Matthew B Gretzer

Interests

Teaching

RESIDENT TEACHING IN CLINIC AND OPERATING ROOM. UROLOGIC CORE CURRICULUM AND ORAL BOARD REVIEW.

Research

PATIENT REPORTED OUTCOMES IN GU RECONSTRUCTION. DEVELOPMENT OF NEW DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS TO ASSESS THE FLUID DYNAMICS OF VOIDING.REVIEW OF OUTCOMES IN GU TRAUMA MANAGEMENT

Courses

No activities entered.

Scholarly Contributions

Chapters

• Gretzer, M. B., Partin, A. W., Kavoussi, L. R., Novick, A. C., & Peters, C. A. (2007). Prostate Cancer Tumor Markers. In Campbell's-Walsh Urology, 9th ed.(pp 2896-2911).
• Gretzer, M. B. (2006). Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. In Brady Urology Manual, 1st Ed.(pp 71-84).
• Gretzer, M. B., & Wright, E. J. (2004). Use of Cadaveric Fascia Lata Allograft for Pubovaginal Slings. In Female Urology, Urogynecology, and Voiding Dysfunction(pp 353-361). Marcel Dekker, New York.
• Gretzer, M. B., Partin, A. W., & Chan, D. Y. (2004). Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and BPH. In Minimally Invasive Urologic Surgery(pp 351-373). Taylor & Francis, London & New York.
• Gretzer, M. B., & Partin, A. W. (2003). PSA and PSA Molecular Derivatives. In Campbell's Update(pp 3-12).
• Gretzer, M. B., Yang, D. J., Kuang, L. R., & Cherif, A. (1995). Radiolabeled Tamoxifen. In View of Imaging Centers(pp 513-526). Plenum Publishing Corp., New York, NY.

Journals/Publications

• Garcia, K. S., Becker, G. W., & Gretzer, M. B. (2023). Successful replantation of self-amputated penis using microvascular repair resulting in restoration of voiding and erectile function. Urology case reports, 46, 102319.
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  Intentional self-amputation of the penis is rarely encountered and usually occurs in the context of an underlying psychiatric illness. We report the case of a 42-year-old male who intentionally amputated his penis, both testicles, and a large portion of the scrotum en bloc using garden shears. Microscopic and macroscopic replantation of the penis was undertaken, resulting in restoration of normal urinary function and moderate erectile function.
• Fendereski, K., McCormick, B. J., Keihani, S., Hagedorn, J. C., Voelzke, B., Selph, J. P., Figler, B. D., Johnsen, N. V., da Silva, R. D., Broghammer, J. A., Gupta, S., Miller, B., Burks, F. N., Eswara, J. R., Osterberg, E. C., Carney, K. J., Erickson, B. A., Gretzer, M. B., Chung, P. H., , Harris, C. R., et al. (2022). The Outcomes of Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injuries Stratified by Urethral Injury Severity: A Prospective Multi-institutional Genitourinary Trauma Study (MiGUTS). Urology, 170, 197-202.
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  To determine patient outcomes across a range of pelvic fracture urethral injury (PFUI) severity. PFUI is a devastating consequence of a pelvic fracture. No study has stratified PFUI outcomes based on severity of the urethral distraction injury.
• McCormick, B. J., Keihani, S., Hagedorn, J., Selph, J. P., Figler, B. D., Johnsen, N. V., da Silva, R. D., Broghammer, J. A., Gupta, S., Miller, B., Burks, F. N., Eswara, J., Osterberg, E. C., Carney, K. J., Erickson, B. A., Gretzer, M. B., Chung, P. H., Harris, C. R., Murphy, G. P., , Rusilko, P., et al. (2023). A Multi-center Prospective Cohort Study of Endoscopic Urethral Realignment Versus Suprapubic Cystostomy after Complete Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injury: Comparison of EUR versus SPT after PFUI. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery.
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  Pelvic fracture urethral injury (PFUI) occurs in up to 10% of pelvic fractures. There is mixed evidence supporting early endoscopic urethral realignment (EUR) over suprapubic tube (SPT) placement and delayed urethroplasty. Some studies show decreased urethral obstruction with EUR, while others show few differences. We hypothesized that EUR would reduce the rate of urethral obstruction after PFUI.
• Gretzer, M., Greene, K., Chung, B., & Kobashi, K. (2019). Identification of Quality Improvement Projects from AUA White Papers. Urology Practice, e-pub.
• Kim, S., & Gretzer, M. (2021). V09-07 ROBOTIC INTRACORPOREAL SINGLE ILEAL INTERPOSITION FOR BILATERAL URETERAL STRICTURE. Journal of Urology, 206(Supplement 3). doi:10.1097/ju.0000000000002052.07
• Armas-phan, M., Tzou, D. T., Bayne, D. B., Wiener, S. V., Stoller, M. L., & Chi, T. (2020). Ultrasound guidance can be used safely for renal tract dilatation during percutaneous nephrolithotomy.. BJU international, 125(2), 284-291. doi:10.1111/bju.14737
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  To compare clinical outcomes in patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) with renal tract dilatation performed under fluoroscopic guidance vs renal tract dilatation with ultrasound guidance..We conducted a prospective observational cohort study, enrolling successive patients undergoing PCNL between July 2015 and March 2018. Included in this retrospective analysis were cases where the renal puncture was successfully obtained with ultrasound guidance. Cases were then grouped according to whether fluoroscopy was used to guide renal tract dilatation or not. All statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 15.1 including univariate (Fisher's exact test, Welch's t-test) and multivariate analyses (binomial logistic regression, ordinal logistic regression, and linear regression)..A total of 176 patients underwent PCNL with successful ultrasonography-guided renal puncture, of whom 38 and 138 underwent renal tract dilatation with fluoroscopic vs ultrasound guidance, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in patient age, gender, body mass index (BMI), preoperative hydronephrosis, stone burden, procedure laterality, number of dilated tracts, and calyceal puncture location between the two groups. Among ultrasound tract dilatations, a higher proportion of patients were placed in the modified dorsal lithotomy position as opposed to prone, and a significantly shorter operating time was observed. Only modified dorsal lithotomy position remained statistically significant after multivariate regression. There were no statistically significant differences in postoperative stone clearance, complication rate, or intra-operative estimated blood loss. A 5-unit increase in a patient's BMI was associated with 30% greater odds of increasingly severe Clavien-Dindo complications. A 5-mm decrease in the preoperative stone burden was associated with 20% greater odds of stone-free status. No variables predicted estimated blood loss with statistical significance..Renal tract dilatation can be safely performed in the absence of fluoroscopic guidance. Compared to using fluoroscopy, the present study demonstrated that ultrasonography-guided dilatations can be safely performed without higher complication or bleeding rates. This can be done using a variety of surgical positions, and future studies centred on improving dilatation techniques could be of impactful clinical value.
• Beiko, D., Razvi, H., Bhojani, N., Bjazevic, J., Bayne, D. B., Tzou, D. T., Stoller, M. L., & Chi, T. (2020). Techniques - Ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy: How we do it.. Canadian Urological Association journal = Journal de l'Association des urologues du Canada, 14(3), E104-E110. doi:10.5489/cuaj.6076
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  Ultrasonography has emerged as an alternative to fluoroscopy for image-guided percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) in many countries. Compared to fluoroscopy-guided PCNL (F-PCNL), ultrasound-guided PCNL (US-PCNL) is easier to learn and reduces radiation exposure to patients and providers. Despite these advantages, uptake of ultrasound-guided PCNL (US-PCNL) in Canada has been almost nonexistent, largely because it is not incorporated into urologists' training. In this article, we seek to familiarize Canadian urologists with this approach by describing our step-by-step technique for US-PCNL. Additionally, we provide keys to successful implementation of this technique.
• Gretzer, M., Greene, K., Chung, B., Kobashi, K., Gretzer, M., Greene, K., Chung, B., & Kobashi, K. (2020). Identification of Quality Improvement Projects from AUA White Papers. Urology practice, 7(2), 103-108.
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  Health care professionals often lack training in quality improvement methods, which makes it challenging to participate in improvement efforts.
• Gretzer, M., Greene, K., Chung, B., Kobashi, K., Gretzer, M., Greene, K., Chung, B., & Kobashi, K. (2020). Reply by Authors. Urology practice, 7(2), 108.
• Harb-De la Rosa, A., Bracamonte, E., Chipollini, J., & Gretzer, M. (2020). A Rare Case of Urethral Schwannoma. Urology, 145, e1-e3.
• Kobashi, K. C., Gretzer, M. B., Greene, K. L., & Chung, B. I. (2020). Identification of Quality Improvement Projects from AUA White Papers. Urology Practice, 7(2), 103-108. doi:10.1097/upj.0000000000000098
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  AbstractIntroduction:Health care professionals often lack training in quality improvement methods, which makes it challenging to participate in improvement efforts.Methods:Following a review of the...
• Kobashi, K. C., Gretzer, M. B., Greene, K. L., & Chung, B. I. (2020). Reply by Authors. Urology Practice, 7(2), 108-108. doi:10.1097/upj.0000000000000098.02
• Pollock, G. R., & Gretzer, M. (2020). AUTHOR REPLY. Urology, 137, 209.
• Pollock, G. R., Zeng, J., & Gretzer, M. (2020). Partial Penectomy for Dry Penile Gangrene in a Patient With Penile Calciphylaxis. Urology, 141, e3-e4.
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  Penile calciphylaxis is a difficult urologic condition to manage. First described by Wood et al in 1997, penile calciphylaxis is a rare cause of penile gangrene. One study found the overall mortality rate associated with penile calciphylaxis to be 64%, with a mean time to death of 2.5 months. Additionally, no statistically significant difference in survival has been seen between patients treated with penectomy and those treated nonoperatively. We report a case of penile calciphylaxis in a patient treated with partial penectomy with scrotoplasty who has survived greater than 1 year without any complication or progression of disease.
• Taguchi, K., Chen, L., Usawachintachit, M., Hamamoto, S., Kang, M., Sugino, T., Unno, R., Tzou, D. T., Sherer, B. A., Okada, A., Yasui, T., Ho, S. P., Stoller, M. L., & Chi, T. (2020). Fatty acid-binding protein 4 downregulation drives calcification in the development of kidney stone disease.. Kidney international, 97(5), 1042-1056. doi:10.1016/j.kint.2020.01.042
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  Nephrolithiasis is a significant source of morbidity, and its incidence has increased significantly over the last decades. This rise has been attributed to concurrent increasing rates of obesity, associated with a 3-time risk of developing NL. To date, the mechanism by which obesity is linked to stone formation has not been elucidated. We aimed to utilize a transcriptomics approach to discover the missing link between these two epidemic diseases. We investigated gene expression profiling of nephrolithiasis patients by two RNA-sequencing approaches: comparison between renal papilla tissue with and without the presence of calcified Randall's plaques (RP), and comparison between the papilla, medulla, and cortex regions from within a single recurrent stone forming kidney. Results were overlaid between differently expressed genes found in the patient cohort and in the severely lithogenic kidney to identify common genes. Overlay of these two RNA-sequencing datasets demonstrated there is impairment of lipid metabolism in renal papilla tissue containing RP linked to downregulation of fatty acid binding protein (FABP) 4. Immunohistochemistry of human kidney specimens and microarray analysis of renal tissue from a nephrolithiasis mouse model confirmed that FABP4 downregulation is associated with renal stone formation. In a FABP4 knockout mouse model, FABP4 deficiency resulted in development of both renal and urinary crystals. Our study revealed that FABP4 plays an important, previously unrecognized role in kidney stone formation, providing a feasible mechanism to explain the link between nephrolithiasis and metabolic syndrome.
• Tzou, D. T., Metzler, I. S., Tsai, C., Goodman, J., Bayne, D. B., & Chi, T. (2020). Ultrasound-guided Morcellation During Difficult Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate.. Urology, 135, 171-172. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2019.09.027
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  To demonstrate how bladder ultrasound can be useful in completing morcellation during difficult Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate (HoLEP). As HoLEP has emerged as a standard of care for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, multiple studies have reported the potentially catastrophic complication of bladder injury during morcellation. This video aims to assist any urologist performing HoLEP by providing step-by-step instruction for using ultrasound to complete morcellation safely..Enucleation is performed using a 26-French continuous flow scope, off-set laser bridge with a laser stabilization catheter, and a 550 µm holmium laser fiber. Once the median and lateral lobes have been enucleated, the outer sheath is removed and the nephroscope is inserted to facilitate morcellation. Under dual inflow irrigation, the Piranha morcellator (Richard Wolf, Knittlingen, Germany) is introduced and set to the manufacturer's recommended settings of 1500 rpm. A 3.5-MHz convex abdominal ultrasound transducer (Hitachi Prosound Alpha 7; Hitachi Aloka Medical America, Wallingford, CT) under B-mode is used to visualize the bladder, predominantly in the sagittal orientation. Morcellation proceeds under simultaneous ultrasound and direct cystoscopic guidance..The distended bladder is visualized concurrently with the ultrasound and via the nephroscope as the Piranha engages the adenoma and begins morcellation. Once the adenoma is engaged, the operator then drops their hands to place the morcellator in the center of the bladder. Ultrasound provides real-time feedback as to the location of the morcellator in relation to the adenoma and bladder..This video highlights the use of intraoperative bladder ultrasound as a visual aid to assist during the morcellation portion of HoLEP. This proof of concept demonstrates that ultrasound can be an additional tool to utilize during difficult cases when cystoscopic visualization during morcellation is limited.
• Gretzer, M. B., & Pollock, G. R. (2019). AUTHOR REPLY. Urology. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2019.12.010
• Nash, S., Aboseif, S., Gilling, P., Gretzer, M., Samowitz, H., Rose, M., Slutsky, J., Siegel, S., & Tu, L. M. (2019). Four-year follow-up on 68 patients with a new post-operatively adjustable long-term implant for post-prostatectomy stress incontinence: ProACT™. Neurourology and urodynamics, 38(1), 248-253.
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  This paper presents 4-year follow-up results for patients enrolled in a pivotal study conducted to support an FDA premarket approval application (PMAA). The study evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ProACT Adjustable Continence Therapy for the treatment of post-prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence (SUI).
• Pollock, G. R., Bergersen, A., Chaus, F. M., & Gretzer, M. (2019). Pelvic Hematoma Following UroLift procedure for BPH. Urology, 133, e3-e4.
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  We present an interesting complication following the UroLift procedure: the development of a pelvic hematoma. This patient presented to the emergency department with pelvic pain, penile ecchymosis, and edema on postoperative day 4 following his UroLift procedure. A computed tomography scan revealed that his symptoms were due to the formation of a large pelvic hematoma. To our knowledge, pelvic hematoma formation following UroLift is a unique complication not previously described in the literature.
• DeLay, K. J., Haney, N. M., Chiang, J., Stewart, C., Yafi, F. A., Angermeier, K., Wood, H., Boone, T., Kavanagh, A. G., Gretzer, M., Boyd, S., Loh-Doyle, J. C., & Hellstrom, W. J. (2018). Comparison of Adjuvant Radiation Therapy Before or After Artificial Urinary Sphincter Placement: A Multi-Institutional, Retrospective Analysis. Urology, 113, 160-165.
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  To determine if the timing of radiation therapy on artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) impacts complication rates, revision rates, and number of pads per day after placement.
• Nash, S., Aboseif, S., Gilling, P., Gretzer, M., Samowitz, H., Rose, M., Slutsky, J., Siegel, S., & Tu, L. M. (2018). Treatment with an adjustable long-term implant for post-prostatectomy stress incontinence: The ProACT™ pivotal trial. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 37(8), 2854-2859. doi:10.1002/nau.23802
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  This paper presents 18-month follow-up results for patients enrolled in apivotal study conducted to support an FDA premarket approval application (PMAA).The trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ProACT Adjustable ContinenceTherapy for the treatment of post-prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence (SUI).
• Nash, S., Aboseif, S., Gilling, P., Gretzer, M., Samowitz, H., Rose, M., Slutsky, J., Siegel, S., & Tu, L. M. (2018). Treatment with an adjustable long-term implant for post-prostatectomy stress incontinence: The ProACT™ pivotal trial. Neurourology and urodynamics, 37(8), 2854-2859.
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  This paper presents 18-month follow-up results for patients enrolled in a pivotal study conducted to support an FDA premarket approval application (PMAA). The trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ProACT Adjustable Continence Therapy for the treatment of post-prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence (SUI).
• Zohar, Y., Lee, B., Kim, S., Hinkel, C., Gretzer, M. B., & Coffey, D. S. (2018). PD21-06 FLUID DYNAMICS AND MORPHOLOGY IN THE OBSTRUCTED URETHRA. The Journal of Urology, 199(4S). doi:10.1016/j.juro.2018.02.1161
• Gretzer, M. (2017). Three-Year Follow-Up on 81 Patients with a New Post-Operatively Adjustable Long-Term Implant for Post-Prostatectomy Stress Incontinence: ProACT™. Neurology and Urodynamics, 5.
• Michalak, J., Edward, B., Jonathan, W., Gretzer, M., Twiss, C. O., & Funk, J. (2017). The Impact of Surgical Masks on the Rate of Postoperative Urinary Tract Infection after Cystoscopy and Ureteroscopy. Journal of Urology.
• Yafi, F. A., Wood, H. M., Stewart, C., Loh-doyle, J., Lacy, J. M., Kavanagh, A., Hellstrom, W. J., Haney, N. M., Gretzer, M. B., Gabrielson, A. T., Delay, K. J., Chiang, J., Boyd, S. D., Boone, T. B., & Angermeier, K. W. (2017). MP46-06 COMPARISON OF ADJUVANT RADIATION THERAPY BEFORE OR AFTER ARTIFICIAL URINARY SPHINCTER PLACEMENT: A MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS. The Journal of Urology, 197(4). doi:10.1016/j.juro.2017.02.1445
• DeLay, K., Haney, N. M., C, J., Stewart, C., Yafi, F. A., Abgermeier, K., Wood, H., Boone, T., Kavanagh, A. G., Gretzer, M., Boyd, S., Loh-Doyle, J. C., & Hellstrom, W. J. (2018). Comparison of Adjuvant Radiation Therapy Before or After Artificial Urinary Sphincter Placement: A Multi-Institutional Analysis. Urology. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2017.11.041
• Dyer, A., Sadow, P. M., Bracamonte, E., & Gretzer, M. (2014). Immunoglobulin G4-related Retroperitoneal Fibrosis of the Pelvis. Reviews in urology, 16(2), 92-4.
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  Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is a rare disease characterized by the replacement of normal tissue with fibrosis and/or inflammation. In this case, a 68-year-old man presented with RPF in the pelvis, a rare location for this disease. Biopsies were performed, which showed elevated levels of C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and, most importantly, immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4). It has been postulated that IgG4-related sclerosing disease is a systemic disease. Treatment has been successful with systemic corticosteroids.
• Hsu, C. H., Ahmann, F. R., Gretzer, M. B., Chow, H. S., Tangrea, J. A., Sokoloff, M. H., Parnes, H. L., Nguyen, M., Nagle, R. B., Hsu, C. H., Gretzer, M. B., Chow, H. S., & Ahmann, F. R. (2012). 163 RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO CONTROLLED TRIAL OF POLYPHENON E IN PROSTATE CANCER PATIENTS BEFORE RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY: EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL CHEMOPREVENTIVE ACTIVITIES. The Journal of Urology, 187(4). doi:10.1016/j.juro.2012.02.214
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  Compelling preclinical and pilot clinical data support the role of green tea polyphenols in prostate cancer prevention. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of polyphenon E (enriched green tea polyphenol extract) in men with prostate cancer scheduled to undergo radical prostatectomy. The study aimed to determine the bioavailability of green tea polyphenols in prostate tissue and to measure its effects on systemic and tissue biomarkers of prostate cancer carcinogenesis. Participants received either polyphenon E (containing 800 mg epigallocatechin gallate) or placebo daily for 3 to 6 weeks before surgery. Following the intervention, green tea polyphenol levels in the prostatectomy tissue were low to undetectable. Polyphenon E intervention resulted in favorable but not statistically significant changes in serum prostate-specific antigen, serum insulin-like growth factor axis, and oxidative DNA damage in blood leukocytes. Tissue biomarkers of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in the prostatectomy tissue did not differ between the treatment arms. The proportion of subjects who had a decrease in Gleason score between biopsy and surgical specimens was greater in those on polyphenon E but was not statistically significant. The study’s findings of low bioavailability and/or bioaccumulation of green tea polyphenols in prostate tissue and statistically insignificant changes in systemic and tissue biomarkers from 3 to 6 weeks of administration suggests that prostate cancer preventive activity of green tea polyphenols, if occurring, may be through indirect means and/or that the activity may need to be evaluated with longer intervention durations, repeated dosing, or in patients at earlier stages of the disease. Cancer Prev Res; 5(2); 290–8. 2011 AACR.
• Nguyen, M. M., Ahmann, F. R., Nagle, R. B., Hsu, C., Tangrea, J. A., Parnes, H. L., Sokoloff, M. H., Gretzer, M. B., & Chow, H. S. (2012). Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of polyphenon E in prostate cancer patients before prostatectomy: evaluation of potential chemopreventive activities. Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.), 5(2), 290-8.
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  Compelling preclinical and pilot clinical data support the role of green tea polyphenols in prostate cancer prevention. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of polyphenon E (enriched green tea polyphenol extract) in men with prostate cancer scheduled to undergo radical prostatectomy. The study aimed to determine the bioavailability of green tea polyphenols in prostate tissue and to measure its effects on systemic and tissue biomarkers of prostate cancer carcinogenesis. Participants received either polyphenon E (containing 800 mg epigallocatechin gallate) or placebo daily for 3 to 6 weeks before surgery. Following the intervention, green tea polyphenol levels in the prostatectomy tissue were low to undetectable. Polyphenon E intervention resulted in favorable but not statistically significant changes in serum prostate-specific antigen, serum insulin-like growth factor axis, and oxidative DNA damage in blood leukocytes. Tissue biomarkers of cell proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis in the prostatectomy tissue did not differ between the treatment arms. The proportion of subjects who had a decrease in Gleason score between biopsy and surgical specimens was greater in those on polyphenon E but was not statistically significant. The study's findings of low bioavailability and/or bioaccumulation of green tea polyphenols in prostate tissue and statistically insignificant changes in systemic and tissue biomarkers from 3 to 6 weeks of administration suggests that prostate cancer preventive activity of green tea polyphenols, if occurring, may be through indirect means and/or that the activity may need to be evaluated with longer intervention durations, repeated dosing, or in patients at earlier stages of the disease.
• Sroka, I. C., Anderson, T. A., McDaniel, K. M., Nagle, R. B., Gretzer, M. B., & Cress, A. E. (2010). The laminin binding integrin alpha6beta1 in prostate cancer perineural invasion. Journal of cellular physiology, 224(2), 283-8.
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  Metastasizing prostate tumor cells invade along nerves innervating the encapsulated human prostate gland in a process known as perineural invasion. The extracellular matrix laminin class of proteins line the neural route and tumor cells escaping from the gland express the laminin binding integrin alpha6beta1 as a prominent cell surface receptor. Integrin alpha6beta1 promotes aggressive disease and supports prostate tumor cell metastasis to bone. Laminins and their integrin receptors are necessary for the development and maintenance of the peripheral nervous system, indicating the potential role for integrin receptors in directing prostate tumor cell invasion on nerves during perineural invasion.
• Malik, G., Rojahn, E., Ward, M. D., Gretzer, M. B., Partin, A. W., Semmes, O. J., & Veltri, R. W. (2007). SELDI protein profiling of dunning R-3327 derived cell lines: identification of molecular markers of prostate cancer progression. The Prostate, 67(14), 1565-75.
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  We recently demonstrated the protein expression profiling of Dunning rat tumor cell lines of varying metastatic potential (G (0%), AT-1 ( approximately 20%), and MLL (100%)) using SELDI-TOF-MS. As a parallel effort, we have been pursuing the identification of the protein(s) comprising the individual discriminatory "peaks" and evaluating their utility as potential biomarkers for prostate cancer progression.
• Gretzer, M. B., & Copeland, D. (2006). Deep Venous Thrombosis: Evidence-Based Prevention Strategies. Contemporary Urology, 48-54.
• Gretzer, M. B., Chan, D. W., van Rootselaar, C. L., Rosenzweig, J. M., Dalrymple, S., Mangold, L. A., Partin, A. W., & Veltri, R. W. (2004). Proteomic Analysis of Dunning Prostate Cancer Cell Lines with Variable Metastatic Potential Using SELDI-TOF. The Prostate, 325-331.
• Sullivan, W., Su, L., Pavlovich, C. P., Link, R. E., Gretzer, M. B., & Bhayani, S. B. (2004). 817: Incidence and Management of Peri-Operative Morbidities Following Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy: Early Experience from a U.S. Teaching Institution. The Journal of Urology, 171(4S), 216-216. doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(18)38066-2
• Gretzer, M. B., & Partin, A. W. (2003). 54-year-old male with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on prostate biopsy. Reviews in urology, 5(1), 45-8.
• Gretzer, M. B., & Partin, A. W. (2003). Advances in prostate cancer treatment: highlights from the 2nd international prostate cancer congress, st. Thomas, u.s. Virgin islands, july 17-20, 2002. Reviews in urology, 5(2), 111-7.
• Gretzer, M. B., & Partin, A. W. (2003). Molecular Forms of PSA: What does the future hold? Antigen's Various Molecular Forms may Improve PSA Tests' Clinical Utility. Urology Times, 42-43.
• Gretzer, M. B., & Partin, A. W. (2003). PSA markers in prostate cancer detection. The Urologic clinics of North America, 30(4), 677-86.
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  The PSA revolution that has occurred over the previous 2 decades has positively impacted the detection and treatment of men with prostate cancer. Although methods to improve specificity have shown promise (eg, PSAD, age-specific PSA, and PSA velocity), meaningful interpretation has yet to be uniformly accepted within clinical practice. The identification of other molecular forms of PSA within serum has led to a new era in PSA markers. Initial application employing %fPSA has provided improved discrimination between benign and malignant prostatic disease; however, questions remain regarding the ultimate threshold value. The discovery of various free forms of PSA--such as proPSA, BPSA, and iPSA--also have introduced the potential for improved specificity in detection. Although early results are encouraging, further evaluation is anticipated. The development of improved methods to detect and measure cPSA has demonstrated provocative results, and exhibits the potential to replace PSA as a standard diagnostic test in cancer screening.
• Gretzer, M. B., Partin, A. W., Chan, D. W., & Veltri, R. W. (2003). Modern Tumor Marker Discovery in Urology: Surface Enhanced Laser Desorption and Ionization (SELDI). Reviews in urology, 5(2), 81-9.
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  During the last two decades, biomarker research has benefited from the introduction of new proteomic analytical techniques. In this article, we review the application of surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectroscopy in urologic cancer research. After reviewing the literature from MEDLINE on proteomics and urologic oncology, we found that SELDI-TOF is an emerging proteomic technology in biomarker discovery that allows for rapid and sensitive analysis of complex protein mixtures. SELDI-TOF is a novel proteomic technology that has the potential to contribute further to the understanding and clinical exploitation of new, clinically relevant biomarkers.
• Gretzer, M. B., & Partin, A. W. (2002). PSA Levels and the Probability of Prostate Cancer on Biopsy. European Urology, 21-27.
• Gretzer, M. B., Epstein, J. I., Pound, C. R., Walsh, P. C., & Partin, A. W. (2002). Substratification of stage T1C prostate cancer based on the probability of biochemical recurrence. Urology, 60(6), 1034-9.
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  To evaluate the influence of preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA), biopsy Gleason sum, and prostate biopsy quantitative histologic findings on the probability of biochemical failure in an attempt to identify criteria to substratify Stage T1c prostate cancer more accurately.
• Gretzer, M. B., Trock, B. J., Han, M., & Walsh, P. C. (2002). A critical analysis of the interpretation of biochemical failure in surgically treated patients using the American Society for Therapeutic Radiation and Oncology criteria. The Journal of urology, 168(4 Pt 1), 1419-22.
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  The use of prostate specific antigen (PSA) to indicate biochemical failure has become an accepted procedure to measure the effectiveness of therapy. Because long-term randomized studies comparing radiation modalities to radical prostatectomy are not available, use of biochemical recurrence as a surrogate measure of efficacy is increasing. Unfortunately, the definition of failure is not uniform among therapies. We evaluate how the American Society for Therapeutic Radiation and Oncology (ASTRO) criteria affect the interpretation of failure when applied to radical prostatectomy.
• Walsh, P. C., Trock, B. J., Han, M., & Gretzer, M. B. (2002). A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE INTERPRETATION OF BIOCHEMICAL FAILURE IN SURGICALLY TREATED PATIENTS USING THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR THERAPEUTIC RADIATION AND ONCOLOGY CRITERIA. The Journal of Urology, 168(4), 1419-1422. doi:10.1016/s0022-5347(05)64464-3
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  ABSTRACTPurpose: The use of prostate specific antigen (PSA) to indicate biochemical failure has become an accepted procedure to measure the effectiveness of therapy. Because long-term randomized studies comparing radiation modalities to radical prostatectomy are not available, use of biochemical recurrence as a surrogate measure of efficacy is increasing. Unfortunately, the definition of failure is not uniform among therapies. We evaluate how the American Society for Therapeutic Radiation and Oncology (ASTRO) criteria affect the interpretation of failure when applied to radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data from 2,691 men who underwent anatomical radical prostatectomy for localized disease between 1985 and 2000. All patients had regular followup visits ranging from 6 months to 15 years (mean 6). No patients were treated with radiation or hormonal therapy preoperatively or postoperatively until clinical recurrence. Biochemical failure was defined as any measurable PS...
• Yang, D. J., Wallace, S., Cherif, A., Li, C., Gretzer, M. B., Kim, E. E., & Podoloff, D. A. (1995). Development of F-18-labeled fluoroerythronitroimidazole as a PET agent for imaging tumor hypoxia. Radiology, 194(3), 795-800.
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  To develop a hydrophilic ligand to image tumor hypoxia at positron emission tomography (PET).
• Gretzer, M. B., Yang, D. J., Li, C., Nikifarow, S., Kuang, L. R., Lopez, M. S., Vargas, K., & Wallace, S. (1994). Poly (benzyl-1-glutamate): Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential. Journal of Pharmacy Sciences, 328-331.
• Yang, D. J., Li, C., Kuang, L. R., Price, J. E., Buzdar, A. U., Tansey, W., Cherif, A., Gretzer, M., Kim, E. E., & Wallace, S. (1994). Imaging, biodistribution and therapy potential of halogenated tamoxifen analogues. Life sciences, 55(1), 53-67.
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  Tamoxifen binds to estrogen receptors (ERs) and prevents breast cancer cell proliferation. This study is aimed at developing a ligand for imaging ER (+) breast tumors by positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). [18F]-Labeled tamoxifen analogue ([18F]FTX) was prepared in 30-40% yield and [131I]-labeled tamoxifen analogue ([131I]ITX) was prepared in 20-25% yield. In mammary tumor-bearing rats, the biodistribution of [18F]FTX at 2 h showed a tumor uptake value (% injected dose/gram tissue) of 0.41 +/- 0.07; when rats were pretreated with diethylstilbestrol (DES), the value changed to 0.24 +/- 0.017. [131I]ITX at 6 h showed a tumor uptake value of 0.26 +/- 0.166; when rats were pretreated with DES, the value changed to 0.22 +/- 0.044. Priming tumor-bearing rats with estradiol, a tumor uptake value for [131I]ITX was increased to 0.48 +/- 0.107 at 6 h. In the [3H]estradiol receptor assay, tumors had a mean estrogen receptor density of 7.5 fmol/mg of protein. In gamma scintigraphic imaging studies with [131I]ITX, the rabbit uterus uptake can be blocked by pretreatment with DES. Both iodo-tamoxifen and tamoxifen reduced ER(+) breast tumor growth at the dose of 50 micrograms in tumor-bearing mice. The findings indicate that tamoxifen analogue uptake in tumors occurs via an ER-mediated process. Both analogues should have potential for diagnosing functioning ER(+) breast cancer.
• Yang, D. J., Wallace, S., Vargas, K., Nikiforow, S., Lopez, M. S., Li, C., Kuang, L. R., & Gretzer, M. B. (1994). Diagnostic and therapeutic potential of poly(benzyl L-glutamate).. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 83(3), 328-31. doi:10.1002/jps.2600830312
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  Poly(benzyl L-glutamate) (PBLG) microcapsules, prepared by a solvent evaporation technique for intravenous injection, are evaluated for their potential use in diagnostic computed tomographic enhancement of liver images. The smaller microcapsules, < 3 microns, loaded with a radiopaque contrast material, ethyl iopanoate (IOPAE), produced prolonged opacification of the liver when delivered intravenously. In vivo tissue distribution studies of PBLG-131I-IOPAE (5 microCi/rat, iv) showed that liver had the highest uptake (percent of injected dose/g of tissue) among other organs 24 h postinjection. An in vitro estrogen receptor assay in pig uteri indicated that PBLG conjugated with estrone did not interfere with estrogen receptor affinity, suggesting the estrogen therapy potential of PBLG-estrone.

Presentations

• Gretzer, M. B. (2010, July). Prostate Cancer 101. Arizona Cancer Center Lecture Series - Green Valley.
• Gretzer, M. B. (2006, July). Prostate Disease. Green Valley Rotary Club. Green Valley, AZ.
• Gretzer, M. B. (2005, July). Erectile Dysfunction and the Prostate. American Urological Association Foundation Prostate Health Fair.
• Gretzer, M. B. (2005, July). Minimally Invasive Surgery for BPH. American Urological Association Foundation Prostate Health Fair.
• Gretzer, M. B. (2005, July). Prostate Cancer. UPH Hospital Community Presentation. Tucson, AZ.

Poster Presentations

• Gretzer, M., & Kim, S. (2021). Robotic Intracorporeal Single Ileal Interposition for Bilateral Ureteral Stricture. AUA 2021.
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  Video Presentation. Co-Author
• Kim, S., Hinkel, C., Coffey, D., Zohar, Y., Lee, B. R., & Gretzer, M. (2018, May). Fluid Dynamics and Morphology in the Obstructed Urethra. American Urological Association Conference. San Francisco: American Urological Association.
• Haney, N., Chiang, J., DeLay, K., Stewart, C., Yafi, F., Angermeier, K., Lacey, J., Wood, H., Boone, T., Kavanagh, A. G., Gretzer, M., Boyd, S., Doyle, J., & Hellstrom, W. (2017, March). Comparison of Adjuvant Radiation Therapy Before or After Artificial Urinary Sphincter Placement: A Multi-Institutional Analysis. Southeastern Section AUA 2017.
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  Objective: The impact of timing of radiation therapy for prostate cancer, whether given before or after artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) placement, is unknown.Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine if the timing of radiation therapy had an impact on AUS outcomes.

Others

• Gretzer, M., Haney, N., Chiang, J., DeLay, K., Stewart, C., Yafi, F., Angermeier, K., Wood, H., Boone, T., Kavanagh, A. G., Boyd, S., & Doyle, J. (2016, October). Comparison of Adjuvant Radiation Therapy Before or After Artificial Urinary Sphincter Placement: A Multi-Institutional Analysis. Western Section AUA.
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  Objective: The impact of timing of radiation therapy for prostate cancer, whether given before or after artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) placement, is unknown.Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine if the timing of radiation therapy had an impact on AUS outcomes.