Paul J Goodman

Interests

Research

When asked about my research two quotes always come to mind. The first is from my graduate advisor, Ed Sarachik, who used to say, “When it comes to climate, the ocean is part of the atmosphere.” The second is from the author Robert Heinlein, “Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get.” My research is primarily focused on the role of the ocean in climate: across all spatial scales, from the large-scale wind-driven circulation to small-scale coastal phenomena, and temporal scales, past, present and future. During my graduate work, I met my close collaborator, Joellen Russell (Distinguished Professor of Geosciences, University of Arizona, and my spouse), and we have been exploring the effects of the changing wind patterns on the ocean’s storage of heat and carbon. Now that it is clear that “climate” itself is evolving due to our anthropogenic “experiment”, understanding (i.e. modeling) the interactions between atmosphere and ocean is even more critical.I use numerical models and data analysis to assess the climate. Both models and data have their imperfections (measurement uncertainty, sub-grid scale approximations, etc.) so the intercomparison of models with each other and with the data is essential. Different experiments within the same model reveal the workings of that model and, hopefully, the underlying physics. Comparing models with different formulations as well as on different scales (e.g. global vs regional) allows us to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the models and our assumptions. Reproducing the observed mean and variability (e.g. seasonal, inter-annual, or glacial-interglacial) of climate will require a broad understanding of the main forcings across all spatial and temporal scales. Tracers, both real (e.g radiocarbon, chlorofluorocarbons, nutrients, etc.) and idealized (e.g. age tracers, dyes, lagrangian floats, etc.), are an integral part of our analysis techniques; they reveal patterns in the physical circulation that are essential to solving the vastly underdetermined (unmeasured!) systems we study, especially when trying to project future changes to the system. What determines the global climate has become the most important scientific question of our age, and I am delighted to “live in interesting times” and to be able to study it.

Teaching

Our planet is vast, complicated and dynamic, and we live in a time of great change. As an undergraduate, I benefited from professors who lived William Butler Yeats’ attitude about teaching, “Education is not filling a bucket, but lighting a fire.” I now strive to emulate my mentors in my own teaching. Sharing the passion and drive for understanding of both the known and unknown with my students is one of the great joys of working here at the University of Arizona. The terrific advantage of teaching and learning at a major research university is the opportunity to use the very latest tools to help our students make their own discoveries about their planet. Over the past 10 years, I have taught or co-taught close to 20,000 students and they are amazing! My research benefits daily from the energy and enthusiasm our students bring to their work.I find that I am consistently amazed by my students’ performance when I expect excellence and give them the hands-on experience to achieve it. I inspire my students to do their best work by asking them to do research for homework, like finding the latest satellite data on the winds, the currents and the ocean temperatures in order to find the best spot for surfing that day. I work to develop the classes I teach to bring earth system science directly into the classroom to captivate students and ultimately draw them into our shared adventure of discovering our planet Earth.I love teaching large classes – the bigger, the better. I want to teach anyone who wants to learn about our Earth, and large classes are the practical way to accomplish this. I strive to create an individualized learning environment with each and every student by offering opportunities to interact with members of our teaching team like honors preceptors and graduate teaching assistants through our study groups, as well as my own office hours. The biggest challenge of large classes is maintaining a dynamic and constructive learning environment, but this is made easier by having access to UA’s best classroom - ENR2-N120. We want our students’ energy and enthusiasm, but have to insist that they take responsibility for providing a constructive learning environment for their friends and neighbors in the lectures. We helped our students to stay engaged and to keep on top of their progress by using response devices (clickers) that allow them to register their opinion and assess their understanding. My students don’t come into class as clean slates – they have their own interests, experiences and perspectives. I want to learn what they know and think, and for them to take what I have to offer and integrate it into their own lives. I learn from my students, because I know that I have glimpsed only a tiny slice of life and that I am bound by the limits of my own time and experience. The future belongs to these bright, motivated individuals and it is my privilege to help them prepare for it.

Courses

Scholarly Contributions

Journals/Publications

• Beadling, R. L., Russell, J. L., Stouffer, R. J., Goodman, P. J., & Mazloff, M. (2019). Assessing the Quality of Southern Ocean Circulation in CMIP5 AOGCM and Earth System Model Simulations. Journal of Climate, 32(18), 5915-5940.
• Stone, J. R., Mcglue, M. M., Kimirei, I. A., Kamulali, T. M., Goodman, P. J., & Cohen, A. S. (2021). Paleoecological analysis of Holocene sediment cores from the southern basin of Lake Tanganyika: implications for the future of the fishery in one of Africa’s largest lakes. Journal of Paleolimnology, 67(1), 17-34. doi:10.1007/s10933-021-00219-4
• Beadling, R., Russell, J. L., Stouffer, R. J., Mazloff, M., Talley, L., Goodman, P. J., Sallee, J., Hewitt, H., & Hyder, P. (2020). Representation of Southern Ocean properties across Coupled Model Intercomparison Project generations: CMIP3 to CMIP6. Journal of Climate, 33, 6555-6581. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0970.1
• Eyring, V., Bock, L., Lauer, A., Righi, M., Schlund, M., Andela, B., Arnone, E., Bellprat, O., Br\"otz, B., Caron, L., Carvalhais, N., Cionni, I., Cortesi, N., Crezee, B., Davin, E. L., Davini, P., Debeire, K., Mora, L., Deser, C., , Docquier, D., et al. (2020). Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) v2.0 -- an extended set of large-scale diagnostics for quasi-operational and comprehensive evaluation of Earth system models in CMIP. Geoscientific Model Development, 13(7), 3383--3438.
• Hyder, P., Hewitt, H., Sallee, J., Goodman, P. J., Talley, L., Mazloff, M., Stouffer, R. J., Russell, J. L., & Beadling, R. (2020). Representation of Southern Ocean properties across Coupled Model Intercomparison Project generations: CMIP3 to CMIP6. Journal of Climate, 33(15), 6555–6581. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0970.1
• Zimmermann, K., Weigel, K., Vegas-regidor, J., Torralba, V., Swaminathan, R., Stacke, T., Serva, F., Sellar, A., Schlund, M., Russell, J. L., Righi, M., Predoi, V., Phillips, A. S., Perez-zanon, N., Pandde, A., Muller, B., Mora, L. D., Massonnet, F., Lucarini, V., , Lovato, T., et al. (2019). ESMValTool v2.0 Extended set of large-scale diagnostics for quasi-operational and comprehensive evaluation of Earth system models in CMIP. Geoscientific Model Development Discussions, 1-81. doi:10.5194/gmd-2019-291
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  Abstract. The Earth System Model Evaluation Tool (ESMValTool) is a community diagnostics and performance metrics tool designed to improve comprehensive and routine evaluation of Earth System Models (ESMs) participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). It has undergone rapid development since the first release in 2016 and is now a well-tested tool that provides end-to-end provenance tracking to ensure reproducibility. It consists of an easy-to-install, well documented Python package providing the core functionalities (ESMValCore) that performs common pre-processing operations and a diagnostic part that includes tailored diagnostics and performance metrics for specific scientific applications. Here we describe large-scale diagnostics of the second major release of the tool that supports the evaluation of ESMs participating in CMIP Phase 6 (CMIP6). ESMValTool v2.0 includes a large collection of diagnostics and performance metrics for atmospheric, oceanic, and terrestrial variables for the mean state, trends, and variability. ESMValTool v2.0 also successfully reproduces figures from the evaluation and projections chapters of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) and incorporates updates from targeted analysis packages, such as the NCAR Climate Variability Diagnostics Package for the evaluation of modes of variability the Thermodynamic Diagnostic Tool (TheDiaTo) to evaluate the energetics of the climate system, as well as parts of AutoAssess that contains a mix of top-down performance metrics. The tool has been fully integrated into the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) infrastructure at the Deutsches Klima Rechenzentrum (DKRZ) to provide evaluation results from CMIP6 model simulations shortly after the output is published to the CMIP archive. A result browser has been implemented that enables advanced monitoring of the evaluation results by a broad user community at much faster timescales than what was possible in CMIP5.
• Beadling, R. L., Russell, J. L., Stouffer, R. J., & Goodman, P. J. (2018). Evaluation of subtropical North Atlantic ocean circulation in CMIP5 models against the observational array at 26.5°N and its changes under continued warming. J. Climate, 31, 9697–9718. doi:doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0845.1
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  Observationally based metrics derived from the Rapid Climate Change (RAPID) array are used to assess the large-scale ocean circulation in the subtropical North Atlantic simulated in a suite of fully coupled climate models that contributed to phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The modeled circulation at 26.5°N is decomposed into four components similar to those RAPID observes to estimate the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC): the northward-flowing western boundary current (WBC), the southward transport in the upper midocean, the near-surface Ekman transport, and the southward deep ocean transport. The decadal-mean AMOC and the transports associated with its flow are captured well by CMIP5 models at the start of the twenty-first century. By the end of the century, under representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5), averaged across models, the northward transport of waters in the upper WBC is projected to weaken by 7.6 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1; −21%). This reduced northward flow is a combined result of a reduction in the subtropical gyre return flow in the upper ocean (−2.9 Sv; −12%) and a weakened net southward transport in the deep ocean (−4.4 Sv; −28%) corresponding to the weakened AMOC. No consistent long-term changes of the Ekman transport are found across models. The reduced southward transport in the upper ocean is associated with a reduction in wind stress curl (WSC) across the North Atlantic subtropical gyre, largely through Sverdrup balance. This reduced WSC and the resulting decrease in the horizontal gyre transport is a robust feature found across the CMIP5 models under increased CO2 forcing.
• Russell, J. L., Kamenkovich, I., Bitz, C., Ferrari, R., Gille, S. T., Goodman, P. J., Hallberg, R., Johnson, K., Khazmutdinova, K., Marinov, I., Mazloff, M., Sarmiento, J. L., Speer, K., Talley, L. D., & Wanninkhof, R. (2018). Metrics for the Evaluation of the Southern Ocean in Coupled Climate and Earth System Models. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, 123, 1-24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ 2017JC013461
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  The Southern Ocean is central to the global climate and the global carbon cycle, and to the climate's response to increasing levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases, as it ventilates a large fraction of the global ocean volume. Global coupled climate models and earth system models, however, vary widely in their simulations of the Southern Ocean and its role in, and response to, the ongoing anthropogenic trend. Due to the region's complex water-mass structure and dynamics, Southern Ocean carbon and heat uptake depend on a combination of winds, eddies, mixing, buoyancy fluxes, and topography. Observationally-based metrics are critical for discerning processes and mechanisms, and for validating and comparing climate and earth system models. New observations and understanding have allowed for progress in the creation of observationally-based data/model metrics for the Southern Ocean. Metrics presented here provide a means to assess multiple simulations relative to the best available observations and observational products. Climate models that perform better according to these metrics also better simulate the uptake of heat and carbon by the Southern Ocean. This report is not strictly an intercomparison, but rather a distillation of key metrics that can reliably quantify the “accuracy” of a simulation against observed, or at least observable, quantities. One overall goal is to recommend standardization of observationally-based benchmarks that the modeling community should aspire to meet in order to reduce uncertainties in climate projections, and especially uncertainties related to oceanic heat and carbon uptake.
• Russell, J. L., Kamenkovich, I., Bitz, C., Ferrari, R., Gille, S. T., Goodman, P. J., Hallberg, R., Johnson, K., Khazmutdinova, K., Marinov, I., Mazloff, M., Sarmiento, J. L., Speer, K., Talley, L. D., & Wanninkhof, R. (2018). Metrics for the Evaluation of the Southern Ocean in Coupled Climate and Earth System Models. Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, 123, 3120-3143. doi:DOI: 10.1002/2017JC013461
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  The Southern Ocean is central to the global climate and the global carbon cycle, and to the climate's response to increasing levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases, as it ventilates a large fraction of the global ocean volume. Global coupled climate models and earth system models, however, vary widely in their simulations of the Southern Ocean and its role in, and response to, the ongoing anthropogenic trend. Due to the region's complex water-mass structure and dynamics, Southern Ocean carbon and heat uptake depend on a combination of winds, eddies, mixing, buoyancy fluxes, and topography. Observationally-based metrics are critical for discerning processes and mechanisms, and for validating and comparing climate and earth system models. New observations and understanding have allowed for progress in the creation of observationally-based data/model metrics for the Southern Ocean. Metrics presented here provide a means to assess multiple simulations relative to the best available observations and observational products. Climate models that perform better according to these metrics also better simulate the uptake of heat and carbon by the Southern Ocean. This report is not strictly an intercomparison, but rather a distillation of key metrics that can reliably quantify the “accuracy” of a simulation against observed, or at least observable, quantities. One overall goal is to recommend standardization of observationally-based benchmarks that the modeling community should aspire to meet in order to reduce uncertainties in climate projections, and especially uncertainties related to oceanic heat and carbon uptake.
• Naiman, Z., Goodman, P. J., Krasting, J. P., Malyshev, S. L., Russell, J. L., Stouffer, R. J., & Wittenberg, A. T. (2017). Impact of mountains on tropical circulation in two Earth System Models. Journal of Climate. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0512.1
• Russell, J. L., Goodman, P. J., Naiman, Z., Krasting, J. P., Malyshev, S. L., Stouffer, R. J., & Wittenberg, A. T. (2017). Impact of Mountains on Tropical Circulation in Two Earth System Models. Journal of Climate, 30(11), 4149-4163. doi:10.1175/jcli-d-16-0512.1
• Kapp, P., Pullen, A., Pelletier, J. D., Russell, J. L., Goodman, P. J., & Cai, F. (2015). From dust to dust: Quaternary wind erosion of the Mu Us Desert and Loess Plateau, China. Geology.
• Carrapa, B., DeCelles, P. G., Russell, J. L., Goodman, P. J., Sobel, E. R., Schoenbohm, L. M., Gehrels, G. E., Cosca, M. A., & Mustapha, F. S. (2014). Multisystem dating of modern river detritus from Tajikistan and China: Implications for crustal evolution and exhumation of the Pamir. Lithosphere. doi:10.1130/l360.1
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  The Pamir is the western continuation of Tibet and the site of some of the highest mountains on Earth, yet comparatively little is known about its crustal and tectonic evolution and erosional history. Both Tibet and the Pamir are characterized by similar terranes and sutures that can be correlated along strike, although the details of such correlations remain controversial. The erosional history of the Pamir with respect to Tibet is significantly different as well: Most of Tibet has been characterized by internal drainage and low erosion rates since the early Cenozoic; in contrast, the Pamir is externally drained and topographically more rugged, and it has a strongly asymmetric drainage pattern. Here, we report 700 new U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotope determinations and >300 40Ar/39Ar ages from detrital minerals derived from rivers in China draining the northeastern Pamir and >1000 apatite fission-track (AFT) ages from 12 rivers in Tajikistan and China draining the northeastern, central, and southern Pamir. U-Pb ages from rivers draining the northeastern Pamir are Mesozoic to Proterozoic and show affinity with the Songpan-Ganzi terrane of northern Tibet, whereas rivers draining the central and southern Pamir are mainly Mesozoic and show some affinity with the Qiangtang terrane of central Tibet. The eHf values are juvenile, between 15 and −5, for the northeastern Pamir and juvenile to moderately evolved, between 10 and −40, for the central and southern Pamir. Detrital mica 40Ar/39Ar ages for the northeastern Pamir (eastern drainages) are generally older than ages from the central and southern Pamir (western drainages), indicating younger or lower-magnitude exhumation of the northeastern Pamir compared to the central and southern Pamir. AFT data show strong Miocene–Pliocene signals at the orogen scale, indicating rapid erosion at the regional scale. Despite localized exhumation of the Mustagh-Ata and Kongur-Shan domes, average erosion rates for the northeastern Pamir are up to one order of magnitude lower than erosion rates recorded by the central and southern Pamir. Deeper exhumation of the central and southern Pamir is associated with tectonic exhumation of central Pamir domes. Deeper exhumation coincides with western and asymmetric drainages and with higher precipitation today, suggesting an orographic effect on exhumation. A younging-southward trend of cooling ages may reflect tectonic processes. Overall, cooling ages derived from the Pamir are younger than ages recorded in Tibet, indicating younger and higher magnitudes of erosion in the Pamir.
• Carrapa, B., Mustapha, F. S., Cosca, M., Gehrels, G. E., Schoenbohm, L. M., Sobel, E. R., Decelles, P. G., Russell, J. L., & Goodman, P. J. (2014). Multisystem dating of modern river detritus from Tajikistan and China: Implications for crustal evolution and exhumation of the Pamir. Lithosphere, 6, 443-455.
• Kamenkovich, I., & Goodman, P. J. (2013). The effects of vertical mixing on the circulation of the AABW in the Atlantic. Geophysical monograph, 126, 217-226. doi:10.1029/gm126p0217
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  We study the dependence of the volume and transport of the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) in the Atlantic Ocean on vertical mixing. Numerical results from a set of OGCM runs show that, while the vertical extent of the AABW cell decreases with intensifying vertical mixing, the cell's transport increases. An analytical model of the deep boundary layers is then used to interpret the results. The decrease in the AABW thickness is explained by the downward expansion of the upper, North Atlantic Deep Water cell. The intensification of the AABW transport is attributed to the increase in the deep meridional pressure gradient, which drives the flow. An estimate of the AABW transport is then derived from the density balance in the deep western boundary layer and compared with the OGCM results.
• Russell, J. L., Goodman, P. J., Delworth, T. L., & Dixon, K. W. (2012). The Uptake and Storage of Heat by the Southern Ocean in the GFDL CM2.5 High-Resolution Coupled Climate Model. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts.
• Lora, J. M., Goodman, P. J., Russell, J. L., & Lunine, J. I. (2011). Insolation in Titan's troposphere. ICARUS, 216(1), 116-119.
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  Seasonality in Titan's troposphere is driven by latitudinally varying insolation. We show that the latitudinal distributions of insolation in the troposphere and at the surface, based on Huygens DISR measurements, can be approximated analytically with nonzero extinction optical depths tau, and are not equivalent to that at the top of the atmosphere (tau = 0), as has been assumed previously. This has implications for the temperature distribution and the circulation, which we explore with a simple box model. The surface temperature maximum and the upwelling arm of thermally-direct meridional circulation reach the mid-latitudes, not the poles, during summertime. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
• McAfee, S. A., Russell, J. L., & Goodman, P. J. (2011). Evaluating IPCC AR4 cool-season precipitation simulations and projections for impacts assessment over North America. CLIMATE DYNAMICS, 37(11-12), 2271-2287.
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  General circulation models (GCMs) have demonstrated success in simulating global climate, and they are critical tools for producing regional climate projections consistent with global changes in radiative forcing. GCM output is currently being used in a variety of ways for regional impacts projection. However, more work is required to assess model bias and evaluate whether assumptions about the independence of model projections and error are valid. This is particularly important where models do not display offsetting errors. Comparing simulated 300-hPa zonal winds and precipitation for the late 20th century with reanalysis and gridded precipitation data shows statistically significant and physically plausible associations between positive precipitation biases across all models and a marked increase in zonal wind speed around 30A degrees N, as well as distortions in rain shadow patterns. Over the western United States, GCMs project drier conditions to the south and increasing precipitation to the north. There is a high degree of agreement between models, and many studies have made strong statements about implications for water resources and about ecosystem change on that basis. However, since one of the mechanisms driving changes in winter precipitation patterns appears to be associated with a source of error in simulating mean precipitation in the present, it suggests that greater caution should be used in interpreting impacts related to precipitation projections in this region and that standard assumptions underlying bias correction methods should be scrutinized.
• Goodman, P., Hazeleger, W., De Vries, P., & Cane, M. (2005). Pathways into the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent: A trajectory analysis. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 35(11), 2134-2151.
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  A time-dependent trajectory algorithm is used to determine the sources of the Pacific Ocean Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) in a global climate model with 1/4 ( eddy permitting) resolution and forced with realistic winds. The primary sources and pathways are identified, and the transformation of properties in temperature/ salinity space is explored. An estimate for the quantity of recirculation, a notoriously difficult property to estimate from observational data, is given. Over two-thirds of the water in the Pacific EUC at 140 degrees W originates south of the equator; 70% of the EUC is ventilated outside of the Tropics ( poleward of 13 degrees S or 10 degrees N): three-quarters of these extratropical trajectories travel through the western boundary currents between their subduction and incorporation into the EUC, and one-fifth of the extratropical trajectories enter and leave the tropical band at least once before entering the EUC.
• Goodman, P. J., Cane, M. A., Vries, P. d., & Hazeleger, W. (2003). Pathways into the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent. EGS - AGU - EUG Joint Assembly.
• Goodman, P. (2001). Thermohaline adjustment and advection in an OGCM. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 31(6), 1477-1497.
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  The response of an ocean general circulation model to the onset of deep-water formation in the North Atlantic Ocean is explored. The processes of baroclinic adjustment to the new deep water mass and the advection of the new deep water mass are compared in both space and time. The baroclinic adjustment is gauged by following the anomalies in the 0-2000 dbar layer thickness and the advection is measured with the aid of idealized passive tracers. Baroclinic adjustment follows the classical boundary layer path and all locations north of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current begin to feel the effects within 20 years. Heat transport in the North Atlantic responds on the adjustment timescale. Advection does not follow the boundary layer path and is much slower: the timescale for NADW to reach the North Pacific Ocean is on the order of 1000 years. While the baroclinic signal is much faster, the initial response is much smaller and probably could not be detected over the random noise in the pressure field outside of the Atlantic basin. Both processes weaken as they move farther from the forcing region.
• Kamenkovich, I. V., & Goodman, P. J. (2001). Correction to “The dependence of AABW transport in the Atlantic on vertical diffusivity”. Geophysical Research Letters, 28(2), 345-346. doi:10.1029/2000gl012788
• Goodman, P. J. (2000). The role of North Atlantic deep water formation in the thermohaline circulation. PhDT.
• Goodman, P. J., & Kamenkovich, I. (2000). The dependence of AABW transport in the Atlantic on vertical diffusivity. Geophysical Research Letters. doi:10.1029/2000gl011675
• Huang, R., Cane, M., Naik, N., & Goodman, P. J. (2000). Global adjustment of the thermocline in response to deepwater formation. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, 27(6), 759-762.
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  The global adjustment of the thermocline in response to deepwater formation is studied in a single-mode model on a beta-plane. The signal is carried from ocean to ocean by Kelvin waves, which travel equatorward along western boundaries, eastward across the equator, poleward at the eastern boundaries, and then eastward around the southern tip of continents into the next ocean basin. The interior is filled by Rossby waves emanating from eastern boundaries. Stronger (weaker) deepwater formation induces an upward (downward) motion of the main thermocline in the world oceans. The adjustment is completed on centennial time scales.
• Kamenkovich, I., & Goodman, P. J. (2000). The dependence of AABW formation on vertical diffusivity. Geophysical Research Letters, 27, 3739-3742.
• Goodman, P. (1998). The role of North Atlantic Deep Water formation in an OGCM's ventilation and thermohaline circulation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY, 28(9), 1759-1785.
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  Two coarse-resolution model experiments are carried out on an OGCM to examine the effects of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation on the thermohaline circulation (THC) and ventilation timescales of the abyssal ocean. An idealized age tracer is included to gauge the ventilation in the model. One experiment is forced with the present-day climatology, the other has a negative salinity anomaly imposed on the North Atlantic surface to eliminate the formation of NADW. The Atlantic branch of the THC is reversed and the ventilation of the deep Atlantic basin is severely reduced when NADW formation is prevented. The Southern Ocean forms bottom water in both experiments, but downwelling and upwelling in the Southern Ocean are both reduced when NADW is included due to increased stratification of the water column. The Indian and Pacific basins are upwelling regions in both experiments and upper-level upwelling is stronger there when NADW is included; this change leads to cooler temperatures and reduced ventilation of the upper ocean.
• Goodman, P. J. (1998). The Role of North Atlantic Deep Water Formation in an OGCM’s Ventilation and Thermohaline Circulation*. Journal of Physical Oceanography. doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1998)028<1759:tronad>2.0.co;2
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  Abstract Two coarse-resolution model experiments are carried out on an OGCM to examine the effects of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) formation on the thermohaline circulation (THC) and ventilation timescales of the abyssal ocean. An idealized age tracer is included to gauge the ventilation in the model. One experiment is forced with the present-day climatology, the other has a negative salinity anomaly imposed on the North Atlantic surface to eliminate the formation of NADW. The Atlantic branch of the THC is reversed and the ventilation of the deep Atlantic basin is severely reduced when NADW formation is prevented. The Southern Ocean forms bottom water in both experiments, but downwelling and upwelling in the Southern Ocean are both reduced when NADW is included due to increased stratification of the water column. The Indian and Pacific basins are upwelling regions in both experiments and upper-level upwelling is stronger there when NADW is included; this change leads to cooler temperatures and reduced...

Proceedings Publications

• Abell, J., Russell, J. L., & Goodman, P. J. (2015). Observationally-Based Data/Model Metrics from the Southern Ocean Climate Model Atlas. In AGU Fall Meeting.

Presentations

• Abell, J., Goodman, P. J., & Russell, J. L. (2015, Winter). Observationally-Based Data/Model Metrics from the Southern Ocean Climate Model Atlas. AGU Fall Meeting. San Francisco, CA: American Geophysical Union.
• Goodman, P. J., Russell, J. L., Merchant, N. C., Miller, S. J., & Junega, A. (2015, Winter). iClimate: a climate data and analysis portal. AGU Fall Meeting. San Francisco, CA: American Geophysical Union.
• Naiman, Z., Goodman, P. J., Krasting, J. P., Malyshev, S., Russell, J. L., & Stouffer, R. J. (2015, Winter). Mountains and Tropical Circulation. AGU Fall Meeting. San Francisco, CA: American Geophysical Union.

Poster Presentations

• Russell, J. L., Goodman, P. J., Cohen, A. S., & Kamulali, T. (2023, December). Understanding Circulation Patterns in Lake Tanganyika: A Simulation Approach using a 3D ROMS model. American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting. San Francisco: AGU.