Chad D Viscusi

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Scholarly Contributions

Chapters

• Mendelson, J. S., Mendelson, J. S., Viscusi, C. D., & Viscusi, C. D. (2017). Pediatric Resuscitation. In Emergency Department Resuscitation of the Critically Ill, 2nd Ed..

Journals/Publications

• Bobrow, B. J., Viscusi, C., Spaite, D. W., Sherrill, D. L., Rice, A. D., Mullins, T., Keim, S. M., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., & Adelson, P. D. (2021). Effect of Implementing the Out-of-Hospital Traumatic Brain Injury Treatment Guidelines: The Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care for Children Study (EPIC4Kids).. Annals of emergency medicine, 77(2), 139-153. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.09.435
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  We evaluate the effect of implementing the out-of-hospital pediatric traumatic brain injury guidelines on outcomes in children with major traumatic brain injury..The Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care for Children study is the preplanned secondary analysis of the Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care study, a multisystem, intention-to-treat study using a before-after controlled design. This subanalysis included children younger than 18 years who were transported to Level I trauma centers by participating out-of-hospital agencies between January 1, 2007, and June 30, 2015, throughout Arizona. The primary and secondary outcomes were survival to hospital discharge or admission for children with major traumatic brain injury and in 3 subgroups, defined a priori as those with moderate, severe, and critical traumatic brain injury. Outcomes in the preimplementation and postimplementation cohorts were compared with logistic regression, adjusting for risk factors and confounders..There were 2,801 subjects, 2,041 in preimplementation and 760 in postimplementation. The primary analysis (postimplementation versus preimplementation) yielded an adjusted odds ratio of 1.16 (95% confidence interval 0.70 to 1.92) for survival to hospital discharge and 2.41 (95% confidence interval 1.17 to 5.21) for survival to hospital admission. In the severe traumatic brain injury cohort (Regional Severity Score-Head 3 or 4), but not the moderate or critical subgroups, survival to discharge significantly improved after guideline implementation (adjusted odds ratio = 8.42; 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 100+). The improvement in survival to discharge among patients with severe traumatic brain injury who received positive-pressure ventilation did not reach significance (adjusted odds ratio = 9.13; 95% confidence interval 0.79 to 100+)..Implementation of the pediatric out-of-hospital traumatic brain injury guidelines was not associated with improved survival when the entire spectrum of severity was analyzed as a whole (moderate, severe, and critical). However, both adjusted survival to hospital admission and discharge improved in children with severe traumatic brain injury, indicating a potential severity-based interventional opportunity for guideline effectiveness. These findings support the widespread implementation of the out-of-hospital pediatric traumatic brain injury guidelines.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Stolz, U., Viscusi, C., Denninghoff, K., Barnhart, B., Mullins, T., Rice, A. D., Mhayamaguru, M., Smith, J. J., Keim, S. M., Bobrow, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2020). Body Temperature after EMS Transport: Association with Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes. Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 21(5), 575-582.
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  Low body temperatures following prehospital transport are associated with poor outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, a minimal amount is known about potential associations across a range of temperatures obtained immediately after prehospital transport. Furthermore, a minimal amount is known about the influence of body temperature on non-mortality outcomes. The purpose of this study was to assess the correlation between temperatures obtained immediately following prehospital transport and TBI outcomes across the entire range of temperatures.
• Bobrow, B. J., Viscusi, C., Spaite, D. W., Rice, A. D., Mullins, T., Keim, S. M., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., & Adelson, D. (2019). Abstract 320: Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: The EPIC4Kids Study. Circulation.
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  Introduction: The EPIC Study implemented the national EMS TBI Guidelines in a massive, statewide initiative (>11,000 providers trained, 133 agencies). While implementation was not associated with i...
• Hu, C., Viscusi, C., Denninghoff, K. R., Barnhart, B., Bobrow, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Keim, S. M., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Sherrill, D., Mullins, T., Adelson, P. D., & Rice, A. D. (2019). Association of Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Treatment Guidelines With Patient Survival Following Traumatic Brain Injury: The Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care (EPIC) Study. JAMA Surgery, 154(7), e191152. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2019.1152
• Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Sherrill, D., Denninghoff, K. R., Mullins, T., Adelson, P. D., Rice, A. D., Viscusi, C., & Hu, C. (2019). Association of Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Treatment Guidelines With Patient Survival Following Traumatic Brain Injury: The Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care (EPIC) Study. JAMA surgery, 154(7), e191152.
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  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a massive public health problem. While evidence-based guidelines directing the prehospital treatment of TBI have been promulgated, to our knowledge, no studies have assessed their association with survival.
• Viscusi, C. D., & Pacheco, G. S. (2018). Pediatric Emergency Noninvasive Ventilation. Emergency medicine clinics of North America, 36(2), 387-400.
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  Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has emerged as a powerful tool for the pediatric emergency management of acute respiratory failure (ARF). This therapy is safe and well tolerated and seems to frequently prevent both the need for invasive mechanical ventilation and the associated risks/complications. Although NIV can be the primary treatment of ARF resulting from multiple respiratory disease states, it must be meticulously monitored and, when unsuccessful, may aid in preoxygenation for prompt endotracheal intubation and invasive mechanical ventilation. The following article reviews the physiologic effects of NIV and its role in common respiratory diseases encountered in pediatric emergency medicine.
• Bobrow, B. J., Viscusi, C., Spaite, D. W., Sherrill, D. L., Mullins, T., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., & Adelson, P. D. (2017). Mortality and Prehospital Blood Pressure in Patients With Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for the Hypotension Threshold.. JAMA surgery, 152(4), 360-368. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2016.4686
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  Current prehospital traumatic brain injury guidelines use a systolic blood pressure threshold of less than 90 mm Hg for treating hypotension for individuals 10 years and older based on studies showing higher mortality when blood pressure drops below this level. However, the guidelines also acknowledge the weakness of the supporting evidence..To evaluate whether any statistically supportable threshold between systolic pressure and mortality emerges from the data a priori, without assuming that a cut point exists..Observational evaluation of a large prehospital database established as a part of the Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care Traumatic Brain Injury Study. Patients from the preimplementation cohort (January 2007 to March 2014) 10 years and older with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (Barell Matrix Type 1 classification, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision head region severity score of 3 or greater, and/or Abbreviated Injury Scale head-region severity score of 3 or greater) and a prehospital systolic pressure between 40 and 119 mm Hg were included. The generalized additive model and logistic regression were used to determine the association between systolic pressure and probability of death, adjusting for significant/important confounders..The main outcome measure was in-hospital mortality..Among the 3844 included patients, 2565 (66.7%) were male, and the median (range) age was 35 (10-99) years. The model revealed a monotonically decreasing association between systolic pressure and adjusted probability of death across the entire range (ie, from 40 to 119 mm Hg). Each 10-point increase of systolic pressure was associated with a decrease in the adjusted odds of death of 18.8% (adjusted odds ratio, 0.812; 95% CI, 0.748-0.883). Thus, the adjusted odds of mortality increased as much for a drop from 110 to 100 mm Hg as for a drop from 90 to 80 mm Hg, and so on throughout the range..We found a linear association between lowest prehospital systolic blood pressure and severity-adjusted probability of mortality across an exceptionally wide range. There is no identifiable threshold or inflection point between 40 and 119 mm Hg. Thus, in patients with traumatic brain injury, the concept that 90 mm Hg represents a unique or important physiological cut point may be wrong. Furthermore, clinically meaningful hypotension may not be as low as current guidelines suggest. Randomized trials evaluating treatment levels significantly above 90 mm Hg are needed.
• Bobrow, B. J., Viscusi, C., Spaite, D. W., Sherrill, D. L., Rice, A. D., Mullins, T., Keim, S. M., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., & Adelson, P. D. (2017). Abstract 14729: Evaluation of the Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension "Depth-Duration Dose" and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation, 136.
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  Objective: Previous work has shown that, separately, the depth-duration doses of prehospital hypoxia (HO) and hypotension (HT) are strongly associated with mortality in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). However, because HO and HT are not mutually exclusive, we sought to evaluate the combined-dose effect of these physiological anomalies. Methods: We evaluated major TBI cases (CDC Barell Matrix Type 1) enrolled in the EPIC Study (NIH 1R01NS071049) before TBI guideline implementation (N = 16,711; 1/07-9/14). The HO dose was calculated as SpO2 depth Results: 6682 cases were included [Exclusions: age 200 (2.1%), missing data (12.8%), only 1 recorded SBP or SpO2 (8.3%)]. Mortality rate increased consistently across the quartiles of the unadjusted dose score (Fig A). In the adjusted model, mortality increased monotonically (nearly linearly) with the dose score (B). This is consistent with the monotonically-increasing relationships between the HO and HT doses and their respective adjusted death rates (C, D with 95% bands). Across the entire range of dose, an increase of 1 standard deviation of adjusted dose score is associated with an OR of 1.63 for death among patients with any combination of HO, HT or both. Conclusion: Historically, HO and HT have been assessed dichotomously (present or not) in TBI. These data reveal that the depth-duration dose of combined prehospital HO/HT is strongly associated with increased mortality and that effects of HO and HT are additive . The clinical effects of HO and HT may be significantly more complex than the current literature reflects.
• Bobrow, B. J., Viscusi, C., Spaite, D. W., Sherrill, D. L., Rice, A. D., Perez, O., Keim, S. M., Hu, C., Helfenbein, E., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., & Babaeizadeh, S. (2017). Accuracy of EMS Hypoxia Documentation Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Journal of Emergency Medicine, 53(3), 443. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.08.063
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C., Mullins, T., & Sherrill, D. (2017). The Effect of Combined Out-of-Hospital Hypotension and Hypoxia on Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Annals of emergency medicine, 69(1), 62-72.
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  Survival is significantly reduced by either hypotension or hypoxia during the out-of-hospital management of major traumatic brain injury. However, only a handful of small studies have investigated the influence of the combination of both hypotension and hypoxia occurring together. In patients with major traumatic brain injury, we evaluate the associations between mortality and out-of-hospital hypotension and hypoxia separately and in combination.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C., Mullins, T., Rice, A. D., & Sherrill, D. (2017). Association of Out-of-Hospital Hypotension Depth and Duration With Traumatic Brain Injury Mortality. Annals of emergency medicine, 70(4), 522-530.e1.
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  Out-of-hospital hypotension has been associated with increased mortality in traumatic brain injury. The association of traumatic brain injury mortality with the depth or duration of out-of-hospital hypotension is unknown. We evaluated the relationship between the depth and duration of out-of-hospital hypotension and mortality in major traumatic brain injury.
• Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Keim, S. M., Keim, S. M., Smith, J. J., Smith, J. J., Mhayamaguru, K., Mhayamaguru, K., Rice, A., Rice, A., Mullins, T., Mullins, T., Barnhart, B., Barnhart, B., Denninghoff, K. R., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C. D., , Viscusi, C. D., et al. (2017). Body Temperature after EMS Transport: Association with Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes. Prehospital Emergency Care, 21(5), 575-582. doi:10.1080/10903127.2017.1308609
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  Gaither JB, Chikani V, Stolz U, Viscusi C, Denninghoff K, Barnhart B, Mullins T, Rice AD, Mhayamaguru M, Smith JJ, Keim SM, Bobrow BJ, Spaite DW: Body Temperature after EMS Transport: Association with Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2017 Sep-Oct;21(5):575-582. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2017.1308609. Epub 2017 May 8. PubMed PMID: 28481163; NIH Manuscript System ID: NIHMS910946; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5638643.
• Bobrow, B. J., Viscusi, C., Spaite, D. W., Sherrill, D. L., Mullins, T., Keim, S. M., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., & Adelson, P. D. (2016). Abstract 15910: Evaluation of Prehospital Hypotension Depth-duration Dose and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation, 134.
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  Objective: Prehospital hypotension [systolic BP (SBP)
• Bobrow, B. J., Viscusi, C., Spaite, D. W., Sherrill, D. L., Perez, O., Keim, S. M., Hu, C., Helfenbein, E., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., & Babaeizadeh, S. (2016). Abstract 15795: Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Circulation.
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  Background: Little is known about end-tidal CO2 monitoring using nasal cannula sensors in non-intubated patients (NC-ETCO2). Objective: To describe the patterns of NC-ETCO2 seen during the EMS care...
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J. J., Curry, M., Mhayamagru, M., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016). Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperatures Are Associated With Poor Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care, 20(1), 141.
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  Gaither JB, Chikani V, Spaite DW, Smith JJ, Curry M, Mhayamaguru M, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Denninghoff KR, Bobrow B: Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperatures Are Associated With Poor Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2016;20(1):141
• Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J. J., Smith, J. J., Smith, J. J., Curry, M., Curry, M., Curry, M., Mhayamagru, M., Mhayamagru, M., Mhayamagru, M., Barnhart, B. J., , Barnhart, B. J., et al. (2016). Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperatures Are Associated With Poor Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Sherrill, D. L., Bobrow, B. J., Viscusi, C., Spaite, D. W., Sherrill, D. L., Perez, O., Keim, S. M., Hu, C., Helfenbein, E., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., & Babaeizadeh, S. (2016). Abstract 13835: Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
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  Background: It is well established that prehospital hypoxia dramatically increases mortality in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Thus, in EMS TBI research, case ascertainment and risk-adjustment are highly dependent upon documentation of in-field O2 saturation. Objective: To compare the rate of hypoxia identified by EMS personnel and documented in EMS patient care records (PCR) vs the actual rate of hypoxia recorded by continuous, non-invasive monitor in TBI. Methods: A subset of major TBI cases (moderate/severe) in the EPIC EMS TBI Study (NIH 1R01NS071049) were evaluated (3/30/13-6/26/15). Cases from 4 EMS agencies that report continuous monitor data (Philips MRx™) as part of EPIC were included. All monitor data available for post-hoc review were displayed and accessible to the providers during EMS care. We compared PCR documentation of hypoxia (O2 sat
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C., Mullins, T., & Adelson, P. D. (2016). Mortality and Prehospital Blood Pressure in Patients With Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for the Hypotension Threshold. JAMA surgery.
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  Current prehospital traumatic brain injury guidelines use a systolic blood pressure threshold of less than 90 mm Hg for treating hypotension for individuals 10 years and older based on studies showing higher mortality when blood pressure drops below this level. However, the guidelines also acknowledge the weakness of the supporting evidence.
• Bobrow, B. J., Stolz, U., Viscusi, C., Stolz, U., Spaite, D. W., Sherrill, D. L., Mullins, T., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., & Adelson, P. D. (2015). Abstract 14938: Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
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  Introduction: Little is known about prehospital EMS blood pressure patterns in TBI and the effect of serial trends in BP during EMS care remains entirely unclear. Using the comprehensive, linked EM...
• Bradshaw, H., Viscusi, C., Sakles, J. C., Patanwala, A. E., Pacheco, G. S., Dicken, J. M., & Bradshaw, H. (2015). 17 The Effect of Age on the First Pass Success of Pediatric Intubations in the Emergency Department. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 66(4), S7. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.07.046
• Smith, J. J., Bobrow, B. J., Viscusi, C., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J. J., Mhayamaguru, M., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Curry, M., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., & Adelson, P. D. (2015). Abstract 16144: Association Between Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Non-mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation, 132.
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  Introduction: During prolonged hospitalization for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), fever has been identified as a possible cause of secondary brain injury and previous reports have identified an association between elevated body temperature and increased mortality following TBI. However, little is known about the relationship between an elevated initial trauma center body temperature (ITCT), measured immediately after EMS transport, and non-mortality outcomes. The purpose of this study was to determine if a correlation exists between elevated ITCT and various important patient outcomes. Methods: All moderate/severe TBI cases (CDC Barell Matrix Type 1) in the Arizona State Trauma Registry (ASTR; 1/1/07-12/31/12) were analyzed by the following ITCT categories: 36.5-37.9°C (normal-NT), 38.0-38.9°C (elevated-ET) and ≥39.0°C (very elevated-VET). Outcomes included: Trauma Center (TC) length-of-stay (LOS), Intensive Care Unit (ICU) LOS, and total TC charges. For continuous variables, non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess the median difference between the ET and VET cohorts and the NT group (reference). Wilcoxon two-sample tests identified groups with significant differences (alpha = 0.05). Results: 22,925 cases met inclusion criteria (exclusions: missing ITCT-2,885; missing demographics-700; ITCT Conclusion: In this statewide study, ET or VET were associated with longer ICU LOS, longer hospital LOS and increased hospital charges. Future work is needed to identify the causes of temperature elevations that occur during prehospital TBI care (e.g., environmental factors versus autonomic dysregulation) and whether initiation of in-field measures to prevent temperature elevation might improve outcome.
• Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B., Barnhart, B., Adelson, P. D., Adelson, P. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Denninghoff, K. R., Rice, A. D., Rice, A. D., Viscusi, C. D., , Viscusi, C. D., et al. (2017). Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Keim SM: Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2018;22(1):105-106.
• Beskind, D. L., Hiller, K. M., Stolz, U., Bradshaw, H., Berkman, M., Stoneking, L. R., Fiorello, A., Min, A., Viscusi, C., & Grall, K. J. (2014). Does the experience of the writer affect the evaluative components on the standardized letter of recommendation in emergency medicine?. The Journal of emergency medicine, 46(4), 544-50.
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  The Standardized Letter of Recommendation (SLOR) was developed in an attempt to standardize the evaluation of applicants to an emergency medicine (EM) residency.
• Hiller, K., Viscusi, C., Beskind, D., Bradshaw, H., Berkman, M., & Greene, S. (2014). Cost of an acting intern: clinical productivity in the academic emergency department. The Journal of emergency medicine, 47(2), 216-22.
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  A few studies suggest that an increasing clinical workload does not adversely affect quality of teaching in the Emergency Department (ED); however, the impact of clinical teaching on productivity is unknown.
• Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Stolz, U., Sherrill, D., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B., Sotelo, M., Gaither, J. B., Viscusi, C., Adelson, P. D., & Denninghoff, K. R. (2014). Evaluation of the impact of implementing the emergency medical services traumatic brain injury guidelines in Arizona: the Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care (EPIC) study methodology. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 21(7), 818-30.
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  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) exacts a great toll on society. Fortunately, there is growing evidence that the management of TBI in the early minutes after injury may significantly reduce morbidity and mortality. In response, evidence-based prehospital and in-hospital TBI treatment guidelines have been established by authoritative bodies. However, no large studies have yet evaluated the effectiveness of implementing these guidelines in the prehospital setting. This article describes the background, design, implementation, emergency medical services (EMS) treatment protocols, and statistical analysis of a prospective, controlled (before/after), statewide study designed to evaluate the effect of implementing the EMS TBI guidelines-the Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care (EPIC) study (NIH/NINDS R01NS071049, "EPIC"; and 3R01NS071049-S1, "EPIC4Kids"). The specific aim of the study is to test the hypothesis that statewide implementation of the international adult and pediatric EMS TBI guidelines will significantly reduce mortality and improve nonmortality outcomes in patients with moderate or severe TBI. Furthermore, it will specifically evaluate the effect of guideline implementation on outcomes in the subgroup of patients who are intubated in the field. Over the course of the entire study (~9 years), it is estimated that approximately 25,000 patients will be enrolled.
• Stolz, U., Bobrow, B. J., Viscusi, C., Stolz, U., Spaite, D. W., Sotelo, M., Sherrill, D. L., Mullins, T., Humble, W., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., & Adelson, P. D. (2014). Abstract 4: The Effect of Prehospital Hypoxia and Hypotension on Outcome in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: A Deadly Combination. Circulation, 130.
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  BACKGROUND: Hypoxia (HOx) or hypotension (HT) occurring during the EMS management of major traumatic brain injury-TBI reduces survival. However, little is known about the impact of both HOx and HT, occurring together, on outcome. Only a handful of reports have studied the combination of prehospital HOx/HT in TBI and the largest of these only had 14 cases with both. Objectives: To evaluate the associations between mortality and prehospital HOx and HT, both separately and in combination. METHODS: All moderate/severe TBI cases (CDC Barell Matrix Type-1) in the Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care (EPIC) TBI Study (a statewide, before/after controlled study of the impact of implementing the EMS TBI Treatment Guidelines-NIH/NINDS: 1R01NS071049) from 1/1/08-6/30/12 were evaluated [exclusions: age
• Viscusi, C., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B., Sherrill, D., Bobrow, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Stolz, U., Chikani, V., Sotelo, M., Adelson, P. D., & Denninghoff, K. R. (2014). Evaluation of the Impact of Implementing the Emergency Medical Services Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Arizona: The Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care (EPIC) Study Methodology. Academic Emergency Medicine, 21(7), 818-830. doi:10.1111/acem.12411
• Bradshaw, H., Viscusi, C., Sakles, J. C., Patanwala, A. E., Pacheco, G. S., & Bradshaw, H. (2013). Comparison of GlideScope Video Laryngoscopy to Direct Laryngoscopy for Intubation of Pediatric Patients in the Emergency Department. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 62(4), S75-S76. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.07.026
• Pacheco, G. S., Viscusi, C., Hays, D. P., & Woolridge, D. P. (2012). The effects of resident level of training on the rate of pediatric prescription errors in an academic emergency department. The Journal of emergency medicine, 43(5), e343-8.
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  Medication errors are a leading cause of increased cost and iatrogenic injury in the pediatric population. In the academic setting, studies have suggested that these increased error rates are related primarily to resident inexperience, thus advocating a higher level of supervision.
• Viscusi, C. (2011). TF-20 Pediatric Emergency Airway Primer: More Than Just Little Tubes!. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 58(4), S337. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2011.06.503
• Seupaul, R. A., Somerville, G. G., Viscusi, C., Shepard, A. J., & Hauter, W. E. (2005). Prevalence of postdural puncture headache after ED performed lumbar puncture. The American journal of emergency medicine, 23(7), 913-5.

Proceedings Publications

• Hu, C., Hu, C., Viscusi, C. D., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A., Rice, A., Adelson, P. D., Adelson, P. D., Mullins, T., Mullins, T., Denninghoff, K. R., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Keim, S. M., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., , Gaither, J. B., et al. (2020, Jan). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: Results of the EPIC4Kids Study. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
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  Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Gaither JB, Barnhart BJ, Keim SM, Chikani V, Denninghoff K, Mullins T, Adelson PD, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Hu C: Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: Results of the EPIC4Kids Study. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 7-11, 2020, San Diego, California.
• Hu, C., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A., D, A., T, M., Denninghoff, K. R., V, C., Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2019, Fal). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. In Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association, Resuscitation Science Symposium.
• Hu, C., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A., D, A., T, M., Denninghoff, K. R., V, C., Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2019, Nov). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. In Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association, Resuscitation Science Symposium.
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  Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Gaither JB, Keim SM, Barnhart BJ, Chikani V, Denninghoff K, Mullins T, Adelson D, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Hu C: Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: The EPIC4Kids Study. Presented at the Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; November 16-17, 2019.
• Keim, S. M., Sherrill, D. L., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2018, Jan). Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In NAEMSP National Scientific Assembly.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Keim SM: Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented to the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 10-13, 2018, San Diego, California.
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Sherrill, D., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, January). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Bobrow, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Rice, A., Viscusi, C. D., Sherrill, D. L., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Babaeizadeh, S., , Barnhart, B. J., et al. (2017, September). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major TBI Patients. In Mediterranean Emergency Medicine Congress.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ: Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major TBI Patients. Presented to the Mediterranean Emergency Medicine Congress, September 6-10, 2017, Lisbon, Portugal.
• Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A. D., Sherrill, D. L., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Babaeizadeh, S., Barnhart, B., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Perez, O. (2017, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal Co2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. In National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting.
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  Perez O, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Barnhart BJ, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Sherrill D, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ: Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 24-26, 2017, New Orleans, LA.
• Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A. D., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Sherrill, D. L., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Babaeizadeh, S., Perez, O., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. (2017, Jan). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Sherrill D, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ: Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 24-26, 2017, New Orleans, LA.
• Keim, S. M., Sherrill, D. L., Mullins, T., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2017, November). Evaluation of the Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Sherrill D, Keim SM: Evaluation of the Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented to American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions, November, 2017, Anaheim, CA.
• Perez, O., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Sherrill, D., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, January). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Sherrill, D. L., Mullins, T., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Grady, K., Rice, A. D., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2017, Jan). Evaluation Of Prehospital Hypoxia "Depth-Duration Dose'' and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart BJ, Adelson PD, Rice AD, Grady K, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Sherrill D: Evaluation of Prehospital Hypoxia “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 24-26, 2017, New Orleans, LA.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Rice, A. D., Grady, K., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Sherrill, D. (2017, January). Evaluation of Prehospital Hypoxia “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, 21, 91.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart BJ, Adelson PD, Rice AD, Grady K, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Sherrill D: Evaluation of Prehospital Hypoxia “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2017:21(1):91.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Rice, A. D., Grady, K., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Sherrill, D. (2017, January). Evaluation of Prehospital Hypoxia “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, November). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions, 133, A15795.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Bobrow BJ: Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Circulation 2016;133:A15795
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, November). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J. J., Curry, M., Mhayamaguru, M., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, January). Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperatures Are Associated With Poor Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, 20, 141.
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  Gaither JB, Chikani V, Spaite DW, Smith JJ, Curry M, Mhayamaguru M, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Denninghoff KR, Bobrow B: Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperatures Are Associated With Poor Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2016;20(1):141.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J. J., Curry, M., Mhayamaguru, M., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Bobrow, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J. J., Curry, M., Mhayamaguru, M., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., , Viscusi, C. D., et al. (2016, January). Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperatures Are Associated With Poor Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Spaite, D. W. (2016, Fall). Age-Related Risk of Death in Patients With Major TBI: Implications for Trauma Triage Guidelines.. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 20, 164.
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  Gaither JB, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Sherrill D, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Denninghoff KR, Spaite DW: Age-Related Risk of Death in Patients With Major TBI: Implications for Trauma Triage Guidelines. Prehospital Emerg Care 2016;20(1):164.
• Perez, O., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Sherril, D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, November). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions, 133, A13835.
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  Perez O, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Barnhart BJ, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Vatsal C, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Bobrow BJ: Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2016;133:A13835
• Perez, O., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Vatsal, C., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Sherril, D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, November). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Sherrill, D. (2016, November). Evaluation of Prehospital Hypotension Depth-Duration Dose and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Sherrill, D. L. (2016, November). Evaluation of Prehospital Hypotension Depth-Duration Dose and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions, 133, A15910.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Adelson PD, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Sherrill D: Evaluation of Prehospital Hypotension Depth-Duration Dose and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2016;A15910
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Martinez, R., & Adelson, P. D. (2016, January). Comparison of the Performance of Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure Versus Calculated Mean Arterial Pressure in Predicting Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, 20, 137.
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  Spaite DW, Hu Chengcheng, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Sherrill D, Barnhart B, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Martinez R, Adelson PD. Comparison of the Performance of Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure Versus Calculated Mean Arterial Pressure in Predicting Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2016;20(1):137.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Denninghoff, K. R., & Stolz, U. (2016, January). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, 20, 140-141.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Sherrill D, Chikani V, Barnhart B, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Stolz U. Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study. Prehospital Emerg Care 2016;20(1):140-141.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Denninghoff, K. R., & Stolz, U. (2016, January). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study.. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Spaite, D. W., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Barnhart, B. J., Stolz, U., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Adelson, P. D., & Mullins, T. (2016, Spring). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study.. In Circulation.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J. J., Curry, M., Mhayamaguru, M., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Bobrow, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J. J., Curry, M., Mhayamaguru, M., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., , Viscusi, C. D., et al. (2015, November). Association Between Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Resuscitation Science Symposium of the American Heart Association, 132.
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  Gaither JB, Chikani V, Spaite DW, Smith JJ, Curry M, Mhayamaguru M, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Denninghoff KR, Bobrow B; Association Between Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2015;132
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Stolz, U., Garison, S., Smith, J., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2015, January). Association Between Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Mortality from Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Stolz, U., Garrison, S., Smith, J., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2015, January). Association Between Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Mortality from Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, 19, 165.
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  Gaither JB, Chikani V, Spaite DW, Stolz U, Garrison S, Smith J, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Denninghoff K, Bobrow BJ: Association Between Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Mortality from Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2015;19(1):165.
• Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J. J., Smith, J. J., Curry, M., Curry, M., Mhayamaguru, M., Mhayamaguru, M., Barnhart, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., , Denninghoff, K. R., et al. (2015, November). Association Between Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Resuscitation Science Symposium of the American Heart Association.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Martinez, R. A., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Stolz, U. (2015, November). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Resuscitation Science Symposium of the American Heart Association, 132, A14938..
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  Spaite DW, Hu Chengcheng, Bobrow BJ, Sherrill D, Chikani V, Barnhart B, Martinez R, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Stolz U: Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2015;132:A14938.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Martinez, R. A., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Stolz, U. (2015, November). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Resuscitation Science Symposium of the American Heart Association.
• Stolz, U., Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Humble, W. O., & Denninghoff, K. R. (2015, January). Association Between Lowest Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure and Non-Mortality Outcomes in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Is There a “Hypotension” Threshold?. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Stolz, U., Stolz, U., Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Adelson, P. D., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., , Mullins, T., et al. (2015, January). Association Between Lowest Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure and Non-Mortality Outcomes in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Is There a “Hypotension” Threshold?. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, 19, 143.

Presentations

• Cagno, C. K., Viscusi, C. D., Karra, R., & Moynahan, K. F. (2023). ‘Sustaining Mentoring Relationships Longitudinally: One LC’s Intervention’. Learning Communities Institute 20th Annual Meeting.
• Hu, C., Hu, C., Viscusi, C. D., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A., Rice, A., Adelson, D., Adelson, D., Mullins, T., Mullins, T., Denninghoff, K. R., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Keim, S. M., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., , Gaither, J. B., et al. (2020, Jan). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. January 6-11, 2020, San Diego, CA.
• Perez, O., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Barnhardt, B. J., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Sherill, D., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2018, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. NAEMSP National Scientific Assembly.
• Perez, O., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Barnhardt, B. J., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Sherill, D., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2018, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Sherril, D., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, Jan). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Sherrill D, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ: Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2017:21(1):95.
• Barnhart, B., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Sherrill, D. L., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, Jan). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Sherrill D, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ. 2017. Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care, 2017;21(1):95.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B., Adelson, P. D., Rice, A. D., Grady, K., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Sherrill, D. L. (2017, Jan). Evaluation Of Prehospital Hypoxia "Depth-Duration Dose'' and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart BJ, Adelson PD, Rice AD, Grady K, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Sherrill D. 2017. Evaluation Of Prehospital Hypoxia "Depth-Duration Dose'' and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care, 2017;21(1):91.
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, Nov). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Bobrow BJ: Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Circulation 2016;133:A15795
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J. J., Curry, M., Mhayamaguru, M., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, January). Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperatures Are Associated With Poor Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego.
• Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Spaite, D. W. (2016, January 14-16). Age-Related Risk of Death in Patients With Major TBI: Implications for Trauma Triage Guidelines.. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA.
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  Gaither JB, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Sherrill D, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Denninghoff KR, Spaite DW. 2016. Age-Related Risk of Death in Patients With Major TBI: Implications for Trauma Triage Guidelines. Prehospital Emerg Care 2016;20(1):164.
• Perez, O. P., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Sherrill, D. L., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, Nov). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
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  Perez O, Spaite D, Helfenbein E, Barnhart B, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Bobrow BJ. 2016. Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation. 134 (Suppl 1): A13835.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Sherrill, D. L. (2016, November). Evaluation of Prehospital Hypotension Depth-Duration Dose and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Adelson PD, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Sherrill D: Evaluation of Prehospital Hypotension Depth-Duration Dose and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2016;A15910
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Martinez, R. A., & Adelson, P. D. (2016, January 14-16). Comparison of the Performance of Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure Versus Calculated Mean Arterial Pressure in Predicting Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Sherrill DL, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Viscusi CD, Mullins T, Martinez RA, and Adelson PD. 2016. Comparison of the performance of prehospital systolic blood pressure versus calculated mean arterial pressure in predicting mortality in major traumatic brain injury. Prehospital Emerg Care, 2016;20(1):137.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Stolz, U., & Adelson, P. D. (2016, January). Comparison of the Performance of Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure Versus Calculated Mean Arterial Pressure in Predicting Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego, California.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Stolz, U. (2016, January 14-16). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study.. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Sherrill DL, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Adelson PD, Viscusi CD, Mullins T, and Stolz U. 2016. Association between survival and increases in prehospital systolic blood pressure after its nadir in major traumatic brain injury: new findings from the EPIC study. Prehospital Emerg Care, 2016;20(1):140-141.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Stolz, U., Garison, S., Smith, J., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2015, January). Association Between Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Mortality from Major Traumatic Brain Injury.. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. New Orleans, Louisiana.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Martinez, R. A., & Adelson, P. D. (2015, Summer). Comparison of the Performance of Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure Versus Calculated Mean Arterial Pressure in Predicting Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Stolz, U. (2015, Fall). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study.. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Stolz, U. (2015, November). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury.. Resuscitation Science Symposium of the American Heart Association. Orlando, Florida: American Heart Association.
• Stolz, U., Denninghoff, K. R., Mullins, T., Viscusi, C. D., Adelson, P. D., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2016, January). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study.. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego, California.
• Hiller, K. M., Beskind, D. L., Bradshaw, H. R., Berkman, M. R., Viscusi, C. D., Min, A. A., Grall, K., & Stoneking, L. R. (2013, June). How Much do Students Cost? Clinical Productivity in the Academic Emergency Department. Western Regional Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Annual Conference.
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  Long Beach, CA

Poster Presentations

• Hu, C., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A., D, A., T, M., Denninghoff, K. R., V, C., Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2019, Fall). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association, Resuscitation Science Symposium. Nov. 16–17, 2019 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2019, Jan). Differential Effects of Prehospital Hypotension and Injury Severity in Isolated versus Multisystem Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. January 7-12, 2019, Austin, TX..
• Maher, S. A., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Mullins, M., Spaite, D. W., & Bobrow, B. J. (2019, Nov). Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Prior to Arrival of Emergency Medical Services in Arizona Extended Care Facilities. Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association, Resuscitation Science Symposium. Nov. 16–17, 2019, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A. D., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Sherill, D., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Babaeizadeh, S., Barnhardt, B. J., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Perez, O. (2018, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. NAEMSP National Scientific Assembly.
• Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A. D., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Sherill, D., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Babaeizadeh, S., Barnhardt, B. J., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Perez, O. (2018, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Sherril, D., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, Jan). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Sherrill D, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ: Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2017:21(1):95.
• Perez, O., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Sherrill, D. L., Rice, A. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal Co2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA.
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  Perez O, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Barnhart BJ, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ. 2017. Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal Co2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Prehospital Emerg Care, 2017;21(1):97.
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, Nov). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Bobrow BJ: Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Circulation 2016;133:A15795
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, November). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
• Fukushima, H., Silver, A., Gould, J., Edgell, K., Appleby, D., Iwami, T., Mullins, M., McDannold, R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, November). Predictors of Resuscitation Success Prior to EMS Arrival in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients Treated with a Public Access AED. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J. J., Curry, M., Mhayamaguru, M., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, January). Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperatures Are Associated With Poor Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego.
• Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Spaite, D. W. (2016, January 14-16). Age-Related Risk of Death in Patients With Major TBI: Implications for Trauma Triage Guidelines.. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA.
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  Gaither JB, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Sherrill D, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Denninghoff KR, Spaite DW. 2016. Age-Related Risk of Death in Patients With Major TBI: Implications for Trauma Triage Guidelines. Prehospital Emerg Care 2016;20(1):164.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Stolz, U., Garison, S., Smith, J., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2015, January). Association Between Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Mortality from Major Traumatic Brain Injury.. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. New Orleans, Louisiana.
• Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Spaite, D. W. (2015, Fall). Age-Related Risk of Death in Patients With Major TBI: Implications for Trauma Triage Guidelines.. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Sakles, J. C., Patanwala, A., Viscusi, C. D., Bradshaw, H. R., & Pacheco, G. S. (2013, November). Comparison of glidescope videolaryngoscopy to direct laryngoscopy for intubation of pediatric patients in the emergency department. American College of Emergency Physicians.

Others

• Hu, C., Hu, C., Viscusi, C. D., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A., Rice, A., Adelson, D., Adelson, D., Mullins, T., Mullins, T., Denninghoff, K. R., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Keim, S. M., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., , Gaither, J. B., et al. (2020, Jan). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. Prehospital Emergency Care, 24(1), 100-156 (Abstracts for the 2020 NAEMSP Scientific Assembly).
• Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B. J., V, C., Denninghoff, K. R., T, M., D, A., Rice, A., Viscusi, C. D., & Hu, C. (2020, Jan). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. Prehospital Emerency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Gaither JB, Barnhart BJ, Keim SM, Chikani V, Denninghoff K, Mullins T, Adelson D, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Hu C: Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: Results of the EPIC4Kids Study. Prehospital Emerg Care 2020 (in press).
• Hu, C., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A., D, A., T, M., Denninghoff, K. R., V, C., Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2019, Fall). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. Circulation.
• Hu, C., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A., D, A., T, M., Denninghoff, K. R., V, C., Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2019, Fall). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. Circulation. 2019;140:A320.
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  Circulation. 2019;140:A291
• Keim, S. M., Sherrill, D. L., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2017, Sept). Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Keim SM: Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2018;22(1):105-106.
• Keim, S. M., Sherrill, D. L., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2018, Jan). Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Keim SM: Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2018;22(1):105-106.
• Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A. D., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Sherill, D., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Babaeizadeh, S., Barnhardt, B. J., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Perez, O. (2017, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Perez O, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Barnhart BJ, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ: Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Prehospital Emerg Care 2017:21(1):97.
• Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A. D., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Sherril, D., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Babaeizadeh, S., Perez, O., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2017, Jan). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Sherrill D, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ: Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2017:21(1):95.
• Keim, S. M., Sherrill, D. L., Mullins, T., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2017, November). Evaluation of the Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2017;136(Suppl 1):A14729..
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart BJ, Adelson PD, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Sherrill D, Keim SM. Evaluation of the Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension ``Depth-Duration Dose'' and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2017;136(Suppl 1):A14729
• Sherril, D., Mullins, T., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Grady, K., Rice, A. D., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2017, Jan). Evaluation of Prehospital Hypoxia “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart BJ, Adelson PD, Rice AD, Grady K, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Sherrill D: Evaluation of Prehospital Hypoxia “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2017:21(1):91.
• Barnhardt, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, June). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Circulation.
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, Nov). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Circulation.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Bobrow BJ: Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Circulation 2016;A15795
• Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Denninghoff, K. R., Spaite, D. W., Viscusi, C. D., Adelson, P. D., Smith, J. J., Curry, M., Barnhart, B. J., Mhayamagru, M., Mhayamagru, M., Curry, M., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Smith, J. J., Viscusi, C. D., Spaite, D. W., Chikani, V., , Denninghoff, K. R., et al. (2016, Spring). Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperatures Are Associated With Poor Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J., Curry, M., Mhayamaguru, K. M., Barnhart, B., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Bobrow, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J., Curry, M., Mhayamaguru, K. M., Barnhart, B., Adelson, P. D., , Viscusi, C. D., et al. (2016, June). Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperatures Are Associated With Poor Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Hu, C., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Sherrill, D. L., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., , Adelson, P. D., et al. (2016, Spring). Age-Related Risk of Death in Patients With Major TBI: Implications for Trauma Triage Guidelines.. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Perez, O., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Barnhardt, B. J., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Vatsal, C., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Sherill, D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, June). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
• Perez, O., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Sherill, D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, Jan). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
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  Perez O, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Barnhart BJ, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Vatsal C, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Bobrow BJ: Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2016;A13835
• Spaite, D. W., Chengcheng, H., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Martinez, R. A., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Stolz, U. (2016, Jan). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Sherrill D, Chikani V, Barnhart B, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Stolz U. Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study. Prehospital Emerg Care 2016;20(1):140-141.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Barnhardt, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Sherrill, D. (2016, June). Evaluation of Prehospital Hypotension Depth-Duration Dose and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Sherrill, D. (2016, Nov). Evaluation of Prehospital Hypotension Depth-Duration Dose and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Adelson PD, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Sherrill D: Evaluation of Prehospital Hypotension Depth-Duration Dose and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2016;A15910
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Martinez, R. A., & Adelson, P. D. (2016, Jan). Comparison of the Performance of Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure Versus Calculated Mean Arterial Pressure in Predicting Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu Chengcheng, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Sherrill D, Barnhart B, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Martinez R, Adelson PD. Comparison of the Performance of Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure Versus Calculated Mean Arterial Pressure in Predicting Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2016;20(1):137.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Stolz, U., Adelson, P. D., Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., , Denninghoff, K. R., et al. (2016, Spring). Comparison of the Performance of Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure Versus Calculated Mean Arterial Pressure in Predicting Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Denninghoff, K. R., & Stolz, U. (2016, Spring). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Martinez, R. A., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Stolz, U. (2016, Spring). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
• Spaite, D. W., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Barnhart, B. J., Stolz, U., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Adelson, P. D., & Mullins, T. (2016, Spring). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study.. Circulation.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J. J., Curry, M., Mhayamaguru, M., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2015, November). Association Between Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
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  Gaither JB, Chikani V, Spaite DW, Smith JJ, Curry M, Mhayamaguru M, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Denninghoff KR, Bobrow B; Association Between Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2015;132
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J. J., Curry, M., Mhayamaguru, M., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2015, Spring). Association Between Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Stolz, U., Garison, S., Smith, J., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Bobrow, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Stolz, U., Garison, S., Smith, J., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., , Viscusi, C. D., et al. (2015, Spring). Association Between Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Mortality from Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Stolz, U., Garrison, S., Smith, J., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2015, Jan). Association Between Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Mortality from Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Gaither JB, Chikani V, Spaite DW, Stolz U, Garrison S, Smith J, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Denninghoff K, Bobrow BJ: Association Between Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Mortality from Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2015;19(1):165.
• Keim, S. M., Spaite, D. W., Sherrill, D. L., Hu, C., Viscusi, C. D., Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A. D., Chikani, V., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B., Barnhart, B., Adelson, P. D., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Rice, A. D., Bobrow, B. J., , Viscusi, C. D., et al. (2017, Sept). Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Keim SM: Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2018;22(1):105-106.
• Spaite, D. W., Chengcheng, H., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Martinez, R. A., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Stolz, U. (2015, Spring). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Spaite, D. W., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Barnhart, B. J., Stolz, U., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Adelson, P. D., & Mullins, T. (2015, November). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study.. Circulation.
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  Spaite DW, Hu Chengcheng, Bobrow BJ, Sherrill D, Chikani V, Barnhart B, Martinez R, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Stolz U: Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2015;132:A14938.
• Stolz, U., Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Humble, W. O., & Denninghoff, K. R. (2015, Jan). Association Between Lowest Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure and Non-Mortality Outcomes in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Is There a “Hypotension” Threshold?. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Stolz U, Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Sherrill D, Barnhart B, Gaither JB, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Humble W, Denninghoff KR: Association Between Lowest Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure and Non-Mortality Outcomes in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Is There a “Hypotension” Threshold? Prehospital Emerg Care 2015;19(1):143
• Stolz, U., Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Humble, W. O., & Denninghoff, K. R. (2015, Spring). Association Between Lowest Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure and Non-Mortality Outcomes in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Is There a “Hypotension” Threshold?. Prehospital Emerg Care.
• Stolz, U., Stolz, U., Stolz, U., Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Sherrill, D. L., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., , Gaither, J. B., et al. (2015, Spring). Association Between Lowest Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure and Non-Mortality Outcomes in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Is There a “Hypotension” Threshold?. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Hiller, K. M., Beskind, D. L., Bradshaw, H. R., Berkman, M. R., Viscusi, C. D., Min, A. A., Grall, K., & Stoneking, L. R. (2013, June). How Much do Students Cost? Clinical Productivity in the Academic Emergency Department. Western Regional Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Annual Conference.
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  Long Beach, CA