., & Zack, R. M. (2019). Is this a Portrait of John Graunt? An Art History Mystery. American journal of epidemiology.
• Romanski, P. A., Brady, P. C., Farland, L. V., Thomas, A. M., & Hornstein, M. D. (2019). The effect of endometriosis on the antimüllerian hormone level in the infertile population. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics, 36(6), 1179-1184.
  More info

  To determine whether the presence of endometriosis in infertile women without prior ovarian surgery influences markers of ovarian reserve, AMH and FSH.
• Romanski, P. A., Farland, L. V., Tsen, L. C., Ginsburg, E. S., & Lewis, E. I. (2019). Effect of class III and class IV obesity on oocyte retrieval complications and outcomes. Fertility and sterility, 111(2), 294-301.e1.
  More info

  To assess the effect of class III (body mass index [BMI] 40-49.9 kg/m) and class IV obesity (BMI ≥ 50 kg/m) on oocyte retrieval complications and outcomes.
• Bortoletto, P., Farland, L. V., Ginsburg, E. S., & Goldman, R. H. (2018). Public support for intergenerational oocyte donation in the United States. Fertility and sterility, 109(2), 343-348.e1.
  More info

  To determine whether the general public supports intergenerational oocyte donation.
• Bortoletto, P., Hariton, E., Farland, L. V., Goldman, R. H., & Gargiulo, A. R. (2018). Uterine Transplantation: A Survey of Perceptions and Attitudes of American Reproductive Endocrinologists and Gynecologic Surgeons. Journal of minimally invasive gynecology, 25(6), 974-979.
  More info

  To determine whether reproductive endocrinologists and minimally invasive surgeons support uterine transplantation as a treatment option for absolute uterine factor infertility (AUFI).
• Brady, P. C., Farland, L. V., & Ginsburg, E. S. (2018). Serum Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Among Women With and Without Obesity After Single Embryo Transfers. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 103(11), 4209-4215.
  More info

  Serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels are essential for diagnosing and monitoring early pregnancy. Obesity is a health care epidemic; however, the performance of this vital serum hormone in women with an elevated body mass index (BMI) is unknown.
• Brady, P. C., Farland, L. V., Missmer, S. A., Racowsky, C., & Fox, J. H. (2018). Abnormal human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) trends after transfer of multiple embryos resulting in viable singleton pregnancies. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics, 35(3), 483-489.
  More info

  The purpose of this study is to investigate whether abnormal hCG trends occur at a higher incidence among women conceiving singleton pregnancies following transfer of multiple (two or more) embryos (MET), as compared to those having a single embryo transfer (SET).
• Choussein, S., Srouji, S. S., Farland, L. V., Wietsma, A., Missmer, S. A., Hollis, M., Yu, R. N., Pozner, C. N., & Gargiulo, A. R. (2018). Robotic Assistance Confers Ambidexterity to Laparoscopic Surgeons. Journal of minimally invasive gynecology, 25(1), 76-83.
  More info

  To examine whether a robotic surgical platform can complement the fine motor skills of the nondominant hand, compensating for the innate difference in dexterity between surgeon's hands, thereby conferring virtual ambidexterity.
• Dolinko, A. V., Farland, L. V., Missmer, S. A., Srouji, S. S., Racowsky, C., & Ginsburg, E. S. (2018). Responses to fertility treatment among patients with cancer: a retrospective cohort study. Fertility research and practice, 4, 3.
  More info

  Cancer treatments have significant negative impacts on female fertility, but the impact of cancer itself on fertility remains to be clarified. While some studies have shown that compared with healthy women, those with cancer require higher doses of gonadotropins resulting in decreased oocyte yields, others have shown comparable oocyte yields between the two groups. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether there is an association between any cancer and/or type of cancer, and response to ovarian stimulation for egg and embryo banking.
• Goldman, R. H., Racowsky, C., Farland, L. V., Fox, J. H., Munné, S., Ribustello, L., & Ginsburg, E. S. (2018). The cost of a euploid embryo identified from preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A): a counseling tool. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics, 35(9), 1641-1650.
  More info

  To determine the expected out-of-pocket costs of IVF with preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) to attain a 50%, 75%, or 90% likelihood of a euploid blastocyst based on individual age and AMH, and develop a personalized counseling tool.
• Hariton, E., Bortoletto, P., Goldman, R. H., Farland, L. V., Ginsburg, E. S., & Gargiulo, A. R. (2018). A Survey of Public Opinion in the United States Regarding Uterine Transplantation. Journal of minimally invasive gynecology, 25(6), 980-985.
  More info

  To evaluate the opinions and attitudes of the general public regarding uterine transplantation (UTx) in the United States.
• Kaser, D. J., Bogale, B., Sarda, V., Farland, L. V., Williams, P. L., & Racowsky, C. (2018). Randomized controlled trial of low (5%) versus ultralow (2%) oxygen for extended culture using bipronucleate and tripronucleate human preimplantation embryos. Fertility and sterility, 109(6), 1030-1037.e2.
  More info

  To determine whether [1] exposure of embryos to 5% oxygen (O) from day 1 (D1) to D3, and then to 2% O from D3 to D5, improves total blastocyst yield, as compared with continuous exposure to 5% O; and [2] extended culture in 2% O alters key metabolic processes and O-regulated gene expression in human preimplantation embryos.
• Murugappan, G., Farland, L. V., Missmer, S. A., Correia, K. F., Anchan, R. M., & Ginsburg, E. S. (2018). Gestational carrier in assisted reproductive technology. Fertility and sterility, 109(3), 420-428.
  More info

  To compare clinical outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles with the use of gestational carriers (GCs) with non-GC IVF cycles.
• Romanski, P. A., Carusi, D. A., Farland, L. V., Missmer, S. A., Kaser, D. J., Walsh, B. W., Racowsky, C., & Brady, P. C. (2018). Perinatal and Peripartum Outcomes in Vanishing Twin Pregnancies Achieved by In Vitro Fertilization. Obstetrics and gynecology, 131(6), 1011-1020.
  More info

  To compare perinatal and peripartum outcomes of vanishing twin gestations with singleton and dichorionic twin gestations in pregnancies conceived by in vitro fertilization.
• Romanski, P. A., Goldman, R. H., Farland, L. V., Srouji, S. S., & Racowsky, C. (2018). The association between quality of supernumerary embryos in a cohort and implantation potential of the transferred blastocyst. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics, 35(9), 1651-1656.
  More info

  Despite studies focused on the association between embryo morphology and implantation potential, it is unknown how the collective quality of the supernumerary embryos in a cohort is associated with the implantation rate (IR) of the transferred embryo. This study tested the hypothesis that a relationship exists between the quality of the supernumerary cohort and IR.
• Sacha, C. R., Kaser, D. J., Farland, L. V., Srouji, S., Missmer, S. A., & Racowsky, C. (2018). The effect of short-term exposure of cumulus-oocyte complexes to in vitro maturation medium on yield of mature oocytes and usable embryos in stimulated cycles. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics, 35(5), 841-849.
  More info

  We examined whether short-term exposure to in vitro maturation (IVM) medium of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) from a stimulated cycle increases the yield of metaphase II (MII) oocytes and usable embryos.
• Shafrir, A. L., Farland, L. V., Shah, D. K., Harris, H. R., Kvaskoff, M., Zondervan, K., & Missmer, S. A. (2018). Risk for and consequences of endometriosis: A critical epidemiologic review. Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology, 51, 1-15.
  More info

  Endometriosis affects approximately 10% of women of reproductive age. Characteristics robustly associated with a greater risk for endometriosis include early age at menarche, short menstrual cycle length, and lean body size, whereas greater parity has been associated with a lower risk. Relationships with other potential characteristics including physical activity, dietary factors, and lactation have been less consistent, partially because of the need for rigorous data collection and a longitudinal study design. Critical methodologic complexities include the need for a clear case definition; valid selection of comparison/control groups; and consideration of diagnostic bias and reverse causation when exploring demographic characteristics, medical history, and lifestyle factors. Reviewers and editors must demand a detailed description of rigorous methods to facilitate comparison and replication to advance our understanding of endometriosis.
• Brady, P. C., Missmer, S. A., Farland, L. V., & Ginsburg, E. S. (2017). Clinical predictors of failing one dose of methotrexate for ectopic pregnancy after in vitro fertilization. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics, 34(3), 349-356.
  More info

  The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical predictors of failure of a single dose of methotrexate (MTX) for management of ectopic pregnancy after in vitro fertilization (IVF).
• Dolinko, A. V., Farland, L. V., Kaser, D. J., Missmer, S. A., & Racowsky, C. (2017). National survey on use of time-lapse imaging systems in IVF laboratories. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics, 34(9), 1167-1172.
  More info

  Several time-lapse imaging (TLI) systems for non-invasive continuous monitoring of developing embryos are currently available. The present study explored the prevalence, means of acquisition, and clinical application of TLI systems in USA in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratories.
• Farland, L. V., Eliassen, A. H., Tamimi, R. M., Spiegelman, D., Michels, K. B., & Missmer, S. A. (2017). History of breast feeding and risk of incident endometriosis: prospective cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 358, j3778.
  More info

   To investigate the association between lifetime breast feeding, exclusive breast feeding, postpartum amenorrhea, and incidence of endometriosis among parous women. Prospective cohort study. Nurses' Health Study II, 1989-2011. 72 394women who reported having one or more pregnancies that lasted at least six months, 3296 of whom had laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis. For each pregnancy, women reported duration of total breast feeding, exclusive breast feeding, and postpartum amenorrhea.  Incident self reported laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis (96% concordance with medical record) in parous women. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for diagnosis of endometriosis. Duration of total and exclusive breast feeding was significantly associated with decreased risk of endometriosis. Among women who reported a lifetime total length of breast feeding of less than one month, there were 453 endometriosis cases/100 000 person years compared with 184 cases/100 000 person years in women who reported a lifetime total of ≥36 months of breast feeding. For every additional three months of total breast feeding per pregnancy, women experienced an 8% lower risk of endometriosis (hazard ratio 0.92, 95% confidence interval 0.90 to 0.94; P
• Farland, L. V., Lorrain, S., Missmer, S. A., Dartois, L., Cervenka, I., Savoye, I., Mesrine, S., Boutron-Ruault, M. C., & Kvaskoff, M. (2017). Endometriosis and the risk of skin cancer: a prospective cohort study. Cancer causes & control : CCC, 28(10), 1011-1019.
  More info

  Endometriosis has been associated with an increased risk of skin melanoma. However, associations with other skin cancer types and how they compare with melanoma are unclear. Our objective was to prospectively investigate the relationships between endometriosis and risk of non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancers.
• Farland, L. V., Missmer, S. A., Bijon, A., Gusto, G., Gelot, A., Clavel-Chapelon, F., Mesrine, S., Boutron-Ruault, M. C., & Kvaskoff, M. (2017). Associations among body size across the life course, adult height and endometriosis. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 32(8), 1732-1742.
  More info

  Are body size across the life course and adult height associated with endometriosis?
• Farland, L. V., Mu, F., Eliassen, A. H., Hankinson, S. E., Tworoger, S. S., Barbieri, R. L., Dowsett, M., Pollak, M. N., & Missmer, S. A. (2017). Menstrual cycle characteristics and steroid hormone, prolactin, and growth factor levels in premenopausal women. Cancer causes & control : CCC, 28(12), 1441-1452.
  More info

  Menstrual cycle characteristics are markers of endocrine milieu. However, associations between age at menarche and adulthood sex steroid hormone levels have been inconsistent, and data on menstrual characteristics and non-sex steroid hormones are sparse.
• Goldman, R. H., Kaser, D. J., Missmer, S. A., Farland, L. V., Scout, ., Ashby, R. K., & Ginsburg, E. S. (2017). Fertility treatment for the transgender community: a public opinion study. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics, 34(11), 1457-1467.
  More info

  The purposes of this study were to evaluate public opinion regarding fertility treatment and gamete cryopreservation for transgender individuals and identify how support varies by demographic characteristics.
• Goldman, R. H., Racowsky, C., Farland, L. V., Munné, S., Ribustello, L., & Fox, J. H. (2017). Predicting the likelihood of live birth for elective oocyte cryopreservation: a counseling tool for physicians and patients. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 32(4), 853-859.
  More info

  Can a counseling tool be developed for women desiring elective oocyte cryopreservation to predict the likelihood of live birth based on age and number of oocytes frozen?
• Insogna, I. G., Farland, L. V., Missmer, S. A., Ginsburg, E. S., & Brady, P. C. (2017). Outpatient endometrial aspiration: an alternative to methotrexate for pregnancy of unknown location. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 217(2), 185.e1-185.e9.
  More info

  Pregnancies of unknown location with abnormal beta-human chorionic gonadotropin trends are frequently treated as presumed ectopic pregnancies with methotrexate. Preliminary data suggest that outpatient endometrial aspiration may be an effective tool to diagnose pregnancy location, while also sparing women exposure to methotrexate.
• Kaser, D. J., Bormann, C. L., Missmer, S. A., Farland, L. V., Ginsburg, E. S., & Racowsky, C. (2017). A pilot randomized controlled trial of Day 3 single embryo transfer with adjunctive time-lapse selection versus Day 5 single embryo transfer with or without adjunctive time-lapse selection. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 32(8), 1598-1603.
  More info

  Compared to D5 selection with conventional morphology (CM), does adjunctive use of the Eeva™ test on D3 or D5 improve the clinical pregnancy rate (CPR) per transfer?
• Kaser, D. J., Farland, L. V., Missmer, S. A., & Racowsky, C. (2017). Prospective study of automated versus manual annotation of early time-lapse markers in the human preimplantation embryo. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 32(8), 1604-1611.
  More info

  How does automated time-lapse annotation (Eeva™) compare to manual annotation of the same video images performed by embryologists certified in measuring durations of the 2-cell (P2; time to the 3-cell minus time to the 2-cell, or t3-t2) and 3-cell (P3; time to 4-cell minus time to the 3-cell, or t4-t3) stages?
• Lee, M. S., Farland, L. V., Missmer, S. A., & Ginsburg, E. S. (2017). Limitations on the compensation of gamete donors: a public opinion survey. Fertility and sterility, 107(6), 1355-1363.e4.
  More info

  To determine public opinion on gamete donor compensation.
• Lewis, E. I., Farhadifar, R., Farland, L. V., J Needleman, D., Missmer, S. A., & Racowsky, C. (2017). Use of imaging software for assessment of the associations among zona pellucida thickness variation, assisted hatching, and implantation of day 3 embryos. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics, 34(10), 1261-1269.
  More info

  The aim of this study was to determine if zona pellucida thickness variation (ZPTV) is associated with implantation and if this relationship changes with use of assisted hatching (AH).
• Chavarro, J. E., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Gaskins, A. J., Farland, L. V., Terry, K. L., Zhang, C., & Missmer, S. A. (2016). Contributions of the Nurses' Health Studies to Reproductive Health Research. American journal of public health, 106(9), 1669-76.
  More info

  To review the Nurses' Health Study's (NHS's) contribution to identifying risk factors and long-term health consequences of reproductive events.
• Farland, L. V., Collier, A. Y., Correia, K. F., Grodstein, F., Chavarro, J. E., Rich-Edwards, J., & Missmer, S. A. (2016). Who receives a medical evaluation for infertility in the United States?. Fertility and sterility, 105(5), 1274-1280.
  More info

  To investigate characteristics of receiving a medical evaluation for infertility among infertile women.
• Farland, L. V., Correia, K. F., Wise, L. A., Williams, P. L., Ginsburg, E. S., & Missmer, S. A. (2016). P-values and reproductive health: what can clinical researchers learn from the American Statistical Association?. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 31(11), 2406-2410.
• Farland, L. V., Tamimi, R. M., Eliassen, A. H., Spiegelman, D., Bertrand, K. A., & Missmer, S. A. (2016). Endometriosis and mammographic density measurements in the Nurses' Health Study II. Cancer causes & control : CCC, 27(10), 1229-37.
  More info

  Endometriosis and mammographic density have been hypothesized to be influenced by sex steroid hormonal exposures in adolescence and early adulthood. We investigated the association between endometriosis and mammographic density, a consistent and independent risk factor for breast cancer.
• Farland, L. V., Tamimi, R. M., Eliassen, A. H., Spiegelman, D., Collins, L. C., Schnitt, S. J., & Missmer, S. A. (2016). A prospective study of endometriosis and risk of benign breast disease. Breast cancer research and treatment, 159(3), 545-52.
  More info

  Given the altered hormonal and inflammatory environment of women with endometriosis, several studies have suggested a positive association between endometriosis and breast cancer, although findings have been mixed. This study investigates the relationship between endometriosis and benign breast disease (BBD), benign lesions that are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.
• Farland, L. V., Tamimi, R. M., Eliassen, A. H., Spiegelman, D., Hankinson, S. E., Chen, W. Y., & Missmer, S. A. (2016). Laparoscopically Confirmed Endometriosis and Breast Cancer in the Nurses' Health Study II. Obstetrics and gynecology, 128(5), 1025-1031.
  More info

  To investigate the association between laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis and the risk of breast cancer. Previous research on endometriosis and breast cancer has reported mixed results.
• Goldman, R. H., Kaser, D. J., Missmer, S. A., Srouji, S. S., Farland, L. V., & Racowsky, C. (2016). Building a model to increase live birth rate through patient-specific optimization of embryo transfer day. Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics, 33(11), 1525-1532.
  More info

  Many practices are moving away from cleavage-stage transfer in favor of blastocyst transfer. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how the overall live birth rate for fresh IVF cycles may increase by optimizing the day of transfer for each patient.
• Goldman, R. H., Missmer, S. A., Robinson, M. K., Farland, L. V., & Ginsburg, E. S. (2016). Reproductive Outcomes Differ Following Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Adjustable Gastric Band Compared with Those of an Obese Non-Surgical Group. Obesity surgery, 26(11), 2581-2589.
  More info

  Little is known about how bariatric surgery type may impact reproductive health outcomes. Our objective was to determine differences in infertility and birth outcomes among women who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), adjustable gastric band (AGB), and an obese non-surgical group.
• Lewis, E. I., Missmer, S. A., Farland, L. V., & Ginsburg, E. S. (2016). Public support in the United States for elective oocyte cryopreservation. Fertility and sterility, 106(5), 1183-1189.
  More info

  To determine whether public support for oocyte cryopreservation (OC) exists and if support varies by demographic factors.
• Mahalingaiah, S., Hart, J. E., Laden, F., Farland, L. V., Hewlett, M. M., Chavarro, J., Aschengrau, A., & Missmer, S. A. (2016). Adult air pollution exposure and risk of infertility in the Nurses' Health Study II. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 31(3), 638-47.
  More info

  Is there an association between air pollution exposures and incident infertility?
• Prescott, J., Farland, L. V., Tobias, D. K., Gaskins, A. J., Spiegelman, D., Chavarro, J. E., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Barbieri, R. L., & Missmer, S. A. (2016). A prospective cohort study of endometriosis and subsequent risk of infertility. Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 31(7), 1475-82.
  More info

  Is there a temporal relationship between endometriosis and infertility?
• Carter, E. B., Stuart, J. J., Farland, L. V., Rich-Edwards, J. W., Zera, C. A., McElrath, T. F., & Seely, E. W. (2015). Pregnancy Complications as Markers for Subsequent Maternal Cardiovascular Disease: Validation of a Maternal Recall Questionnaire. Journal of women's health (2002), 24(9), 702-12.
  More info

  We designed and tested the validity of a questionnaire to characterize maternal recall of pregnancy complications associated with increased future cardiovascular disease risk, based on the 2011 American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines.
• Farland, L. V., Grodstein, F., Srouji, S. S., Forman, J. P., Rich-Edwards, J., Chavarro, J. E., & Missmer, S. A. (2015). Infertility, fertility treatment, and risk of hypertension. Fertility and sterility, 104(2), 391-7.
  More info

  To evaluate the association between infertility and fertility treatments on subsequent risk of hypertension.
• Farland, L. V., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., & Gillman, M. W. (2015). Early Pregnancy Cravings, Dietary Intake, and Development of Abnormal Glucose Tolerance. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 115(12), 1958-1964.e1.
  More info

  Little is known about the relationships between pregnancy cravings, maternal diet, and development of abnormal glucose tolerance.
• Kvaskoff, M., Mu, F., Terry, K. L., Harris, H. R., Poole, E. M., Farland, L., & Missmer, S. A. (2015). Endometriosis: a high-risk population for major chronic diseases?. Human reproduction update, 21(4), 500-16.
  More info

  Despite an estimated prevalence of 10% in women, the etiology of endometriosis remains poorly understood. Over recent decades, endometriosis has been associated with risk of several chronic diseases, such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, asthma/atopic diseases and cardiovascular diseases. A deeper understanding of these associations is needed as they may provide new leads into the causes or consequences of endometriosis. This review summarizes the available epidemiological findings on the associations between endometriosis and other chronic diseases and discusses hypotheses for underlying mechanisms, potential sources of bias and methodological complexities.
• Farland, L. V., Missmer, S. A., Rich-Edwards, J., Chavarro, J. E., Barbieri, R. L., & Grodstein, F. (2014). Use of fertility treatment modalities in a large United States cohort of professional women. Fertility and sterility, 101(6), 1705-10.
  More info

  To evaluate the use of fertility treatments among a large cohort of women in the United States.
• Shammas, N. W., Dippel, E. J., Shammas, G. A., Farland, L., Brosius, S., Jerin, M., Avila, A., Gehbauer, L., Winter, M., Stoakes, P., Byrd, J., Sharis, P., & Robken, J. (2008). Intermediate term outcomes with bifurcation coronary stenting using the paclitaxel drug-eluting stent: a single centre experience. The International journal of angiology : official publication of the International College of Angiology, Inc, 17(2), 88-92.
  More info

  Percutaneous treatment of bifurcation coronary artery disease (BCD) is complex and, in the era of bare metal stents (BMS), was reported to have a high rate of repeat target lesion revascularization (TLR). Paclitaxel drug-eluting stents (PES) have been used in the treatment of BCD, with better overall outcomes than BMS. Also, acute stent thrombosis (AST), with an incidence ranging from 2.7% to 4.3%, has been reported with the use of bifurcation PES, and remains a concern in treating these patients. In the present report, intermediate term outcomes with BCD stenting using TAXUS Express (Boston Scientific, USA) PES are presented from the Genesis Medical Center.
• Shammas, N. W., Dippel, E. J., Avila, A., Gehbauer, L., Farland, L., Brosius, S., Jerin, M., Winter, M., Stoakes, P., Byrd, J., Majetic, L., Shammas, G., Sharis, P., & Robken, J. (2007). Long-term outcomes in treating left main trifurcation coronary artery disease with the Paclitaxel-eluting stent. The Journal of invasive cardiology, 19(2), 77-82.
  More info

  Left main trifurcation coronary artery disease stenting is a challenging and complex percutaneous procedure that has been infrequently reported. We present our own experience with left main trifurcation stenting using the Taxus paclitaxel-eluting stent (Boston Scientific).