Maia Ingram

Interests

Research

Community Based Participatory Research; Community Health Workers; Public Health Advocacy & Policy Change; Implementation Research; Chronic Disease Prevention and Control; Physical Activity and the Built Environment; Community Engagement; Immigration

Teaching

Public Health Advocacy; Community Based Participatory Research; Community Engagement; Health Disparities; Border Health; Qualitative Methods

Courses

Scholarly Contributions

Chapters

• Ingram, M. (2014). The Violence Against Women Act. In Undocumented Immigrants in the United States Today: An Encyclopedia of their Experiences(pp 761-764). Greenwood.
• Ingram, M. M. (2005). Caring for the Border Communities. In Handbook of Diabetes Management(pp 237--245). Springer US.

Journals/Publications

• Aceves, B., Ingram, M., Nieto, C., de Zapien, J. G., & Rosales, C. (2019). Non-communicable disease prevention in Mexico: policies, programs and regulations. Health Promotion International, daz029. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daz029
• Adkins, A., Barillas-Longoria, G., Martinez, D. N., & Ingram, M. (2019). Differences in social and physical dimensions of perceived walkability in Mexican American and non-hispanic white walking environments in Tucson, Arizona. JOURNAL OF TRANSPORT & HEALTH, 14.
• Coco, L., Ingram, M., & Marrone, N. (2019). Qualitative research methods to investigate communication within a group aural rehabilitation intervention. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AUDIOLOGY.
• Daivadanam, M., Ingram, M., Annerstedt, K. S., Parker, G., Bobrow, K., Dolovich, L., Gould, G., Riddell, M., Vedanthan, R., Webster, J., Absetz, P., Alvesson, H. M., Androutsos, O., Chavannes, N., Cortez, B., Devarasetty, P., Fottrell, E., Gonzalez-Salazar, F., Goudge, J., , Herasme, O., et al. (2019). The role of context in implementation research for non-communicable diseases: Answering the 'how-to' dilemma. PLOS ONE, 14(4).
• Ingram, M., Denman, C. A., Cornejo-Vucovich, E., del, C., Aceves, B., Ocejo, A. G., de, Z., & Rosales, C. (2019). The Meta Salud Diabetes Implementation Study: Qualitative Methods to Assess Integration of a Health Promotion Intervention Into Primary Care to Reduce CVD Risk Among an Underserved Population With Diabetes in Sonora, Mexico. FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH, 7.
• Lohr, A. M., Ingram, M., Carvajal, S. C., Doubleday, K., Aceves, B., Espinoza, C., Redondo, F., Coronado, G., David, C., & Bell, M. L. (2019). Protocol for LINKS (linking individual needs to community and clinical services): a prospective matched observational study of a community health worker community clinical linkage intervention on the US-Mexico border. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH, 19.
• Marrone, N., Ingram, M., Bischoff, K., Burgen, E., Carvajal, S. C., & Bell, M. L. (2019). Self-reported hearing difficulty and its association with general, cognitive, and psychosocial health in the state of Arizona, 2015. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH, 19.
• Tucker, K. M., Ingram, M., Doubleday, K., Piper, R., & Carvajal, S. C. (2019). La Vida Buena (The Good Life) evaluation: a quasi experimental intervention of a community health worker-led family-based childhood obesity program for Latino children 5-8years of age on the US-Mexico border. BMC PUBLIC HEALTH, 19.
• Lohr, A. M., Ingram, M., Nuñez, A. V., Reinschmidt, K. M., & Carvajal, S. C. (2018). Community-Clinical Linkages With Community Health Workers in the United States: A Scoping Review. Health promotion practice, 19(3), 349-360.
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  Despite the proliferation of community-clinical linkage (CCL) interventions with community health workers (CHWs), little is known about the components of these programs or how linkages are realized. In this scoping review, we synthesize evidence concerning the role of CHWs in creating and sustaining CCLs aimed at improving individual health outcomes. Our inclusion criteria included peer-reviewed articles that described a CHW intervention in the United States that used a CCL model. A total of 2,776 titles and/or abstracts were screened and 47 articles underwent full text review. Two independent reviewers rated the screened articles based on additional criteria including the CHW connection to community and evidence of linkage follow up rather than simple referral. For the 11 peer-reviewed articles included in the final review, we describe the CHW's relationship to the community, training, and role within the intervention, linkage, and outcomes. We used a standardized framework to determine commonalities in CHW roles across the interventions. CCLs with CHWs positively affect the delivery of both clinical care and community resources across a range of disease areas in a variety of contexts. To identify effective CCL models, additional information on CHW training, CCL follow-up methods, and the CHW role in CCLs is recommended.
• Reinschmidt, K. M., Ingram, M., Morales, S., Sabo, S. J., Blackburn, J., Murrieta, L., David, C., & Carvajal, S. C. (2015). Documenting Community Health Worker Roles in Primary Care: Contributions to Evidence-Based Integration Into Health Care Teams, 2015. The Journal of ambulatory care management, 40(4), 305-315.
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  The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act provided community health workers (CHWs) with new opportunities, and current efforts develop evidence-based guidelines for CHW integration into clinical teams. This qualitative study documents CHW roles and activities in 3 federally qualified health care centers in southern Arizona. Community health worker clinical roles, activities, and integration varied by health center and were in flux. Integration included complementary roles, scheduled and everyday communications with team members, and documentation in the electronic health records. These findings contribute to evidence-based guidelines for CHW integration into clinical teams that are critical to maximizing CHW contributions to patient health improvements.
• Reinschmidt, K. M., Ingram, M., Schachter, K., Sabo, S., Verdugo, L., & Carvajal, S. (2015). The Impact of Integrating Community Advocacy Into Community Health Worker Roles on Health-Focused Organizations and Community Health Workers in Southern Arizona. The Journal of ambulatory care management, 38(3), 244-53.
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  Organizational environments may encourage community health workers (CHWs) to engage community members in improving their communities. We conducted open-ended interviews and focus groups to explore how participation in the Acción intervention, which trained CHWs in community advocacy, affected organizational capacity to support their CHWs. Supervisors described improved organizational recognition and trust of CHWs. Organizational leaders reported organizational benefits and increased appreciation of CHW leadership. Both expressed increased interest in future advocacy trainings. Limiting factors included organizational mission, CHW position descriptions, and funding. Findings indicate that, with training and funding, CHW community advocacy can be integrated into organizations with congruent missions.
• Rosales, C. B., Guernsey De Zapien, J. E., Gonzalez Fagoaga, J. E., Castro Vasquez, M. d., Valencia, C. I., Ingram, M., Cornejo Vucovich, E., Bell, M. L., Denman Champion, C., & Sabo, S. (2018). Meta Salud Diabetes study protocol: a cluster-randomised trial to reduce cardiovascular risk among a diabetic population of Mexico. BMJ Open, 3(8), 1-10. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020762
• Adkins, A. S., Carrie, M., Scanze, M., Ingram, M., & Luhr, G. (2017). Contextualizing walkability: differences in built environment associations with walking and physical activity across socioeconomic contexts. Journal of the American Planning Association, 83(103), 1-18.
• Colina, S., Marrone, N., Ingram, M., & Sánchez, D. (2017). Translation Quality Assessment in Health Research: A Functionalist Alternative to Back-Translation. Evaluation & the health professions, 40(3), 267-293.
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  As international research studies become more commonplace, the importance of developing multilingual research instruments continues to increase and with it that of translated materials. It is therefore not unexpected that assessing the quality of translated materials (e.g., research instruments, questionnaires, etc.) has become essential to cross-cultural research, given that the reliability and validity of the research findings crucially depend on the translated instruments. In some fields (e.g., public health and medicine), the quality of translated instruments can also impact the effectiveness and success of interventions and public campaigns. Back-translation (BT) is a commonly used quality assessment tool in cross-cultural research. This quality assurance technique consists of (a) translation (target text [TT1]) of the source text (ST), (b) translation (TT2) of TT1 back into the source language, and (c) comparison of TT2 with ST to make sure there are no discrepancies. The accuracy of the BT with respect to the source is supposed to reflect equivalence/accuracy of the TT. This article shows how the use of BT as a translation quality assessment method can have a detrimental effect on a research study and proposes alternatives to BT. One alternative is illustrated on the basis of the translation and quality assessment methods used in a research study on hearing loss carried out in a border community in the southwest of the United States.
• Ingram, M., Adkins, A. S., Hansen, K., Cascio, V., & Evren, S. (2017). Sociocultural Perceptions of Walkability in Mexican American Neighborhoods: Implications for Policy and Practice. Journal of Transport & Health, 7(Part B), 172-180. doi:doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.10.001
• Ingram, M., Doubleday, K., Bell, M. L., Lohr, A., Murrieta, L., Velasco, M., Blackburn, J., Sabo, S., Guernsey de Zapien, J., & Carvajal, S. C. (2017). Community Health Worker Impact on Chronic Disease Outcomes Within Primary Care Examined Using Electronic Health Records. American journal of public health, 107(10), 1668-1674.
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  To investigate community health worker (CHW) effects on chronic disease outcomes using electronic health records (EHRs).
• Kunz, S., Ingram, M., Piper, R., Wu, T., Litton, N., Brady, J., & Knudson, A. (2017). Rural Collaborative Model for Diabetes Prevention and Management: A Case Study. Health promotion practice, 18(6), 798-805.
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  Diabetes disproportionately affects racial and ethnic minorities, rural, and impoverished populations. This case study describes the program components and key lessons learned from implementing Vivir Mejor! (Live Better!), a diabetes prevention and management program tailored for the rural, Mexican American population. The program used workforce innovations and multisector partnerships to engage and activate a rural, mostly Hispanic population. Community health worker (CHW) roles were designed to reach and support distinct populations. Promotoras focused exclusively on health education and patient navigators individually coached patients with chronic disease management issues for the high-risk patient population. To extend diabetes health education to the broader community in Santa Cruz County, promotoras trained lay leaders to become peer educators. Multisector partnerships allowed the program to offer health and social services around diabetes care. The partners also supported provider engagement through continuing education workshops and digital story screening to encourage referrals to the program. Multisector partnerships, including partnering with critical access hospitals, for diabetes management and prevention, as well as using different types of CHWs to implement programs that target high- and low-risk populations are innovative and valuable components of the Vivir Mejor!
• Marrone, N., Ingram, M., Somoza, M., Jacob, D. S., Sanchez, A., Adamovich, S., & Harris, F. P. (2017). Interventional Audiology to Address Hearing Health Care Disparities: Oyendo Bien Pilot Study. Seminars in hearing, 38(2), 198-211.
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  Interventional audiology, specifically community-based outreach, can connect people with the hearing health care system. Community-based participatory research methods were applied in two phases of research to: (1) investigate the needs of families affected by hearing loss in a rural Arizona community on the U.S.-Mexico border; and (2) evaluate an outreach program on hearing health. The needs assessment included interviews with persons with hearing loss and focus groups with family members and the greater community. The needs assessment revealed that despite perceived severity of hearing loss, help-seeking for audiologic care was limited due to barriers, stigma, and low self-efficacy. Results informed development of a community-based pilot study conducted as part of an academic-community partnership between audiology, public health, and community health workers of a federally qualified health center. An outreach program, Oyendo Bien (hearing wellness), a 5-week, Spanish-language health education program for older adults (n = 21) incorporated communication strategies and behavioral change techniques. Postprogram focus groups revealed increased self-efficacy and decreased stigma. After 1 year, 7 of 9 participants with hearing loss contacted for follow-up had sought some form of hearing-related health care. Future research should further investigate interventional audiology approaches to address health disparities.
• Reinschmidt, K. M., Ingram, M., Morales, S., Sabo, S. J., Blackburn, J., Murietta, L., David, C., & Carvajal, S. C. (2016). Documenting Community Health Worker Roles in Clinics in Southern Arizona: Contributions to Evidence-based Community Health Worker Integration into Health Care Teams.. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management.
• Rosales, C. B., de Zapien, J. E., Chang, J., Ingram, M., Fernandez, M. L., Carvajal, S. C., & Staten, L. K. (2017). Perspectives on a US-Mexico Border Community's Diabetes and "Health-Care" Access Mobilization Efforts and Comparative Analysis of Community Health Needs over 12 Years. Frontiers in public health, 5, 152.
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  This paper describes a community coalition-university partnership to address health needs in an underserved US-Mexico border, community. For approximately 15 years, this coalition engaged in community-based participatory research with community organizations, state/local health departments, and the state's only accredited college of public health. Notable efforts include the systematic collection of health-relevant data 12 years apart and data that spawned numerous health promotion activities. The latter includes specific evidence-based chronic disease-preventive interventions, including one that is now disseminated and replicated in Latino communities in the US and Mexico, and policy-level changes. Survey data to evaluate changes in a range of health problems and needs, with a specific focus on those related to diabetes and access to health-care issues-identified early on in the coalition as critical health problems affecting the community-are presented. Next steps for this community and lessons learned that may be applicable to other communities are discussed.
• Sabo, S., Flores, M., Wennerstrom, A., Bell, M. L., Verdugo, L., Carvajal, S., & Ingram, M. (2017). Community Health Workers Promote Civic Engagement and Organizational Capacity to Impact Policy. Journal of community health, 42(6), 1197-1203.
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  Community health workers (CHW) have historically served to link structurally vulnerable populations to broad support systems. Emerging evidence suggests that CHWs engage in various forms of advocacy to promote policy and systems change. We assessed the impact of CHW community advocacy on community change, defined as civic engagement, organizational capacity and policy and systems change. Data are drawn from the 2014 National Community Health Worker Advocacy Survey (N = 1776) aimed to identify the state of the CHW profession, and their impact on health disparities through community advocacy and policy engagement. Our primary analysis used multiple linear regression to assess the association between CHW advocacy and community change. As predicted, there was a significant, positive association between CHW advocacy and change in community conditions. Additionally, both adjusted and sensitivity models had similar standardized beta estimates for advocacy, and adjusted R 2 statistics. CHW advocacy predicts positive change in community conditions and further advances the CHW Community Advocacy Framework designed to support and monitor CHW community advocacy to reduce health disparities through advocacy and policy change.
• Sánchez, D., Adamovich, S., Ingram, M., Harris, F. P., de Zapien, J., Sánchez, A., Colina, S., & Marrone, N. (2017). The Potential in Preparing Community Health Workers to Address Hearing Loss. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 28(6), 562-574.
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  In underserved areas, it is crucial to investigate ways of increasing access to hearing health care. The community health worker (CHW) is a model that has been applied to increase access in various health arenas. This article proposes further investigation into the application of this model to audiology.
• Colina, S., Marrone, N., & Ingram, M. (2016). Translation Quality Assessment in Health Research: Problems of back-translation. Evaluation and the Health Professions.
• Ingram, M., Chang, J., Kunz, S., Piper, R., De Zapien, J. G., & Strawdier, K. (2016). Community Health Workers as Change Agents: Evaluation of the Women's Health Leadership Institute. Journal of Health Promotion Practice.
• Ingram, M., Chang, J., Kunz, S., Piper, R., de Zapien, J. G., & Strawder, K. (2016). Women's Health Leadership to Enhance Community Health Workers as Change Agents. Health promotion practice, 17(3), 391-9.
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  Objectives A community health worker (CHW) is a frontline public health worker who is a trusted member of and/or has an unusually close understanding of the community served. While natural leadership may incline individuals to the CHW profession, they do not always have skills to address broad social issues. We describe evaluation of the Women's Health Leadership Institute (WHLI), a 3-year training initiative to increase the capacity of CHWs as change agents. Methods Pre-/postquestionnaires measured the confidence of 254 participants in mastering WHLI leadership competencies. In-depth interviews with CHW participants 6 to 9 months after the training documented application of WHLI competencies in the community. A national CHW survey measured the extent to which WHLI graduates used leadership skills that resulted in concrete changes to benefit community members. Multivariate logistic regressions controlling for covariates compared WHLI graduates' leadership skills to the national sample. Results Participants reported statistically significant pre-/postimprovements in all competencies. Interviewees credited WHLI with increasing their capacity to listen to others, create partnerships, and initiate efforts to address community needs. Compared to a national CHW sample, WHLI participants were more likely to engage community members in attending public meetings and organizing events. These activities led to community members taking action on an issue and a concrete policy change. Conclusions Leadership training can increase the ability of experienced CHWs to address underlying issues related to community health across different types of organizational affiliations and job responsibilities.
• Ingram, M., Marrone, N. L., Daisey, S. T., Sander, A., Navarro, C., De Zapien, J. G., Colina, S., & Harris, F. P. (2016). Addressing Hearing Health Care Disparities among Older Adults in a US-Mexico Border Community. Frontiers in Public Healt. doi:/dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00169
• Ingram, M., Marrone, N. L., Daisey, S. T., Sander, A., Navarro, C., De Zapien, J. G., Colina, S., & Harris, F. P. (2016). Addressing Hearing Health Care Disparities among Older Adults in a US-Mexico Border Community. Frontiers in Public Health. doi:/dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2016.00169
• Kunz, S., Ingram, M., Piper, R., Ochoa, S., Sander, A., Navarro, C., & McKenzie, S. (2016). The Vivir Mejor! Consortium: A Rural, US-México Collaborative Model to Prevent and Treat Diabetes. Journal of health care for the poor and underserved, 27(4A), 39-45.
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  The Vivir Mejor! (Live Better!) System of Diabetes Prevention and Care Consortium is a multi-sector partnership to establish an integrated diabetes system of care in Santa Cruz County, Arizona on the U.S.-Mexico border. Major outcomes include improved healthy eating and active living knowledge and behaviors and lowered HbA1c.
• Fernandez-Haddad, M., & Ingram, M. (2015). Factors that Influence the Effectiveness of Sanitation Programs. Frontiers in public health, 3, 201.
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  Local governments in both Mexico and the U.S. spend considerable money on public services, which do not always bring the expected results. For instance, a large part of the public budget is destined to solve social and health problems, such as public sanitation. Government has attacked the problem by providing public sanitation infrastructure (such as garbage and recycling receptacles) and by using social ad campaigns. However, these efforts do not always affect the habits of residents and bring the desired changes in city sanitation. This article presents a case study that used a participatory method to address an innovative city sanitation effort: The Clean City Program in Puebla, Mexico. This program adopted social marketing techniques, a discipline born in the 70s when the principles and practices developed to sell products and services started to be applied to sell ideas, attitudes, or behaviors. Social marketing programs have been adopted by governments to change attitudes and behavior in areas such as public services. The article first describes the context and strategies of the program, which included the use of the promotora model to engage community members. The researchers then make use of qualitative data gathered throughout program planning and implementation to evaluate the impact of the social marketing programs and its effectiveness. The article analyzes social, educational, economic, demographic, and cultural factors that influence the effectiveness of sanitation programs and presents recommendations for strategies to engage community members in community sanitation programs.
• Herman, P. M., Ingram, M., Cunningham, C. E., Rimas, H., Murrieta, L., Schachter, K., de Zapien, J. G., & Carvajal, S. C. (2015). A Comparison of Methods for Capturing Patient Preferences for Delivery of Mental Health Services to Low-Income Hispanics Engaged in Primary Care. The patient.
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  Consideration of patient preferences regarding delivery of mental health services within primary care may greatly improve access and quality of care for the many who could benefit from those services.
• Herman, P. M., Ingram, M., Rimas, H., Carvajal, S., & Cunningham, C. E. (2015). Patient Preferences of a Low-Income Hispanic Population for Mental Health Services in Primary Care. Administration and policy in mental health.
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  We used a discrete-choice conjoint experiment to model the mental health services preferences of patients of a federally-qualified health center serving a primarily low-income, Hispanic farmworker population in southwestern Arizona. The two attributes that had the largest influence on patient choices (i.e., received the highest importance scores) were where patients receive these services and the language and cultural awareness of the provider who prescribed their treatment. Simulations indicated that the clinic could substantially improve its patients' welfare with even a single change. The single most effective change in terms of patient preferences would be to offer behavioral health services onsite.
• Ingram, M. -., Ingram, M. -., Sabo, S. J., Sabo, S. J., Gomez, S., Gomez, S., Piper, R., Piper, R., Reinschmidt, K. M., Reinschmidt, K. M., Schachter, K. A., Schachter, K. A., Carvajal, S., & Carvajal, S. (2015). Taking the CBPR approach in the development of methods for a CHW community advocacy intervention. Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education and Action.
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  Ingram M, Sabo S, Gomez S*, Piper S**, Reinschmidt KM, Schachter K, Carvajal S. Taking the CBPR approach in the development of methods for a CHW community advocacy intervention. Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education and Action
• Ingram, M. -., Murrieta, L., de Zapien, J. G., Herman, P., & Carvajal, S. J. (2015). CHWs as Focus Group Facilitators: A participatory action research method to improve behavioral health services for farmworkers in a primary care setting. Action Research Journal, 13(1), 48-64.
• Ingram, M. -., Samantha, S., Sofia, G., Rosalinda, P., Kerstin, R., Ken, S., & Scott, C. (2015). Taking the CBPR approach in the development of methods for a CHW community advocacy intervention.. Progress in Community Health Partnerships, 9(1), 49-56.
• Ingram, M., Murrietta, L., De Zapien, J. G., Herman, P., & Carvajal, S. C. (2015). Community health workers as focus group facilitators: A participatory action research method to improve behavioral health services for farmworkers in a primary care setting. Action Research, 13(1), 48-64. doi:10.1177/1476750314565913
• Ingram, M., Sabo, S. J., Gomez, S., Piper, R., de Zapien, J. G., Reinschmidt, K. M., Schachter, K. A., & Carvajal, S. C. (2015). Taking a community-based participatory research approach in the development of methods to measure a community health worker community advocacy intervention. Progress in community health partnerships : research, education, and action, 9(1), 49-56.
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  Public health advocacy is by necessity responsive to shifting sociopolitical climates, and thus a challenge of advocacy research is that the intervention must by definition be adaptive. Moving beyond the classification of advocacy efforts to measurable indicators and outcomes of policy, therefore, requires a dynamic research approach.
• Reinschmidt, K. M., Ingram, M., Schachter, K. A., Sabo, S. J., Verdugo, L., & Carvajal, S. (2015). The Impact of Integrating Community Advocacy into Community Health Worker Roles on Health-Focused Organizations and Community Health Workers in Southern Arizona.. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 38(3), 244-253.
• Reinschmidt, K. M., Ingram, M., Schachter, K. A., Sabo, S. J., Verdugo, L., & Carvajal, S. C. (2015). The Impact of Integrating Community Advocacy into Community Health Worker Roles on Health-Focused Organizations and Community Health Workers in Southern Arizona. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 38(3), 244-253.
• Sabo, S., Ashley, W., Haywood, C., David, P., Redondo, F., Melanie, B., & Ingram, M. (2015). Community Health Worker Professional Advocacy: Voices of Action from the 2014 National Community Health Worker Advocacy Survey. Journal of Ambulatory Care Management, 38(3), 225-235.
• Ingram, M., Ingram, M., Schachter, K. A., Schachter, K. A., Sabo, S. J., Sabo, S. J., Reinschmidt, K. M., Reinschmidt, K. M., Gomez, S., Gomez, S., De Zapien, J. G., De Zapien, J. G., Carvajal, S., & Carvajal, S. (2014). A community health worker intervention to address the social determinants of health through policy change.. J Prim Prev., 35(2), 119-123.
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  doi: 10.1007/s10935-013-0335-y, PubMed PMID: 24363179.
• Ingram, M., Schachter, K. A., De Zapien, J. G., Herman, P., & Carvajal, S. (2014). Using participatory methods to enhance patient-centred mental health care in a federally qualified community health center serving a Mexican American farmworker community. Health Expectations, 12.
• Ingram, M., Schachter, K. A., Guernsey de Zapien, J., Herman, P. M., & Carvajal, S. C. (2014). Using participatory methods to enhance patient-centred mental health care in a federally qualified community health center serving a Mexican American farmworker community. Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy.
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  Mexican American farmworkers experience high rates of mental health conditions; however, it is difficult for them to access care. Patient-centred care is a systems-wide approach to improving the delivery of services for diverse populations in the primary care setting.
• Langellier, B. A., Guernsey de Zapien, J., Rosales, C., Ingram, M., & Carvajal, S. C. (2014). State Medicaid expansion, community interventions, and health care disparities in a United States-Mexico border community. American journal of public health, 104(8), e94-e100.
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  We investigated whether access to and use of health care services increased among residents of a low-income, predominantly Mexican American border community affected by the expansion of Arizona's Medicaid program in 2001 and multiple community-level programs and policies.
• Langellier, B. A., Zapien, J., Rosales, C., Ingram, M., & Carvajal, S. C. (2014). State Medicaid Expansion, Community Interventions, and Health Care Disparities in a United States--Mexico Border Community. American journal of public health, 104(8), e94--e100.
• Sabo, S. J., Shaw, S. J., Ingram, M. -., Teufel-Shone, N. I., Carvajal, S., De Zapien, J. G., Rosales, C. B., Redondo, F., Garcia, G., & Rubio-Goldsmith, R. (2014). Everyday Violence , Structural Racism and Mistreatment at the US-Mexico Border. Social Science and Medicine, 109, 66-74.
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  Sabo S, Shaw S, Ingram M, , Teufel Shone N, Carvajal S, de Zapien J, Rosales C, Redondo F**, Garcia G**, . Rubio-Goldsmith R. Everyday Violence , Structural Racism and Mistreatment at the US-Mexico Border. Social Science and Medicine.
• Sabo, S., Shaw, S., Ingram, M., Teufel-Shone, N., Carvajal, S., Zapien, J. G., Rosales, C., Redondo, F., Garcia, G., & Rubio-Goldsmith, R. (2014). Everyday violence, structural racism and mistreatment at the US--Mexico border. Social Science & Medicine, 109, 66--74.
• Schachter, K. A., Ingram, M. -., Jacobs, L., De Zapien, J. G., Hafter, H., & Carvajal, S. C. (2014). Developing an action learning community advocacy/leadership training program for community health workers and their agencies to reduce health disparities in Arizona border communities. Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice, 7(2), 14.
• Schachter, K. A., Ingram, M. -., Jacobs, L., De Zapien, J. G., Hafter, H., & Carvajal, S. C. (2014). Developing an action learning community advocacy/leadership training program for community health workers and their agencies to reduce health disparities in Arizona border communities. Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice.
• Schachter, M., MBA, K. A., Ingram, M., Hafter, M., Guernsey De Zapien BA, J., & others, . (2014). Developing an Action Learning Community Advocacy/Leadership Training Program for Community Health Workers and Their Agencies to Reduce Health Disparities in Arizona Border Communities. Journal of Health Disparities Research and Practice, 7(2), 3.
• Carvajal, S. C., Kibor, C., McClelland, D. J., Ingram, M., Zapien, J. G., Torres, E., Redondo, F., Rodriguez, K., Rubio-Goldsmith, R., Meister, J., & others, . (2013). Stress and Sociocultural Factors Related to Health Status Among US--Mexico Border Farmworkers. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 1--7.
• Carvajal, S. C., Kibor, C., McClelland, D. J., Ingram, M., de Zapien, J. G., Torres, E., Redondo, F., Rodriguez, K., Rubio-Goldsmith, R., Meister, J., & Rosales, C. (2013). Stress and Sociocultural Factors Related to Health Status Among US-Mexico Border Farmworkers. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health / Center for Minority Public Health.
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  This study examines factors relating to farmworkers
• Carvajal, S. C., Rosales, C., Rubio-Goldsmith, R., Sabo, S., Ingram, M., McClelland, D. J., Redondo, F., Torres, E., Romero, A. J., O’Leary, A. O., & others, . (2013). The border community and immigration stress scale: A preliminary examination of a community responsive measure in two southwest samples. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 15(2), 427--436.
• Carvajal, S., Carvajal, S., Rosales, C. B., Rosales, C. B., Raquel, G. R., Raquel, G. R., Sabo, S., Sabo, S., Ingram, M. -., Ingram, M. -., McClelland, D., McClelland, D., Redondo, F., Redondo, F., Torres, E., Torres, E., Romero, A. J., Romero, A. J., O'Leary, A. O., , O'Leary, A. O., et al. (2013). The Border Community and Immigration Stress Scale: A Preliminary Examination of a Community Responsive Measure in Two Southwest Samples. Journal of Immigrant & Minority Health, 2(15), 427-436.
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  This article is based on earlier research on Migrant Farmworker health in Yuma, Arizona. The article was first published on-line in 2012, then in print in 2013.
• Carvajal, S., Rosales, C. B., Raquel, G. R., Sabo, S., Ingram, M. -., McClelland, D., Redondo, F., Torres, E., Romero, A. J., O'Leary, A. O., Sanchez, Z., & De Zapien, J. G. (2013). The Border Community and Immigration Stress Scale: A Preliminary Examination of a Community Responsive Measure in Two Southwest Samples. Journal of Immigrant & Minority Health, 2(15), 427-436.
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  This article is based on earlier research on Migrant Farmworker health in Yuma, Arizona. The article was first published on-line in 2012, then in print in 2013.
• Ingram, M. -., Schachter, K. A., Sabo, S. J., Reinschmidt, K. M., Gomez, S., De Zapien, J. G., & Carvajal, S. C. (2013). A community health worker intervention to address the social determinants of health through policy change. Journal of Primary Prevention.
• Ingram, M. -., Schachter, K. A., Sabo, S. J., Reinschmidt, K. M., Gomez, S., De Zapien, J. G., & Carvajal, S. C. (2014). A community health worker intervention to address the social determinants of health through policy change. Journal of Primary Prevention.
• Ingram, M., Schachter, K. A., Sabo, S. J., Reinschmidt, K. M., Gomez, S., De Zapien, J. G., & Carvajal, S. C. (2013). A Community Health Worker Intervention to Address the Social Determinants of Health Through Policy Change. The Journal of Primary Prevention.
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  Public policy that seeks to achieve sustainable improvements in the social determinants of health, such as income, education, housing, food security and neighborhood conditions, can create positive and sustainable health effects. This paper describes preliminary results of Acción para la Salud, a public health intervention in which Community health workers (CHWs) from five health agencies engaged their community in the process of making positive systems and environmental changes. Academic-community partners trained Acción CHWs in community advocacy and provided ongoing technical assistance in developing strategic advocacy plans. The CHWs documented community advocacy activities through encounter forms in which they identified problems, formulated solutions, and described systems and policy change efforts. Strategy maps described the steps of the advocacy plans. Findings demonstrate that CHWs worked to initiate discussions about underlying social determinants and environment-related factors that impact health, and identified solutions to improve neighborhood conditions, create community opportunities, and increase access to services.
• Ingram, M., Schachter, K. A., Sabo, S., Reinschmidt, K. M., Gomez, S., De Zapien, J. G., & Carvajal, S. C. (2014). A community health worker intervention to address the social determinants of health through policy change.. The Journal of Primary Prevention.
  More info

  Public policy that seeks to achieve sustainable improvements in the social determinants of health, such as income, education, housing, food security and neighborhood conditions, can create positive and sustainable health effects. This paper describes preliminary results of Accion para la Salud, a public health intervention in which Community health workers (CHWs) from five health agencies engaged their community in the process of making positive systems and environmental changes. Academic-community partners trained Accion CHWs in community advocacy and provided ongoing technical assistance in developing strategic advocacy plans. The CHWs documented community advocacy activities through encounter forms in which they identified problems, formulated solutions, and described systems and policy change efforts. Strategy maps described the steps of the advocacy plans. Findings demonstrate that CHWs worked to initiate discussions about underlying social determinants and environment-related factors that impact health, and identified solutions to improve neighborhood conditions, create community opportunities, and increase access to services.
• Sabo, S. J., Sabo, S. J., Ingram, M. -., Ingram, M. -., Reinschmidt, K. M., Reinschmidt, K. M., Schachter, K. A., Schachter, K. A., Jacobs, L., Jacobs, L., De Zapien, J. G., De Zapien, J. G., Robinson, L., Robinson, L., Carvajal, S. C., & Carvajal, S. C. (2013). Predictors and a Framework for Fostering Community Advocacy as a Community Health Worker Core Function to Eliminate Health Disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 103(7).
• Sabo, S., Ingram, M., Reinschmidt, K. M., Schachter, K., Jacobs, L., Guernsey de Zapien, J., Robinson, L., & Carvajal, S. (2013). Predictors and a framework for fostering community advocacy as a community health worker core function to eliminate health disparities. American Journal of Public Health, 103(7).
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  Using a mixed-method, participatory research approach, we investigated factors related to community health worker (CHW) community advocacy that affect social determinants of health.
• Sabo, S., Sabo, S., Ingram, M., Ingram, M., Reinschmidt, K. M., Reinschmidt, K. M., Schachter, K., Schachter, K., Jacobs, L., Jacobs, L., Zapien, J., Zapien, J., Robinson, L., Robinson, L., Carvajal, S., & Carvajal, S. (2013). Predictors and a framework for fostering community advocacy as a community health worker core function to eliminate health disparities. American journal of public health, 103(7), e67--e73.
• Carvajal, S., Rosales, C., Rubio-Goldsmith, R., Sabo, S., Ingram, M., McClelland, D. J., Redondo, F., Torres, E., Romero, A., OLeary, A. O., & others, . (2012). The Border Community \& Immigration Stress Scale and Associations to Health Outcomes. Journal of Immigrant \& Minority Health.
• Ingram, M., Piper, R., Kunz, S., Navarro, C., Sander, A., & Gastelum, S. (2012). Salud Si: A case study for the use of participatory evaluation in creating effective and sustainable community-based health promotion. Family \& community health, 35(2), 130--138.
• Ingram, M., Reinschmidt, K. M., Schachter, K. A., Davidson, C. L., Sabo, S. J., De Zapien, J. G., & Carvajal, S. C. (2012). Establishing a professional profile of community health workers: results from a national study of roles, activities and training. Journal of community health, 37(2), 529-37.
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  Community Health Workers (CHWs) have gained national recognition for their role in addressing health disparities and are increasingly integrated into the health care delivery system. There is a lack of consensus, however, regarding empirical evidence on the impact of CHW interventions on health outcomes. In this paper, we present results from the 2010 National Community Health Worker Advocacy Survey (NCHWAS) in an effort to strengthen a generalized understanding of the CHW profession that can be integrated into ongoing efforts to improve the health care delivery system. Results indicate that regardless of geographical location, work setting, and demographic characteristics, CHWs generally share similar professional characteristics, training preparation, and job activities. CHWs are likely to be female, representative of the community they serve, and to work in community health centers, clinics, community-based organizations, and health departments. The most common type of training is on-the-job and conference training. Most CHWs work with clients, groups, other CHWs and less frequently community leaders to address health issues, the most common of which are chronic disease, prevention and health care access. Descriptions of CHW activities documented in the survey demonstrate that CHWs apply core competencies in a synergistic manner in an effort to assure that their clients get the services they need. NCHWAS findings suggest that over the past 50 years, the CHW field has become standardized in response to the unmet needs of their communities. In research and practice, the field would benefit from being considered a health profession rather than an intervention.
• Rosales, C., Ortega, M. I., De Zapien, J. G., Paniagua, A. D., Zapien, A., Ingram, M., & Aranda, P. (2012). The US/Mexico border: A binational approach to framing challenges and constructing solutions for improving farmworkers’ lives. International journal of environmental research and public health, 9(6), 2159--2174.
• Henderson, M. A., Sanchez, Z. C., Koegel, K. A., Zawacki, L., Martinez, G., & Ingram, M. (2011). Community Profiles: An Evaluation and Planning Tool for Neighborhood Systems and Environmental Change Efforts. Californian Journal of Health Promotion, 10, 37--51.
• Rosenthal, E. L., Wiggins, N., Ingram, M., Mayfield-Johnson, S., & De Zapien, J. G. (2011). Community health workers then and now: an overview of national studies aimed at defining the field. The Journal of ambulatory care management, 34(3), 247--259.
• Ingram, M., McClelland, D. J., Martin, J., Caballero, M. F., Mayorga, M. T., & Gillespie, K. (2010). Experiences of immigrant women who self-petition under the Violence Against Women Act. Violence against women, 16(8), 858--880.
• Sabo, S., Ingram, M., & Wennerstrom, A. (2010). THE COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER MODEL. The Colonias Reader: Economy, Housing, and Public Health in US-Mexico Border Colonias, 190.
• Ingram, M., Ruiz, M., Theresa Mayorga, M., & Rosales, C. (2009). The Animadora Project: identifying factors related to the promotion of physical activity among Mexican Americans with diabetes. American Journal of Health Promotion, 23(6), 396--402.
• TORRES, E., & INGRAM, M. (2009). The Role of Promotoras/Community Lay Health Workers as Spiritual Helpers in Supporting Diabetes Self-management among Mexican Americans. Counseling et spiritualit\'e, 28(1), 109--127.
• Ingram, M., Sabo, S., Rothers, J., Wennerstrom, A., & Zapien, J. G. (2008). Community health workers and community advocacy: Addressing health disparities. Journal of Community Health, 33(6), 417--424.
• Drummond, R., Ingram, M., Sabo, S., Staten, L., & Pierce, C. (2007). Third Annual Evaluation Report September 22, 2005—September 21, 2006. Arizona Department of Health Services.
• Ingram, M., Torres, E., Redondo, F., Bradford, G., Wang, C., & O'Toole, M. L. (2007). The impact of promotoras on social support and glycemic control among members of a farmworker community on the US-Mexico border. The Diabetes Educator, 33(Supplement 6), 172S--178S.
• Wennerstrom, A. B., De Zapien, J., Gallegos, P. A., Velez, M. I., Sabo, S., Ingram, M., & Taren, D. (2007). Corporate social responsibility in agriculture: Can in work in Sonora, Mexico?. Annual Meeting.
• Wennerstrom, A. B., De Zapien, J., Ingram, M., & Sabo, S. (2007). Community health worker advocacy study. Annual Meeting.
• Cohen, S. J., & Ingram, M. (2005). Border health strategic initiative: overview and introduction to a community-based model for diabetes prevention and control. Prev Chronic Dis [serial online].
• Ingram, M., Gallegos, G., & Elenes, J. (2005). Diabetes is a community issue: the critical elements of a successful outreach and education model on the US-Mexico border. Prev Chronic Dis [serial online].
• Koss, M., Ingram, M., & Pepper, S. (2001). Male partner violence: Relevance to health care providers. Handbook of health psychology, 541--557.
• Chong, J., Ingram, M., McClelland, D. J., Lopez, D. C., & De Zapien, J. G. (2000). Smoking behavior in a smoking workplace. Journal of substance abuse, 11(3), 231--240.
• Koss, M. P., Ingram, M., & Pepper, S. (1997). Psychotherapists' role in the medical response to male-partner violence.. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 34(4), 386.

Proceedings Publications

• Ingram, M. (2013, Fall). Synergy between community-based participatory research and community health worker community advocacy as a force for policy change. In 141st APHA Annual Meeting (November 2-November 6, 2013).

Presentations

• Coronado, G., Wilkinson-Lee, A. M., Lohr, A. M., Velasco, M., David, C., Coulter, K. M., Ingram, M., Carvajal, S. C., & Redondo, F. (2019, Fall). Community Health Workers’ and their Supervisors’ Perceptions on a Community-Clinical Linkage Intervention to Reduce Chronic Disease Risk and Promote Well-being. American Public Health Association. Pittsburgh, PA: APHA.
• Coulter, K. M., Ingram, M., Espinoza, C., Lohr, A. M., & Carvajal, S. C. (2019, Fall). Examining the Associations between Community Health Worker-Rated Health and Depressive Symptomology in Latino Adults. American Public Health Association Annual Meeting. Pittsburgh, PA: APHA.
• Espinoza, C., Ochoa, M., Wilkinson-Lee, A. M., Lohr, A. M., Coulter, K. M., Ingram, M., & Carvajal, S. C. (2019, Fall). Participant Perspectives on a Community-Clinical Linkage Intervention to Reduce Chronic Disease Risk and Promote Well-being. American Public Health Association Annual Meeting. Pittsburgh, PA: APHA.
• Lothrop, N. Z., Sandoval, F., Cortez, I., Wagoner, R. S., Lopez-Galvez, N. I., Parra, K. L., Wolf, A. M., Wertheim, B., Lee, A. A., Griffin, S., Bell, M. L., Carvajal, S. C., Ingram, M., & Beamer, P. (2019, Summer). The Feasibility of Identifying and Quantifying Worker Exposures to Volatile Organic Chemicals in Beauty Salons and Auto Shops in the Southwestern USA. International. Society of Exposure Science ConferenceInternational. Society of Exposure Science.
• Carvajal, S. C., Carvajal, S. C., Colina, S., Colina, S., Piper, R., Piper, R., Coco, L. S., Coco, L. S., Ingram, M., Ingram, M., Wong, A. A., Wong, A. A., Marrone, N. L., & Marrone, N. L. (2018, November 15). Community-based Hearing Loss Education and Support Groups for Older Hispanic/Latinx Adults. The Gerontological Society of America 2018 Annual Scientific Meeting. John B. Hynes Veterans Memorial Convention Center in Boston, Massachusetts: The Gerontological Society of America.
• Carvajal, S. C., Colina, S., Piper, R., Coco, L. S., Ingram, M., Wong, A. A., & Marrone, N. L. (2018, November 15). Community-based Hearing Loss Education and Support Groups for Older Hispanic/Latinx Adults. The Gerontological Society of America 2018 Annual Scientific Meeting. John B. Hynes Veterans Memorial Convention Center in Boston, Massachusetts: The Gerontological Society of America.
• CoCo, L., Ingram, M., & Marrone, N. L. (2018, November). A Community Health Worker intervention to improve hearing loss-related communication and quality of life among older Latino adults. APHA Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA: American Public Health Association.
• CoCo, L., Marrone, N. L., Ingram, M., Ingram, M., CoCo, L., & Marrone, N. L. (2018, November). A Community Health Worker intervention to improve hearing loss-related communication and quality of life among older Latino adults. APHA Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA: American Public Health Association.
• Ingram, M., Espinoza, C., Velasco, M., Coronado, G., Lohr, A., & Carvajal, S. (2018, November). CHW-facilitated social support in fostering emotional wellness and chronic disease self-management. APHA Official Annual Meeting. San Diego CA: American Public Health Association.
• Redondo, F., Soto, Y., Ingram, M., Sabo, S., de Zapien, J. G., Verdugo, L., & Tucker, K. M. (2018, November). Arizona Community Health Workers Association’s Journey towards a CHW Voluntary Certification. APHA Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA: American Public Health Association.
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  https://apha.confex.com/apha/2018/meetingapp.cgi/Paper/415595
• Denman, C., Cornejo, E., Ingram, M., Sabo, S., De Zapien, J. G., & Rosales, C. B. (2017, Fall). Importance of implementation science in translation of evidence based health promotion programming in Mexico. American Public Health Association Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia: American Public Health Association.
• Hansen, K., Ingram, M., Adkins, A. S., Hanson, V., & Somnez, E. (2017, Spring). Sociocultural influences on perceptions of walking in Mexican American neighborhoods in Tucson AZ. Active Living Research Conferenced. Clearwater Beach, Florida: Active Living Research.
• Ingram, M. (2017, 2017). Binational Collaboration for Healthy Communities in the Arizona-Sonora Border Region Network. Networking presentations. Hermosillo Mexico: CONACYT.
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  I participated in developing presentations for Meta Salud Diabetes and Oyendo Bien for the networking meeting as well as in the meeting.
• Peterson, R., Coco, L. S., Ingram, M., Redondo, F., & Marrone, N. L. (2017, Fall). Training Community Health Workers on hearing health concerns in aging: A feasibility study. American Public Health Association Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia: APHA.
• Ingram, M., Redondo, F., & Sabo, S. J. (2015, Summer). Voices of Action from the National Community Health Worker Advocacy Survey. Rural Population Health Learning Collaborative Webinar. Webinar: Rural Population Health Learning Collaborative.
• Reinschmidt, K. M., Ingram, M., Morales, S., Sabo, S. J., & Carvajal, S. C. (2016, November). Documenting Community Health Worker Roles and Integration in Community Health Centers in Southern Arizona: Contributions to Evidence-based and Locally Relevant CHW Integration.. 144th APHA Annual Meeting & Expo. Denver, CO: APHA.
• Adamovich, S. L., Carvajal, S. C., Ingram, M., De Zapien, J. G., Harris, F. P., Colina, S., & Sanchez, D. (2015, March). Community-based participatory research on hearing loss in a border/low-resource community. American Auditory Society Scientific & Technology Meeting. Scottsdale, Arizona: American Auditory Society.
• Ingram, M. (2015, June). Perspectives on Community Health Worker Accreditation. Arizona Community Health Worker Association. Phoenix, AZ: AzCHOW.
• Ingram, M., Murrieta, L., de Zapien, J. G., Herman, P., & Carvajal, S. C. (2015, Fall). Community Health Worker-driven participatory action research method to improve behavioral health services for farm workers in a primary care setting. American Public Health Association Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL: APHA.
• Ingram, M., Schachter, K. A., Murrieta, L., De Zapien, J. G., Herman, P., & Carvajal, S. C. (2015, Fall). Engaging the Mexican American farmworker community in improving the delivery of mental health services. American Public Health Association Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL: APHA.
• Marrone, N. L., & Ingram, M. (2015, March). Community-based participatory research on hearing loss in a border/low-resource community. American Auditory Society Annual Meeting. Phoenix, AZ.
• Reondondo, F., Ingram, M., & Sabo, S. (2015, July). Voices of Action from the 2014 National Community Health Worker Advocacy Survey. Unity Conference. Tennesee: University of Southern Missippi.
• Sabo, S. J., Ingram, M., Dreifuss, H., Soto, Y., Carvajal, S. C., Redondo, F., Sabo, S. J., Ingram, M., Dreifuss, H., Soto, Y., Carvajal, S. C., & Redondo, F. (2015, Fall). Impact of Community Health Workers (CHW) in the Primary Health Care Setting. American Public Health Association. Chicago, IL: APHA - Medical Care Section.
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  Since the 1960s, Community Health Workers (CHWs) have been characterized as community leaders who share the language, socioeconomic status and life experiences of the community members they serve and are recognized as a promising strategy to address glaring health inequities. Testimony the CHW effectiveness is their inclusion in the Affordable Care Act as distinct members of the health care team and the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare services recent guidance that allows for reimbursement of preventive services offered by unlicensed professionals such as CHWs. Objective: In response to such historical shifts in healthcare policy, and in partnership with local and state health departments and CHW professional associations, the Arizona Prevention Research Center (AzPRC) aimed to characterize the CHW workforce and assess the attitudes, barriers and impact of the utilization of CHWs among primary care providers and health plans. Methods: A series of quantitative and qualitative surveys and interviews engaged a large national sample of CHWs (N=1600) and a local sample of primary health care providers and health plans (N=150). Results: Approximately 28% (439) of CHWs surveyed nationally work in a clinical setting. Locally, health care providers reported CHW impact on the quality of care for high cost and high-risk patients, including improved access to care and health outcomes. CHWs improved provider efficiency through health systems navigation, health education and social support. Conclusions: CHWs are an effective member of the primary health care team and improve access to care and management of chronic conditions among high-risk high cost populations.
• Sander, A., Piper, R., & Ingram, M. (2015, Fall). Thinking Big in a Small Place: Changing Transportation through CHW advocacy efforts in a US/Mexico Border community. American Public Health Association Annual Meeting. Chicago, IL.
• Ingram, M., Marrone, N., de Zapien, J. G., Carvajal, S., & Harris, F. (2014, Fall). Development of a Community Health Worker Approach to Expand Access to Hearing Health Care. Gerontological Society of America Annual Conference. Washington D.C.: Gerontological Society of America.
• Ingram, M., Sabo, S., de Zapien, J. G., & Verdugo, L. (2014, November). Arizona Community Health Worker Workforce Coalition: History, Process and Outcomes. American Public Health Association Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA: American Public Health Association.
• Marrone, N. L., Sanchez, D., Ingram, M., De Zapien, J. G., Harris, F. P., Colina, S., Piper, R., Carvajal, S., Marrone, N. L., Sanchez, D., Ingram, M., De Zapien, J. G., Harris, F. P., Colina, S., Piper, R., & Carvajal, S. (2014, November). Development of a Community Health Worker Approach to Expand Access to Hearing Health Care. Gerontological Society of America Scientific Meeting. Washington, DC: Gerontological Society of America.
• Ingram, M. -. (2013, December). Evaluating Policy, Systems and Evaluation Change Initiatives. Healthy Arizona Policy Initiative Evaluation Conference. Phoenix, AZ: APHA.
• Reinschmidt, K. -., Schachter, K., Ingram, M., Sabo, S., de Zapien, J. G., Gomez, S., Contreras, M., Gilligan, J., & Carvjal, S. (2013, Fall). The Evolution of CHW-based and CBPR Interventions to Address Rural and Border Health Issues in Southern Arizona.. 40th Annual Arizona Rural Health Conference. Prescott, AZ: Center for Rural Health.
• Reinschmidt, K. M., Ingram, M. -., Schachter, K. A., Sabo, S. J., Gomez, S., Fernadez, L., & Carvajal, S. (2013, Fall). Impact of a community advocacy intervention on partnering agencies and promotoras in southern Arizona. American Public Health Association Annual Meeting. Boston, MA: American Public Health Association.
• de Zapien, J. G., Denman, C., Cornejo, E., Staten, L. K., Rosales, C., & Maia, I. (2013, Novemeber). Meta Salud: Building Binational Collaboration with Community Health Workers for Prevention of Chronic Disease. American Public Health Association Annual Meeting. Boston, MA: APHA.
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  This presentation will discuss a binational collaboration of El Colegio de Sonora, the Secretaria de Salud in Sonora and the Arizona Prevention Research Center at the University of Arizona College of Public Health to develop and implement a community health worker chronic disease prevention curriculum and intervention in underserved communities in Mexico. The original curriculum, Pasos Adelante, was tested in the U.S.-Mexico border region for more than six years and was modeled after the Su Corazón, Su Vida curriculum developed by NHLBI. The newer Mexican curriculum, MetaSalud, was adapted to be used with the Secretaria de Salud in Sonora and has been implemented in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico for the past two years with more than 150 participants. The presentation will include: the adaption process highlighting those areas of the curriculum that were relevant to both populations as well as the changes to the curriculum for the population in Mexico; the similarities and differences of the community health worker role in implementation of the curriculum; results and outcomes of the intervention in the United States and Mexico; and challenges to the institutionalization of the program in both countries. Discussion will focus on lessons learned through this binational collaboration regarding the role of community health workers in chronic disease prevention, and future plans for collaborative binational health promotion interventions in the border region.

Poster Presentations

• Ingram, M., Denman, C., Aceves, B., Ocejo, A., Cornejo, E., de Zapien, J. G., & Rosales, C. B. (2018, November). Role of implementation science in addressing chronic disease on a global scale. APHA Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA: American Public Health Association.
• Reinschmidt, K. M., Lohr, A. M., Sbarra, D. A., Ingram, M., & Carvajal, S. C. (2017, Fall). Community-clinic linkages to improve emotional well-being among patients with or at risk for chronic disease: Piloting tools for community-based CHWs. American Public Health Association Annual Meeting. Atlanta, Georgia: APHA.
• Reinschmidt, K. M., Ingram, M., Morales, S., Sabo, S. J., Blackburn, J., Murietta, L., David, C., & Carvajal, S. C. (2016, May). Taking a CBPR Approach to Documenting CHW Roles and Integration into Community Health Centers in Southern Arizona.. First Annual El Rio / The Wright Center Virtual Health Research Fair: “Community-Oriented Primary Care. ”. Tucson, AZ: El Rio Community Health Center.
• Sanchez, A., Marrone, N. L., Ingram, M., Sanchez, D., Colina, S., De Zapien, J. G., Adamovich, S. L., & Carvajal, S. C. (2016, October). Family Perspectives on Hearing and Communication Among Mexican American Older Adults. World Congress of Audiology. Vancouver, Canada.
  More info

  Sanchez, A., Marrone, N., Ingram, M., Sánchez, D.,Wong, A., Colina, S., de Zapien, J., Adamovich, S., &Carvajal, S. (September 2016) Family perspectives onhearing and communication among Mexican-Americanolder adults. Poster presented at the 33rd World Congressof Audiology. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
• Adkins, A. S., Ingram, M., & Cascio, V. (2015, February). Perceptions of Walkability and Barriers to Active Transportation in Mexican American Neighborhoods in Tucson, Arizona. Active Living Research. San Diego, CA: Active Living Research and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
• Ingram, M. -., Sabo, S., Gomez, S., Piper, R., Reinschmidt, K., de Zapien, J. G., & Carvajal, S. C. (2013, November). Synergy between Community-based Participatory Research and Community Health Worker Community Advocacy as a Force for Policy Change. American Public Health Association Annual Meeting. Boston, MA: APHA.
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  Public health advocacy is by necessity responsive to shifting political climates and thus a challenge of advocacy research is that the intervention must by definition be flexible. Moving beyond the classification of advocacy efforts to measurable indicators of policy change and outcomes therefore requires a dynamic research approach. In this presentation, we will engage in a critical reflection on the use of the community based participatory research approach (CBPR) to develop and measure the impact of Acción, a community advocacy intervention in which community health workers (CHWs) engage community members in making positive changes to their communities. The Kingdon 3-streams model of policy change provided a theoretical framework for the Acción intervention. Research and community partners collaboratively developed research methods to identify and collect Acción intervention data. Over the course of the intervention, the flexible nature of CBPR led to the integration of additional data collection strategies and theoretical frameworks that allowed us to better understand and describe how CHWs were using community advocacy as a form of community engagement. We developed a model to describe the synergistic relationship between the CBPR approach and the Acción intervention in which what we chose to measure influenced intervention activities which concurrently influenced the identification and measurement of research outcomes. Key assumptions of CBPR, community needs driving the research; responsiveness of research measures to community context; and ongoing flexibility in defining research outcomes were crucial in our ability to develop a CHW community advocacy intervention and to adequately document its impact on communities.
• Ingram, M., Sabo, S., Gomez, S., Piper, R., Reinschmidt, K. M., Schachter, K. A., De Zapien, J. G., & Carvajal, S. C. (2013, November). Synergy between community-based participatory research and community health worker community advocacy as a force for policy change.. APHA.
• Reinschmidt, K. -., Ingram, M., Ken, S., Samantha, S., Sofia, G., Fernandez, L., & Carvajal, S. (2013, November). Impact of a Community Advocacy Intervention on Partnering Agencies and Promotoras in Southern Arizona. American Public Health Association Annual Meeting. Boston, MA: APHA.
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  By definition, community health workers (CHWs) advocate not only for individuals, but also for the health of their communities. While individual advocacy is a widely recognized CHW role, recognition and promotion of CHW community advocacy efforts have lagged behind. Given the persistent health disparities in underserved communities, increased training and support for CHWs working toward positive change at the community level is imperative. An important factor for successful CHW community advocacy is the support provided by employing agencies. In 2009, the Arizona Prevention Research Center (AzPRC) collaborated with five health-related organizations to implement Action for Health (Acción), an intervention designed to train and guide CHWs in community advocacy. At the end of this five year project, a CHW community advocacy model will be developed for dissemination. Purpose: We describe the role of organizational environments in promoting CHW community advocacy and how participation in Acción has affected promotoras and their supervisors in partner agencies. Methodology: Using a qualitative approach, we conducted in-depth interviews with organizational leaders, focus groups with promotoras and their supervisors, and took minutes at technical assistant meetings. Data were analyzed thematically and triangulated. Findings were presented to the promotoras for feedback. Findings: Both organizational leaders and promotoras shared new insights and practices in community advocacy and expressed their intention to continue community advocacy. These findings will be presented and the audience will be invited to comment on CHW engagement in community advocacy in their own organizations and whether CHW training and engagement in community advocacy is supported.
• Sabo, S. J., De Zapien, J. G., Ingram, M. -., Rosales, C. B., & Carvajal, S. (2013, November). Everyday violence of immigration related ethno-racial profiling and mistreatment: A mixed methods approach to understanding immigration policy as a structural determinants of health. American Public Health Association Annual Meeting. Boston, MA: American Public Health Association.
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  Public health scholars have called for research into the impact of state level immigration policies on the public's health and have recognized these policies may exacerbate existing racial and ethnic disparities among immigrant populations and their co-ethnics. Objective: The purpose of this study was to apply the theory of everyday violence to explore immigration policy and militarization of the US-Mexico border as a structural determinant of health. Methods: Through qualitative and quantitative data, the prevalence and type of direct and indirect experiences of immigration related ethno- racial profiling, mistreatment and resistance to institutionalized victimization were explored among 499 Mexican border farmworkers during the years 2005-2007. Results: Farmworkers were predominately US citizens and permanent residents with more than two decades working in US agriculture. Approximately 25% described a personally experienced and/ or witnessed immigration related mistreatment encounter, categorized as verbal, physical and or psychological mistreatment by an immigration official. Approximately 75% of all mistreatment encounters occurred in a non US-port of entry community location, and more than half were experienced personally and or reported by female farmworkers who were 30% of the total sample. Conclusion: Farmworkers described living and working in a highly militarized environment, whereby immigration related ethno-racial profiling and mistreatment were common immigration law enforcement practices. This paper argues for the inclusion of immigration policy that sanctions the institutional practices of discrimination, such as ethno-racial profiling and mistreatment by immigration officials, as a structural determinant of health and a form of everyday violence.
• Sabo, S., Ingram, M., De Zapien, J. G., Rosales, C. B., & Carvajal, S. C. (2013, November). Everyday violence of immigration related ethno-racial profiling and mistreatment: A mixed methods approach to understanding immigration policy as a structural determinants of health.. APHA.

Case Studies

• Ingram, M., & Murrieta, L. (2016. Action Research Methods: Partnering With Community Health Workers to Facilitate Focus Groups With Farmworkers to Improve Mental Health Services in a Community Clinic Contributors: Maia Ingram & Lucy Murrieta Pub. Date: 2016 Access Date: January 27, 2017 Academic Level: Postgraduate Publishing Company: SAGE Publications Ltd City: London Online ISBN: 9781526401106 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781526401106 ©2017 SAGE Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved. This PDF(p. 5).