Linda S Snyder

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Scholarly Contributions

Journals/Publications

• Snyder, L. S. (2018). Airway Registry and Training Curriculum Improve Intubation Outcomes in the Intensive Care Unit. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care, 16(4), 212-23.
• Snyder, L. S. (2017). Difficult Airway Characteristics Associated with First Attempt Failure at Intubation Using Video Laryngoscopy in the Intensive Care Unit. Annals of American Thoracic Society, 14(3), 368-375.
• Joshi, R., Hypes, C. D., Greenberg, J., Snyder, L., Malo, J., Bloom, J. W., Chopra, H., Sakles, J. C., & Mosier, J. M. (2016). Difficult Airway Characteristics Associated with First Attempt Failure at Intubation Using Video Laryngoscopy in the Intensive Care Unit. Annals of the American Thoracic Society.
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  Video laryngoscopy has overcome the need to align the anatomic axes to obtain a view of the glottic opening in order to place a tracheal tube. However, despite this advantage, a large number of attempts are unsuccessful. There are no existing data on anatomic characteristics in critically ill patients associated with a failed first attempt at laryngoscopy when using video laryngoscopy.
• Baalachandran, R., Hypes, C., Natt, B., & Snyder, L. (2015). Pipe dreams: concealed methamphetamine causing severe toxicity. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, 349(6), 548-9.
• Mosier, J. M., Malo, J., Sakles, J. C., Hypes, C. D., Natt, B., Snyder, L., Knepler, J., Bloom, J. W., Joshi, R., & Knox, K. (2015). The impact of a comprehensive airway management training program for pulmonary and critical care medicine fellows. A three-year experience. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 12(4), 539-48.
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  Airway management in the intensive care unit (ICU) is challenging, as many patients have limited physiologic reserve and are at risk for clinical deterioration if the airway is not quickly secured. In academic medical centers, ICU intubations are often performed by trainees, making airway management education paramount for pulmonary and critical care trainees.
• Mosier, J. M., Sakles, J. C., Whitmore, S. P., Hypes, C. D., Hallett, D. K., Hawbaker, K. E., Snyder, L. S., & Bloom, J. W. (2015). Failed noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation is associated with an increased risk of intubation-related complications. Annals of Intensive Care, 5, 4.
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  Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV) use has increased in the treatment of patients with respiratory failure. However, despite decreasing the need for intubation in some patients, there are no data regarding the risk of intubation-related complications associated with delayed intubation in adult patients who fail NIPPV. The objective of this study is to evaluate the odds of a composite complication of intubation following failed NIPPV compared to patients intubated primarily in the medical intensive care unit (ICU).
• Mosier, J. M., Malo, J., Stolz, L. A., Bloom, J. W., Reyes, N. A., Snyder, L. S., & Adhikari, S. (2014). Critical care ultrasound training: a survey of US fellowship directors. Journal of critical care, 29(4), 645-9.
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  The purpose of this study is to describe the current state of bedside ultrasound use and training among critical care (CC) training programs in the United States.
• Mosier, J. M., Stolz, L. A., Bloom, J. W., Malo, J., Snyder, L. S., Fiorello, A. B., & Adhikari, S. R. (2014). Resuscitative Echocardiography for the Evaluation and Management of Shock: The RECES protocol. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care, 8(2), 110-25.
• Mosier, J. M., Whitmore, S. P., Bloom, J. W., Snyder, L. S., Graham, L. A., Carr, G. E., & Sakles, J. C. (2013). Video laryngoscopy improves intubation success and reduces esophageal intubations compared to direct laryngoscopy in the medical intensive care unit. Critical care (London, England), 17(5), R237.
  More info

  Tracheal intubation in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) can be challenging as patients often have anatomic and physiologic characteristics that make intubation particularly difficult. Video laryngoscopy (VL) has been shown to improve first attempt success compared to direct laryngoscopy (DL) in many clinical settings and may be an option for ICU intubations.
• LeBaron, V., Brody, J., Lee, E. M., Hardin, C., & Snyder, L. (2011). Transitioning a cancer patient from high-dose intravenous hydromorphone therapy to intravenous methadone. Journal of pain & palliative care pharmacotherapy, 25(4), 356-61.
• Patel, S., & Snyder, L. (2009). A sore throat in the southwest. The American Journal of Medicine, 122(3), 233-5.
• Feldman, B. S., & Snyder, L. S. (2001). Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis. Seminars in respiratory infections, 16(4), 231-7.
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  Coccidioidomycosis is an infection caused by the soil-inhabiting fungus Coccidioides immitis. The fungus is endemic in the desert Southwest, which is a major area for tourism and growth. Travel through this region results in many new coccidioidal pulmonary infections annually, including pneumonia, cavities, and nodules. Patients with coccidioidomycosis are therefore likely to present with pulmonary manifestations of infection when they return home to nonendemic parts of the country. This makes coccidioidomycosis a fungal infection of nationwide importance, and it is crucial that physicians everywhere have a heightened awareness of this disease to avert delays in diagnosis and treatment. This article describes primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis and its complications for clinicians practicing both in endemic and nonendemic areas.
• Gharagozloo, F., McReynolds, S. D., & Snyder, L. (1995). Thoracoscopic plication of the diaphragm. Surgical endoscopy, 9(11), 1204-6.
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  Plication of the diaphragm in symptomatic patients with phrenic nerve paralysis provides excellent relief of excertional dyspnea and significantly increases arterial oxygen tension, and all lung volumes except residual volume. We report diaphragmatic plication using the minimally invasive technique of VATS. This procedure provides excellent relief of symptoms with minimal morbidity and short hospitalization.
• Snyder, L. S., Hertz, M. I., Peterson, M. S., Harmon, K. R., Marinelli, W. A., Henke, C. A., Greenheck, J. R., Chen, B., & Bitterman, P. B. (1991). Acute lung injury. Pathogenesis of intraalveolar fibrosis. The Journal of clinical investigation, 88(2), 663-73.
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  In patients dying with acute lung injury, interstitial mesenchymal cells migrate into the airspace where they replicate and deposit connective tissue. We therefore hypothesized that peptides capable of promoting mesenchymal cell migration and replication would be present in the alveolar airspace. To examine this hypothesis, patients with severe acute diffuse lung injury (n = 26) underwent bronchoalveolar lavage. Acutely ill patients without lung injury served as controls (n = 12). Recovered effluent was examined for mesenchymal cell growth-promoting and migration-promoting activity. Lavage cell supernates from both patients and controls were devoid of bioactivity. However, substantial growth-promoting and migration-promoting activity was present in lavage fluid from nearly every patient, whereas little or none was present in fluid from controls. Characterization of the bioactivity indicated a significant proportion consisted of three peptides related to PDGF: (a) a 14-kD peptide that shared with PDGF several biophysical, biochemical, receptor-binding, and antigenic properties; (b) a 29-kD peptide that appeared identical to PDGF of platelet origin; and (c) a 38-kD peptide that was biophysically and antigenically similar to PDGF. These data indicate that peptide moieties are present in the airspace of patients after acute lung injury that can signal mesenchymal cell migration and replication.
• Snyder, L. S., Hertz, M. I., Harmon, K. R., & Bitterman, P. B. (1990). Failure of lung repair following acute lung injury. Regulation of the fibroproliferative response (Part 1). Chest, 98(3), 733-8.
• Snyder, L. S., Hertz, M. I., Harmon, K. R., & Bitterman, P. B. (1990). Failure of lung repair following acute lung injury. Regulation of the fibroproliferative response (Part 2). Chest, 98(4), 989-93.
• Erice, A., Hertz, M. I., Snyder, L. S., Englund, J., Edelman, C. K., & Balfour, H. H. (1988). Evaluation of centrifugation cultures of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus pneumonitis. Diagnostic microbiology and infectious disease, 10(4), 205-12.
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  Cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonitis is one of the most severe manifestations of CMV disease among immunocompromised patients. The diagnosis of CMV pneumonitis traditionally has required the use of invasive procedures such as lung biopsy. In this retrospective study, we evaluated a centrifugation culture method in samples of bronchoalveolar fluid for the noninvasive diagnosis of CMV pneumonitis. During a 9-mo period, 75 bronchoalveolar lavage samples were collected from 58 patients with pneumonitis. We analyzed the data from 21 patients in whom lung tissue samples were obtained within 14 days of the bronchoalveolar lavage. Centrifugation cultures of bronchoalveolar fluid were positive for CMV in 12 cases. CMV pneumonitis was confirmed in samples of lung tissue from five (42%) of the 12 patients, whereas no evidence of CMV pneumonitis was found in the remaining seven (58%) cases. Of nine patients with negative centrifugation cultures, CMV pneumonitis was confirmed in two (22%). When compared with conventional cultures, we found bronchoalveolar lavage fluid centrifugation cultures to be highly sensitive (100%) and specific (92%) for the detection of CMV infection. However, detection of CMV by centrifugation culture proved to be only moderately sensitive (71%) and nonspecific (50%) for the diagnosis of CMV pneumonitis.
• Snyder, L. S., & Hertz, M. I. (1988). Cytotoxic drug-induced lung injury. Seminars in respiratory infections, 3(3), 217-28.
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  Cytotoxic drug-induced pulmonary disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. It is estimated that 20% of all patients receiving cytotoxic drugs will develop a symptomatic pulmonary reaction. Therefore, the possibility of a toxic drug reaction must be considered in all patients developing pulmonary disease during or following treatment with these agents. Clinical manifestations of lung toxicity are nonspecific and parallel the signs and symptoms of diffuse lung infection and malignant disease in the chest. For this reason, the diagnosis of cytotoxic drug-induced lung damage is one of exclusion of the various opportunistic infections that afflict this patient population. This typically requires careful microbiologic studies of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples and lung tissue. The diagnosis of cytotoxic drug-induced lung injury is often vexing. In the future, (BAL) may assume a more prominent diagnostic role and suggest insights into the pathogenesis of this entity.
• Rice, K. L., Leatherman, J. W., Duane, P. G., Snyder, L. S., Harmon, K. R., Abel, J., & Niewoehner, D. E. (1987). Aminophylline for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A controlled trial. Annals of internal medicine.
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  To determine the efficacy of intravenous aminophylline in the treatment of patients hospitalized for exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Presentations

• Snyder, L. S. (2018, April). Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis in the Pre-Amphotericin Era: Examination of the VA-Armed Forces Database. 62nd Annual Coccidioidomycosis Study Group. Flagstaff, AZ.
• Snyder, L. S. (2019, April). An Examination of Chronic Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis in the Pre-antifungal Era. 62nd Annual Coccidioidomycosis Study Group.
• Snyder, L. S. (2012, May). A Case of Rickettsia rickettsii ARDS in Arizona. American Thoracic Society International MeetingATS.
• Onadeko, O., Snyder, L. S., Sobonya, R., & Meinke, L. E. (2010, May/Spring). Flu-like illness causing massive hemoptysis. American Thoracic Society International Conference. New Orleans, LA.

Poster Presentations

• Natt, B., Malo, J., Snyder, L. S., Knepler, J. L., Knox, K. S., & Mosier, J. M. (2015, May/Spring). Advanced Airway Management in Critical Care Fellowship Training. ATS International Conference. Denver, CO.
• Reyes, N., Snyder, L. S., & Berry, C. E. (2015, May). Discrepancies in Perceptions of End-of-Life Care in the ICU: Major Symptom Management and Overall Care. American Thoracic Society. Denver, CO.
• Snyder, L. S. (2015, May). Advanced Airway Management in Critical Care Fellowship Training. American Thoracic Society International MeetingAmerican Thoracic Society.
• Snyder, L. S. (2015, May). Discrepancies in Perceptions of End-of-Life Care in the ICU. American Thoracic Society International MeetingAmerican Thoracic Society.
• Snyder, L. S. (2017, October). Natural History of Non-CNS Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis. Infectious Disease Society of America. San Diego, CA.
• Snyder, L. S. (2018, August). A Re-Examination of Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis: The Natural History in the Pre-Antifungal Era. IDWeek 2018. San Francisco, CA.
• Snyder, L. S. (2019, October). An Examination of Chronic Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis in the Pre-antifungal Era. IDWeek 2019.
• Snyder, L. S. (2019, October). Reversed Halo Sign in a Heart Transplant Patient. American College of Chest Physicians International Meeting. New Orleans, LA.

Case Studies

• Snyder, L. S. (2014. Spontaneous Peritonitis Secondary to Cryptococcus Neoformans(p. 1047).
• Dalabih, M. R., Sobonya, R. E., Arteaga, V. A., Snyder, L. S., & Carr, G. E. (2013. A 48-year-old woman with headache and respiratory failure(pp 1411-6).
• Polesky, A., Kirsch, C. M., Snyder, L. S., LoBue, P., Kagawa, F. T., Dykstra, B. J., Wehner, J. H., Catanzaro, A., Ampel, N. M., & Stevens, D. A. (1999. Airway coccidioidomycosis--report of cases and review(pp 1273-80).
  More info

  Infection due to Coccidioides immitis usually begins in the lungs. Despite the initial pulmonary portal of entry, endotracheal and endobronchial coccidioidomycosis has rarely been described. Since the introduction of fiberoptic bronchoscopy and the AIDS epidemic, more C. immitis lesions of the large airways have been noted. We present data on 38 cases of coccidioidomycosis of the airways, including 6 cases detailed from our own experience and 32 from the literature. Direct infection of the airways (28 cases) is a more common mechanism of airways disease than is erosion into the airways from a lymph node (5 cases). Bronchoscopic findings vary and may show mucosal involvement or intrinsic obstruction. Endotracheal and endobronchial disease is not a self-limited disease and requires antifungal therapy. Disseminated disease in these patients is common. Coccidioidomycosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of airway pathology.
• Babar, S. I., Sobonya, R. E., & Snyder, L. S. (1998. Pulmonary microvascular cytology for the diagnosis of pulmonary tumor embolism(pp 47-50).
• Snyder, L. S., Stopeck, A. T., & Godwin, J. H. (1997. HIV/AIDS case histories: diagnostic problems. Pulmonary coccidioidomycosis(pp 285-6).
• Snyder, L. S., Heigh, R. I., & Anderson, M. L. (1993. Cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity in a patient with Wegener's granulomatosis(pp 1203-4).
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  Cyclophosphamide is widely used in the treatment of many vasculitides. Hepatotoxicity associated with such therapy is uncommon but possible. Herein we describe a well-substantiated case of cyclophosphamide-induced hepatotoxicity in a patient with Wegener's granulomatosis. Physicians should be aware of this potentially serious reaction when cyclophosphamide therapy is initiated. Baseline liver function tests and periodic assessment are recommended during treatment with cyclophosphamide.
• Snyder, L. S., Harmon, K. R., & Estensen, R. D. (1989. Intravascular lymphomatosis (malignant angioendotheliomatosis) presenting as pulmonary hypertension(pp 1199-200).
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  Intravascular lymphomatosis is a rare lymphoma characterized by proliferation of malignant cells within the lumen of small blood vessels. We describe a case of intravascular lymphomatosis resulting in pulmonary hypertension, hypoxemia, and dyspnea. This lymphoma occasionally responds to combination chemotherapy, suggesting that pulmonary hypertension secondary to intravascular lymphomatosis may be reversible. Intravascular lymphomatosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension.
• Snyder, L. S., Cherwitz, D. L., Dykoski, R. K., & Rice, K. L. (1988. Endobronchial Richter's syndrome. A rare manifestation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia(pp 980-3).
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  Endobronchial involvement in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is rare. This report describes a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Richter's syndrome in whom bronchial obstruction occurred due to massive peribronchial lymphadenopathy and endobronchial leukemic infiltrates. Endobronchial Richter's transformation has not been previously reported.
• Kools, A. M., Snyder, L. S., & Cass, O. W. (1987. Pneumothorax: complication of enteral feeding tube placement(pp 1212-1213).

Other Teaching Materials

• Snyder, L. S. (2019. Renal Cell Carcinoma with Extensive Tumor Thrombus. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care.
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  Medical Image of the Week
• Snyder, L. S. (2018. Chylothorax. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care.
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  Medical Image of the Week
• Snyder, L. S. (2017. Advanced Airway Management in Critical Care Fellowship Training: Curriculum Adjustment Aimed at Improving Patient Outcomes. American Thoracic Society.
• Snyder, L. S. (2017. Medical Image of the Week: Luftsichel Sign. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care (online journal).
• Snyder, L. S. (2017. Medical Image of the Week: Superior Sulcus Tumor with Neural Invasion. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care (online journal).
• Snyder, L. S. (2016. Elder Care: A Resource for Interprofessional Providers: Conducting Family Meetings. PogoE online resource.
• Snyder, L. S. (2016. Medical Image of the Week: A Positive Methacholine Challenge. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care (online journal).
• Snyder, L. S. (2016. Medical Image of the Week: Bochdalek Hernia.. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care (online journal).
• Snyder, L. S. (2016. Medical Image of the Week: Malignant Spinal Cord Compression. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care (online journal).
• Snyder, L. S. (2016. Medical Image of the Week: Right Middle Lobe Syndrome. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care (online journal).
• Snyder, L. S. (2015. Medical Image of the Week: Nocardiosis. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care (online journal).
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  Online case report
• Snyder, L. S. (2015. Medical Image of the Week: Pancoast Tumor. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care.
• Snyder, L. S. (2015. Medical Image of the Week: Tumor-induced Hypoglycemia. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care.
• Snyder, L. S. (2014. Critical Care Case of the Month: Bad Cough. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care.
• Snyder, L. S. (2014. Medical Image of the Week: Constrictive Pericarditis. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care.
• Snyder, L. S. (2014. Medical Image of the Week: Idiopathic Pulmonary Hemosiderosis. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care.
• Snyder, L. S. (2014. Medical Image of the Week: Metastatic Testicular Cancer. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care.
• Snyder, L. S. (2014. Medical Image of the Week: Scimitar Syndrome. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care.
• Snyder, L. S. (2014. Medical Image of the Week: Ultrasound for CC physicians: Where did the bubbles go?. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care.
• Snyder, L. S. (2013. Medical Image of the Week: Cytomegalovirus Pneumonia. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care (online journal).
• Snyder, L. S. (2013. Medical Image of the Week: Duplicate Superior Vena Cava. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care.
• Snyder, L. S. (2013. Medical Image of the Week: Eisenmenger Syndrome and Hemoptysis. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care.
• Snyder, L. S. (2013. Medical Image of the Week: Findings in Lipoid Pneumonia. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care.
• Snyder, L. S. (2013. Medical Image of the Week: Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care.
• Snyder, L. S. (2013. Medical Image of the Week: Pulmonary Artery Endarterectomy. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care.
• Snyder, L. S. (2013. Medical Image of the Week: Squamous Cell Carcinoma Presenting as an Endobrochial Mass. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care (online journal).
• Snyder, L. S. (2011. Medical Image of the Week: Treatment of Coccidioidomycosis-associated Eosinophilic Pneumonia with Corticosteroids. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care.
• Snyder, L. S. (2012. Medical Image of the Week: Refractory Dyspnea. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care.
• Snyder, L. S. (2011. Elder Care: A Resource for Interprofessional Providers: Palliative Care and Dyspnea in Patients with Advanced COPD. PogoE online resource.
• Snyder, L. S. (2011. Medical Image of the Week: Pulmonary Nocardiosis and Empyema in a Patient with Metastatic Neuroendocrine Tumor. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and Critical Care.