Amber D Rice

Interests

Teaching

Emergency Medical Services Emergency Medicine

Research

Emergency Medical Services Prehospital Medicine Cardiac Arrest Emergency Medicine

Courses

Scholarly Contributions

Books

• Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Andrew, C., & Charles, H. (2021). Applied Resuscitation Education and Specialized Training (AREST) – Advanced Cardiac Care Course Training Manual; first edition.
• Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Andrew, C., & Charles, H. (2021). Applied Resuscitation Education and Specialized Training (AREST) – Immediate Rescuer Training Manual; first edition.
• Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Andrew, C., & Charles, H. (2021). Applied Resuscitation Education and Specialized Training (AREST) – Prehospital CPR Training Manual; first edition.
• Rice, A. (2019). 2019 Edition - NAEMSP® Review Guide for Emergency Medical Services Clinical Practice and Systems Oversight, Second Edition..
• Rice, A. (2018). NAEMSP® Review Guide for Emergency Medical Services Clinical Practice and Systems Oversight, Second Edition..
• Rice, A. (2016). Advanced Hazmat Life Support for ToxMedics.

Chapters

• Rice, A. (2020). Corrosives. In Advanced Hazardous Materials Management for Tox-Medics Guidelines Second Edition..
• Rice, A. (2020). Opioids and Riot Control Agents. In Advanced Hazardous Materials Management for Tox-Medics Guidelines Second Edition.
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  Editors: Gaither JB, French RE, Walter FG; second edition, 2020.

Journals/Publications

• Gaither, J. B., Rice, A. D., Jado, I., Armstrong, S., Packard, S. E., Clark, J., Draper, S., Duncan, M., Bradley, B., & Spaite, D. W. (2023). Impact of in-Station Medication Automated Dispensing Systems on Prehospital Pain Medication Administration. Prehospital emergency care, 27(3), 350-355.
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  Medication automatic dispensing systems (ADS) have been implemented in many settings, including fire-based EMS stations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of in-station ADSs on controlled substance administration rates and EMS response intervals.
• Rice, A. D., Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G. H., Howard, J. T., Keim, S. M., & Bobrow, B. J. (2023). Correlation between prehospital and in-hospital hypotension and outcomes after traumatic brain injury. The American journal of emergency medicine, 65, 95-103.
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  Hypotension has a powerful effect on patient outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The relative impact of hypotension occurring in the field versus during early hospital resuscitation is unknown. We evaluated the association between hypotension and mortality and non-mortality outcomes in four cohorts defined by where the hypotension occurred [neither prehospital nor hospital, prehospital only, hospital only, both prehospital and hospital].
• Gaither, J. B., Rice, A. D., Jado, I., Armstrong, S., Packard, S. E., Clark, J., Draper, S., Duncan, M., Bradley, B., & Spaite, D. W. (2022). Impact of in-Station Medication Automated Dispensing Systems on Prehospital Pain Medication Administration. Prehospital Emergency Care, 1-6.
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  Gaither JB, Rice AD, Jado I, Armstrong S, Packard SE, Clark J, Draper S, Duncan M, Bradley B, Spaite DW. Impact of In-Station Medication Automated Dispensing Systems On Prehospital Pain Medication Administration
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A. D., Bradley, G. H., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2022). Optimal Out-of-Hospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: A Challenge to the Current Understanding of Hypotension. Annals of emergency medicine, 80(1), 46-59. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.01.045
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  Little is known about the out-of-hospital blood pressure ranges associated with optimal outcomes in traumatic brain injuries (TBI). Our objective was to evaluate the associations between out-of-hospital systolic blood pressure (SBP) and multiple hospital outcomes without assuming any predefined thresholds for hypotension, normotension, or hypertension..This was a preplanned secondary analysis from the Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care (EPIC) TBI study. Among patients (age ≥10 years) with major TBIs (Barell Matrix type 1 and/or Abbreviated Injury Scale-head severity ≥3) and lowest out-of-hospital SBPs of 40 to 299 mmHg, we utilized generalized additive models to summarize the distributions of various outcomes as smoothed functions of SBP, adjusting for important and significant confounders. The subjects who were enrolled in the study phase after the out-of-hospital TBI guideline implementation were used to validate the models developed from the preimplementation cohort..Among 12,169 included cases, the mortality model revealed 3 distinct ranges: (1) a monotonically decreasing relationship between SBP and the adjusted probability of death from 40 to 130 mmHg, (2) lowest adjusted mortality from 130 to 180 mmHg, and (3) rapidly increasing mortality above 180 mmHg. A subanalysis of the cohorts with isolated TBIs and multisystem injuries with TBIs revealed SBP mortality patterns that were similar to each other and to that of the main analysis. While the specific SBP ranges varied somewhat for the nonmortality outcomes (hospital length of stay, ICU length of stay, discharge to skilled nursing/inpatient rehabilitation, and hospital charges), the patterns were very similar to that of mortality. In each model, validation was confirmed utilizing the postimplementation cohort..Optimal adjusted mortality was associated with a surprisingly high SBP range (130 to 180 mmHg). Below this level, there was no point or range of inflection that would indicate a physiologically meaningful threshold for defining hypotension. Nonmortality outcomes showed very similar patterns. These findings highlight how sensitive the injured brain is to compromised perfusion at SBP levels that, heretofore, have been considered adequate or even normal. While the study design does did not allow us to conclude that the currently recommended treatment threshold (
• Moses Mhayamaguru, K., Gaither, J. B., French, R. N., Christopher, N. D., Waters, K. E., Jado, I., Rice, A. D., Beskind, D., Knotts, M. C., Ronnebaum, J., Smith, J., & Walter, F. G. (2022). Availability and use of medications by prehospital providers trained to manage medical complications of patients in hazardous materials incidents. American journal of disaster medicine, 16(3), 215-223.
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  Little is known about prehospital availability and use of medications to treat patients from hazardous materials (hazmat) medical emergencies. The aim of this study was to identify the availability and frequency of use of medications for patients in hazmat incidents by paramedics with advanced training to care for these patients.
• Rice, A., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., & Spaite, D. W. (2022). In-Field and Early Hospital Hypotension in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Correlations and Effects on Outcome. Prehospital Emergency Care, 26(1), 110 (Abs #6).
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  Rice AD, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Chikani V, Bradley GH, Keim SM, Howard JT, Spaite DW. In-Field and Early Hospital Hypotension in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Correlations and Effects on Outcome. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:110 (Abs #6)
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G., Rice, A., Howard, J. T., & Keim, S. M. (2022). Optimal Prehospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: A Challenge to the Current Understanding of Hypotension. Annals of Emergency Medicine.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Optimal Prehospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: A Challenge to the Current Understanding of Hypotension. Ann Emerg Med. (In Press)
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G. H., Rice, A. D., Howard, J. T., & Keim, S. M. (2022). Optimal Out-of-Hospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: A Challenge to the Current Understanding of Hypotension. Annals of emergency medicine, 80(1), 46-59.
  More info

  Little is known about the out-of-hospital blood pressure ranges associated with optimal outcomes in traumatic brain injuries (TBI). Our objective was to evaluate the associations between out-of-hospital systolic blood pressure (SBP) and multiple hospital outcomes without assuming any predefined thresholds for hypotension, normotension, or hypertension.
• Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D., Denninghoff, K. R., Mullins, T., Adelson, P. D., Rice, A. D., Viscusi, C., & Hu, C. (2021). Effect of Implementing the Out-of-Hospital Traumatic Brain Injury Treatment Guidelines: The Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care for Children Study (EPIC4Kids). Annals of emergency medicine, 77(2), 139-153.
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  We evaluate the effect of implementing the out-of-hospital pediatric traumatic brain injury guidelines on outcomes in children with major traumatic brain injury.
• Glenn, M. J., Rice, A. D., Primeau, K., Hollen, A., Jado, I., Hannan, P., McDonough, S., Arcaris, B., Spaite, D. W., & Gaither, J. B. (2021). Refusals After Prehospital Administration of Naloxone during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 25(1), 46-54.
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  To determine if COVID-19 was associated with a change in patient refusals after Emergency Medical Services (EMS) administration of naloxone.
• Acquisto, N. M., Cushman, J. T., Rice, A. D., & Edwards, C. J. (2020). Collaboration by emergency medicine pharmacists and prehospital services providers. American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, 77(12), 918-921.
• Glenn, M., Rice, A., Primeau, K., Hollen, A., Jado, I., Hannan, P., McDonough, S., Arcaris, B., Spaite, D. W., & Gaither, J. B. (2020). Refusals after prehospital administration of naloxone during the COVID-19 pandemic. Prehospital Emergency Care. doi:10.1080/10903127.2020.1834656
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  Glenn MJ, Rice AD, Primeau K, Hollen A, Jado I, Hannan P, McDonough S, Arcaris B, Spaite DW, Gaither JB: Refusals after prehospital administration of naloxone during the COVID-19 pandemic. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2020. Epub 2020 November 3. DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2020.1834656. PubMed PMID: 33054530
• Roberts, S., Murugesan, A., Tolson, J., Patanwala, A. E., Rice, A. D., Beskind, D., Bradshaw, H., Jado, I., & Gaither, J. B. (2020). Can Emergency Medical Services Utilization Rates Be Used to Measure the Success of An Alcohol Amnesty Policy?. Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 1-5.
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  Medical Amnesty/Good Samaritan (MAGS) policies, which eliminate legal charges when students call 9-1-1 for excessive drinking, have been implemented with the goal of reducing barriers to accessing Emergency Medical Services (EMS). This study investigated the impact of MAGS policy implementation on EMS calls on campus and if that EMS call volume could be used to measure policy success. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of alcohol-related EMS calls before and after MAGS implementation at a single large public university campus. A retrospective review of all 9-1-1 calls to on-campus locations was conducted using patient care records (PCRs) from a collegiate EMS agency responding exclusively to on-campus 9-1-1 calls. Calls were excluded if the PCR was marked "incomplete", were outside the 2015 CBEMS response zone boundaries, or if patient age was 25 years old to ensure analysis was targeting the on-campus student population. The incidence of alcohol-related 9-1-1 calls was compared between one academic year (AY) prior to (pre-MAGS, AY2015) and two years after MAGS implementation (post-MAGS, AY2016/17). An alcohol-related 9-1-1 call was defined as an EMS provider primary or secondary impression of "Alcohol, Alcohol Intoxication, or Alcohol Ingestion" or a call in which the patient explicitly admitted to alcohol use. Relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to describe the results. Over the three-year study period, the collegiate EMS agency responded to 2440 calls of which 1283 met inclusion criteria. 58 calls were excluded for being incomplete, 227 were outside the original boundaries and 872 were outside the defined age range. Of those calls, 351 were pre-MAGS and 932 were post-MAGS. Of the total 9-1-1 calls, 127 (36.2%) were related to alcohol pre-MAGS and 327 (35.1%) were related to alcohol post-MAGS policy implementation. The relative risk of a 9-1-1 call being made for alcohol-related issues after MAGS implementation was RR = 0.97 (95% CI 0.83-1.14; P = 0.713). Implementation of a MAGS policy was not associated with a significant change in the number of alcohol-related EMS responses. It is unclear if these results reflect ineffective policy implementation or a general reduction in on-campus alcohol consumption. However, using EMS call volume as a marker for policy success and quality improvement offers an innovative tool through which EMS agencies can provide valuable feedback to other system stakeholders.
• Castro-Marin, F., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A. D., N Blust, R., Chikani, V., Vossbrink, A., & Bobrow, B. J. (2019). Prehospital Protocols Reducing Long Spinal Board Use Are Not Associated with a Change in Incidence of Spinal Cord Injury. Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 1-10.
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  Many emergency medical services (EMS) agencies have de-emphasized or eliminated the use of long spinal boards (LSB) for patients with possible spinal injury. We sought to determine if implementation of spinal motion restriction (SMR) protocols, which reduce LSB use, was associated with an increase in spinal cord injury (SCI). This retrospective observational study includes EMS encounters from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2015 submitted by SMR-adopting ground-based agencies to a state EMS database with hospital discharge data. Encounters were excluded if SMR implementation date was unknown, occurred during a 3-month run-in period, or were duplicates. Study samples include patients with traumatic injury (TI), possible spinal trauma (P-ST), and verified spinal trauma (V-ST) using hospital discharge ICD-9/10 diagnosis codes. The incidence of SCI before and after implementation of SMR was compared using Chi-squared and logistic regression. From 1,005,978 linked encounters, 104,315 unique encounters with traumatic injury and known SMR implementation date were identified with 51,199 cases of P-ST and 5,178 V-ST cases. The incidence of SCI in the pre-SMR and post-SMR interval for each group was: TI, 0.20% vs. 0.22% (p = 0.390); P-ST, 0.40% vs. 0.45% (p = 0.436); and V-ST, 4.04% vs. 4.37% (p = 0.561). Age and injury severity adjusted odds ratio of SCI in the highest risk cohort of patients with V-ST was 1.097 after SMR implementation (95% CI 0.818-1.472). In this limited study, no change in the incidence of SCI was identified following implementation of SMR protocols. Prospective evaluation of this question is necessary to evaluate the safety of SMR protocols.
• Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Sherrill, D., Denninghoff, K. R., Mullins, T., Adelson, P. D., Rice, A. D., Viscusi, C., & Hu, C. (2019). Association of Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Treatment Guidelines With Patient Survival Following Traumatic Brain Injury: The Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care (EPIC) Study. JAMA surgery, 154(7), e191152.
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  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a massive public health problem. While evidence-based guidelines directing the prehospital treatment of TBI have been promulgated, to our knowledge, no studies have assessed their association with survival.
• Spaite, D. W., Beskind, D. L., Smith, J. J., Waters, K. E., Rice, A., Mhayamaguru, K., & Gaither, J. B. (2018). Use of Distance Education Tools to Improve the Rural EMS Experience for EMS Fellows. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Gaither JB, Mhayamaguru KM, Rice A, Waters KE, Smith JJ, Beskind D, Spaite DW. Use of Distance Education Tools to Improve the Rural EMS Experience for EMS Fellows. Prehospital Emerg Care 2018;22(1):152-153.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Stolz, U., Viscusi, C., Denninghoff, K., Barnhart, B., Mullins, T., Rice, A. D., Mhayamaguru, M., Smith, J. J., Keim, S. M., Bobrow, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2017). Body Temperature after EMS Transport: Association with Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes. Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 21(5), 575-582.
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  Low body temperatures following prehospital transport are associated with poor outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, a minimal amount is known about potential associations across a range of temperatures obtained immediately after prehospital transport. Furthermore, a minimal amount is known about the influence of body temperature on non-mortality outcomes. The purpose of this study was to assess the correlation between temperatures obtained immediately following prehospital transport and TBI outcomes across the entire range of temperatures.
• Rice, A., Dudek, J., Gross, T., St Mars, T., & Woolridge, D. (2017). The Impact of a Pediatric Emergency Department Facility Verification System on Pediatric Mortality Rates in Arizona. The Journal of emergency medicine, 52(6), 894-901.
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  The Emergency Medical Services for Children State Partnership Program, as well as the Institute of Medicine report on pediatric emergency care, encourages recognition of emergency departments (EDs) through categorization and verification systems. Although pediatric verification programs are associated with greater pediatric readiness, clinical outcome data have been lacking to track the effects and patient-centered outcomes by implementing such programs.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C., Mullins, T., Rice, A. D., & Sherrill, D. (2017). Association of Out-of-Hospital Hypotension Depth and Duration With Traumatic Brain Injury Mortality. Annals of emergency medicine, 70(4), 522-530.e1.
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  Out-of-hospital hypotension has been associated with increased mortality in traumatic brain injury. The association of traumatic brain injury mortality with the depth or duration of out-of-hospital hypotension is unknown. We evaluated the relationship between the depth and duration of out-of-hospital hypotension and mortality in major traumatic brain injury.
• Powell, G. L., Rice, A., Bennett-Cross, S. J., & Fregosi, R. F. (2014). Respiration-related discharge of hyoglossus muscle motor units in the rat. Journal of neurophysiology, 111(2), 361-8.
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  Although respiratory muscle motor units have been studied during natural breathing, simultaneous measures of muscle force have never been obtained. Tongue retractor muscles, such as the hyoglossus (HG), play an important role in swallowing, licking, chewing, breathing, and, in humans, speech. The HG is phasically recruited during the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle. Moreover, in urethane anesthetized rats the drive to the HG waxes and wanes spontaneously, providing a unique opportunity to study motor unit firing patterns as the muscle is driven naturally by the central pattern generator for breathing. We recorded tongue retraction force, the whole HG muscle EMG and the activity of 38 HG motor units in spontaneously breathing anesthetized rats under low-force and high-force conditions. Activity in all cases was confined to the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle. Changes in the EMG were correlated significantly with corresponding changes in force, with the change in EMG able to predict 53-68% of the force variation. Mean and peak motor unit firing rates were greater under high-force conditions, although the magnitude of discharge rate modulation varied widely across the population. Changes in mean and peak firing rates were significantly correlated with the corresponding changes in force, but the correlations were weak (r(2) = 0.27 and 0.25, respectively). These data indicate that, during spontaneous breathing, recruitment of HG motor units plays a critical role in the control of muscle force, with firing rate modulation playing an important but lesser role.
• Rice, A., Fuglevand, A. J., Laine, C. M., & Fregosi, R. F. (2011). Synchronization of presynaptic input to motor units of tongue, inspiratory intercostal, and diaphragm muscles. Journal of neurophysiology, 105(5), 2330-6.
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  The respiratory central pattern generator distributes rhythmic excitatory input to phrenic, intercostal, and hypoglossal premotor neurons. The degree to which this input shapes motor neuron activity can vary across respiratory muscles and motor neuron pools. We evaluated the extent to which respiratory drive synchronizes the activation of motor unit pairs in tongue (genioglossus, hyoglossus) and chest-wall (diaphragm, external intercostals) muscles using coherence analysis. This is a frequency domain technique, which characterizes the frequency and relative strength of neural inputs that are common to each of the recorded motor units. We also examined coherence across the two tongue muscles, as our previous work shows that, despite being antagonists, they are strongly coactivated during the inspiratory phase, suggesting that excitatory input from the premotor neurons is distributed broadly throughout the hypoglossal motoneuron pool. All motor unit pairs showed highly correlated activity in the low-frequency range (1-8 Hz), reflecting the fundamental respiratory frequency and its harmonics. Coherence of motor unit pairs recorded either within or across the tongue muscles was similar, consistent with broadly distributed premotor input to the hypoglossal motoneuron pool. Interestingly, motor units from diaphragm and external intercostal muscles showed significantly higher coherence across the 10-20-Hz bandwidth than tongue-muscle units. We propose that the lower coherence in tongue-muscle motor units over this range reflects a larger constellation of presynaptic inputs, which collectively lead to a reduction in the coherence between hypoglossal motoneurons in this frequency band. This, in turn, may reflect the relative simplicity of the respiratory drive to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, compared with the greater diversity of functions fulfilled by muscles of the tongue.
• Huang, Y. H., Brown, A. R., Cross, S. J., Cruz, J., Rice, A., Jaiswal, S., & Fregosi, R. F. (2010). Influence of prenatal nicotine exposure on development of the ventilatory response to hypoxia and hypercapnia in neonatal rats. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 109(1), 149-58.
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  In a recent study (Huang YH et al. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 143: 1-8, 2004), we showed that prenatal nicotine exposure (PNE) increased the frequency of spontaneous apneic events on the first 2 days of life in unanesthetized neonatal rats. Here we test the hypothesis that PNE blunts chemoreceptor reflexes. Ventilatory responses to three levels each of hypoxia (inspired O(2) fraction: 16, 12, and 10%) and hypercapnia (3, 6, and 9% inspired CO(2) fraction, all in 50% O(2), balance N(2)), and one level each of combined hypoxia-hypercapnia (H/H; 12% inspired O(2) fraction/5% inspired CO(2) fraction) and hyperoxia (50% O(2), 50% N(2)) were recorded with head-out plethysmography in neonatal rats exposed to either nicotine (N = 12) or physiological saline (N = 12) in the prenatal period. Recordings were made on postnatal day 1 (P1), P3, P6, P9, P12, and P18, in each animal. The change in ventilation in response to hypoxia was blunted in PNE animals on P1 and P3, but there were no other treatment effects. Hyperoxia significantly depressed ventilation in both groups from P3-P18, but there were no significant treatment effects. The ventilatory response to 3, 6, and 9% inspired CO(2) was significantly blunted in PNE animals at all ages studied, due exclusively to a blunted tidal volume response. PNE also blunted the ventilatory response to H/H at all ages, due primarily to blunting of the tidal volume response. PNE had no significant effect on body mass or metabolic rate, except that PNE animals had a slightly higher mass on P18 and a lower metabolic rate on P1. As shown by others, PNE has small and inconsistent effects on hypoxic ventilatory responses, but here we show that responses to hypercapnia and H/H are consistently blunted by PNE due to a diminished tidal volume response. The combination of reduced hypoxic and hypercapnic sensitivity over the first 3 days of life may define an especially vulnerable developmental period.
• Rice, A., Costy-Bennett, S., Goodwin, J. L., Quan, S. F., & Fregosi, R. F. (2010). Control of breathing in children with mild sleep apnoea: a 6-year follow-up study. The European respiratory journal, 35(1), 124-31.
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  We have previously shown that children (average age 9 yrs) with mildly elevated obstructive apnoea/hypopnoea indices (OAHI) retained CO(2) at rest. Here, we report the results of a 6-yr follow-up study on 14 children from that study. Minute ventilation (V'(E)) and end-tidal CO(2) partial pressure (P(ET,CO(2))) were measured during hypercapnic challenge. OAHI decreased from 7.5+/-4.7 events x h(-1) at age 9 yrs to 2.5+/-1.8 events x h(-1) at age 15 yrs (p
• Bailey, E. F., Fridel, K. W., & Rice, A. D. (2007). Sleep/wake firing patterns of human genioglossus motor units. Journal of neurophysiology, 98(6), 3284-91.
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  Although studies of the principal tongue protrudor muscle genioglossus (GG) suggest that whole muscle GG electromyographic (EMG) activities are preserved in nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, it is unclear what influence sleep exerts on individual GG motor unit (MU) activities. We characterized the firing patterns of human GG MUs in wakefulness and NREM sleep with the aim of determining 1) whether the range of MU discharge patterns evident in wakefulness is preserved in sleep and 2) what effect the removal of the "wakefulness" input has on the magnitude of the respiratory modulation of MU activities. Microelectrodes inserted into the extrinsic tongue protrudor muscle, the genioglossus, were used to follow the discharge of single MUs. We categorized MU activities on the basis of the temporal relationship between the spike train and the respiration cycle and quantified the magnitude of the respiratory modulation of each MU using the eta (eta(2)) index, in wakefulness and sleep. The majority of MUs exhibited subtle increases or decreases in respiratory modulation but were otherwise unaffected by NREM sleep. In contrast, 30% of MUs exhibited marked sleep-associated changes in discharge frequency and respiratory modulation. We suggest that GG MUs should not be considered exclusively tonic or phasic; rather, the discharge pattern appears to be a flexible feature of GG activities in healthy young adults. Whether such flexibility is important in the response to changes in the chemical and/or mechanical environment and whether it is preserved as a function of aging or in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea are critical questions for future research.
• Bailey, E. F., Rice, A. D., & Fuglevand, A. J. (2007). Firing patterns of human genioglossus motor units during voluntary tongue movement. Journal of neurophysiology, 97(1), 933-6.
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  The tongue participates in a range of complex oromotor behaviors, including mastication, swallowing, respiration, and speech. Previous electromyographic studies of the human tongue have focused on respiratory-related tongue muscle activities and their role in maintaining upper airway patency. Remarkably, the activities of human hypoglossal motor units have not been studied during the execution of voluntary maneuvers. We recorded single motor unit activity using tungsten microelectrodes in the genioglossus muscle of 10 healthy human subjects performing both slow tongue protrusions and a static holding maneuver. Displacement of the tongue was detected by an isotonic transducer coupled to the lingual surface through a customized lever arm. For protrusion trials, the firing rate at recruitment was 13.1 +/- 3 Hz and increased steeply to an average of 24 +/- 6 Hz, often with very modest increases in tongue protrusion. For the static holding task, the average firing rate was 16.1 +/- 4 Hz, which is surprisingly high relative to limb motor units. The average coefficient of variation of interspike intervals was approximately 20% (range, 10-28%). These are the first recordings of their type obtained in human subjects and provide an initial glimpse into the voluntary control of hypoglossal motoneurons during tongue movements presumably instigated by activity in the motor cortex.

Proceedings Publications

• Acuna, J. G., Rice, A., Munn, R., Hannan, P., & Gaither, J. B. (2024, January). Acuna JG, Snell EW, Rice AD, Hannan PL, Munn R, Wise JN, Bradley G, Zenuk-Garcia R, Gaither JB.Ultrasound-Guidance for Peripheral Intravenous Access Among Paramedics in the Emergency Department. . In Prehosp Emerg Care.
• Gaither, J. B., Hannan, P., Munn, R., Spaite, D. W., & Rice, A. (2024, January). A liberal shocking strategy distorts Utstein survival calculation for out of hospital cardiac arrests: Knotts MC, Gaither JB, Hannan PL, Hollen A, Munn R, Spaite DW, Johnson H, Keeley B, Twilling S, Rice AD.   . In Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Hannan, P., DeMers, D., Shihab, S., Camarillo, R., Bethel, A., Ng, V., Knotts, M., Liu, J., Munn, R., Rice, A., & Gaither, J. B. (2024, January). MCI Triage Accuracy Among Resident Physicians. In Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  2023: Approximately 1.75 hours spent on project
• Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., French, R. N., Beskind, D. L., Mary, K., Hannan, P., Munn, R., Adrienne, H., & Rice, A. (2023, Jan).

  Improved time to turn around quality improvement feedback to providers using novel integrated quality improvement and feedback system

  . In Prehospital Emergency Care, 27, S74-75.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Seiver, A., Burgett, K., Jorgenson, D., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2023, November). End-Tidal CO2 and Glasgow Coma Scale in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury: Evaluation of Prehospital Nasal Capnography and Level of Consciousness
  . In Circulation, 147, Suppl.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Seiver, A., Burgett, K., Jorgenson, D., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2023, September). End-Tidal CO2 and Glasgow Coma Scale in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury: Evaluation of Prehospital Nasal Capnography and Level of Consciousness
  . In Resuscitation.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2022, Aug). The Risk of Arriving With Hypoxia at the Trauma Center Among Major TBI Patients Who Were Never Hypoxic in the Field: Support for “Hyper-oxic” Prehospital Treatment?. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 27, S1-S96.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2023, Jan). The Risk of Arriving With Hypoxia at the Trauma Center Among Major TBI Patients Who Were Never Hypoxic in the Field: Support for “Hyper-oxic” Prehospital Treatment?. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 27, S1-S96.
• Rice, A., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Gail, B., Keim, S. M., Jeffrey, H. T., & Spaite, D. W. (2023, January). New normal: the association between prehospital “near hypotension” and trauma center hypotension in traumatic brain injury.. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 27, S1-S96.
• Spaite, D. W., Beskind, D. L., French, R. N., McDonough, S., Stevens, B., Knotts, M., Hollen, A., Doty, B., Dolana, B., Munn, R., Hannan, P., Rice, A., & Gaither, J. B. (2023, Jan). Automation of Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Case Review improves EMS provider Performance on Benchmarks. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 27, S1-S96.
• Spaite, D. W., Howard, J. T., Keim, S. M., Bradley, G. H., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Rice, A. (2023, Jan). New normal: the association between prehospital “near hypotension” and trauma center hypotension in traumatic brain injury.. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 27, S1-S96.
• Spaite, D. W., Keim, S. M., Gail, B., Gaither, J. B., AnnMarie, S., Josh, L., Bruce, B., Lyra, C., Robyn, M., Hu, C., & Rice, A. (2023, Jan).

  Patient bodyweight association with CPR quality and outcome

  . In Prehospital Emergency Care, 27, S97-S105.
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  1.     Rice AD, Hu C, McDannold R, Clark L, Barnhart BJ, Lampe J, Silver A, Gaither JB, Bradley G, Keim SM, Spaite DW. P
• Bradley, G. H., Hu, C., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Keim, S. M., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., & Wohlford, L. (2022, Jan). Law Enforcement-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 26, Abs #178.
• Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Denninghoff, K. R., Rice, A., & Hu, C. (2022, January). Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines in Severe TBI Patients with Positive Pressure Ventilation: The EPIC Airway Sub-Analysis. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 26, 109 (Abs #5).
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  Gaither JB, Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Keim SM, Barnhart BJ, Chikani J, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Hu C: Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines in Severe TBI Patients with Positive Pressure Ventilation: The EPIC Airway Sub-Analysis. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:109 (Abs #5)
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Bradley, G., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., & Wohlford, L. (2022, Jan). Law Enforcement-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 26, 155.
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  Wohlford L, Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Bradley GH, Keim SM, Hu C: Law Enforcement-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:155 (Abs #178)
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Helfenbein, E., Adam, S., Jorgenson, D., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2022, Nov). Nasal Sensor Capnographic Differences in Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Receiving Non-Rebreather Mask Versus Nasal Cannula Oxygen Delivery. In Circulation, 146, Abs 167.
• Hu, C., Liu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Adam, S., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2022, Aug). Discrepancies Between Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation: Are We Missing Hypotension?. In European Resuscitation Congress, 175, S55.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2022, Nov). Hypoxia on Arrival at the Hospital Among Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Who Were Non-Hypoxic in the Field: Support for “Hyper-oxic” Prehospital Treatment?. In Circulation, 146, Abs 168.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Chikani, V., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G., Howard, J. T., & Keim, S. M. (2021, Aug). Hyperoxia and Outcome Before and After Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 26, 111-112 (Abs #13).
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Chikani V, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Howard JT, Keim SM: Hyperoxia and Outcome Before and After Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:111-112 (Abs #13)
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Chikani, V., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G., Howard, J. T., & Keim, S. M. (2022, Jan). Hyperoxia and Outcome Before and After Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 26, 111-112 (Abs #13).
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Chikani V, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Howard JT, Keim SM: Hyperoxia and Outcome Before and After Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:111-112 (Abs #13)
• Wohlford, L., Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., & Hu, C. (2021, Aug). Law Enforcement-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 26, 155.
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  Wohlford L, Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Bradley GH, Keim SM, Hu C: Law Enforcement-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:155 (Abs #178)
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Jorgenson, D., Babaeizadeh, S., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., Bradley, G., & Hu, C. (2021, Jan). Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 24.
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  Barnhart B, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Abstracts for the 2021 NAEMSP Scientific Assembly, Prehospital Emergency Care, 25:1, 125-170, DOI:10.1080/10903127.2020.1837312
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, Jan). Effect of Implementing the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Severe TBI Patients Transported by Air and Ground EMS. In Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Effect of Implementing the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Severe TBI Patients Transported by Air and Ground EMS. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 93.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, Jan). Optimal Prehospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Prospective Model Validation Using the Post-Intervention Cohort of the EPIC Study. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 25, Abs 41.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Optimal Prehospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Prospective Model Validation Using the Post-Intervention Cohort of the EPIC Study. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 45.
• Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., Helfenbein, E., Jorgenson, D., Babaeizadeh, S., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Hu, C. (2021, November). Enhanced Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Monitor Data Analysis for Intubated Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Striking Findings from the EPIC Study. In Circulation.
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  Spaite DW, Barnhart B, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Hu C. Enhanced Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Monitor Data Analysis for Intubated Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Striking Findings From the EPIC Study. Circulation, 144(Suppl_2), A13737-A13737. https://doi.org/doi:10.1161/circ.144.suppl_2.13737
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G., Rice, A., Howard, J. T., Wang, H., & Keim, S. M. (2021, Jan). Inability of Prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale to Accurately Classify Brain Injury Severity: Has it Doomed TBI Clinical Trials to Failure?. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 24.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Wang H, Keim SM: Inability of Prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale to Accurately Classify Brain Injury Severity: Has it Doomed TBI Clinical Trials to Failure? Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Glenn, M., Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Bradley, G., Chikani, V., Mullins, T., Mullins, M., Silver, A. E., Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., & McDannold, R. (2020, Nov). Capnographic Differences in Out-of-hospital Overdose-related, Respiratory, and Cardiac Arrests. In Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association Scientific Sessions.
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Jorgenson, D., Babaeizadeh, S., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., Bradley, G., & Hu, C. (2020, November). Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. In Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association Scientific Sessions.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson D, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association Scientific Sessions. Circulation. November, 2020.
• Hu, C., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, November). Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension?. In Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association.
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  Spaite DW, Barnhart BJ, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension? Presented at the Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association. November 14-16, 2020.
• Hu, C., Hu, C., Viscusi, C. D., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A., Rice, A., Adelson, P. D., Adelson, P. D., Mullins, T., Mullins, T., Denninghoff, K. R., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Keim, S. M., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., , Gaither, J. B., et al. (2020, Jan). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: Results of the EPIC4Kids Study. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
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  Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Gaither JB, Barnhart BJ, Keim SM, Chikani V, Denninghoff K, Mullins T, Adelson PD, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Hu C: Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: Results of the EPIC4Kids Study. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 7-11, 2020, San Diego, California.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaieizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring In Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
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  Spaite DW, Barnhart BJ, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson D, Babaieizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice A, Keim SM, Hu C: End-Tidal CO2. Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring In Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 7-11, 2020, San Diego, California
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaieizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2020, Jan). Prehospital Capnography in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Association Between End-tidal CO2 and Level of Consciousness. In National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Mullins, T., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Rice, A., & Keim, S. M. (2020, November). Differential Effect of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. In Circulation.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Chikani V, Mullins T, Bradley G, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Keim SM: Differential Effect of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation, 2020. 142(Suppl_4): p. A362-A362.
• Spaite, D. W., Rice, A., Tolson, J. P., Duran, N. S., Clark, J., Pike, R., Draper, S., Duncan, M., Bradley, B., Jado, I., & Gaither, J. B. (2020, Jan). In-Station Medication Systems Increase Administration of Controlled Substances During Advanced Life Support (ALS) Transports. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
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  Gaither JB, Jado I, Bradley B, Duncan M, Draper S, Pike R, Clark J, Duran NS, Tolson JP, Rice AD, Spaite DW. In-Station Medication Systems Increase Administration of Controlled Substances During Advanced Life Support (ALS) Transports. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 9-11, 2020, San Diego, California.
• Gaither, J. B., J, G. J., Rice, A., S, C. E., T, D. M., S, D. D., I, C., Jeffery, T. P., A, F. M., E, A., & Nuno, T. (2019, May). Difference in Ventilation Among Trauma Cases Intubated Using Succinylcholine Versus Rocuronium. In 22nd Annual Meeting of the Western Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.
• Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Isabel, C., Jeffery, T., Tomas, N., Collin, R., & Adam, F. (2019, March). Correlation of End-Tidal and Venous Carbon Dioxide Following Intubation ion Patients with Severe Trauma. In 22nd Annual Meeting of the Western Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.
• Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., J, G. J., S, C. E., T, D. M., I, C., J, T. P., E, A., Adam, F. M., Nuno, T., & S, D. D. (2019, May). Hyper/Hypoventilation Following Intubation for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Adult vs. Pediatric Patients. In 22nd Annual Meeting of the Western Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.
• Hu, C., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A., D, A., T, M., Denninghoff, K. R., V, C., Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2019, Fal). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. In Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association, Resuscitation Science Symposium.
• Maher, S., Rice, A. D., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Mullins, M., Spaite, D. W., & Bobrow, B. J. (2019, November). Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Prior to Arrival of Emergency Medical Services in Arizona Extended Care Facilities. In Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association.
• Perez, O., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D. B., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Barnhardt, B. J. (2018, Aug). Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. In NAEMSP National Scientific Assembly.
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  Perez O, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson D, Hu C, Gaither JB, Rice A, Keim SM, Barnhart BJ: Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Prehospital Emerg Care 2019
• Woolridge, D. P., Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Denninghoff, K. R., Rice, A., C, K., J, D. J., R, B., V, C., M, U., & Gaither, J. B. (2019, May). Use of Supplemental Fields to Identify Additional Cases of Potential Abusive Head Trauma. In 22nd Annual Meeting of the Western Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.
• Barnhardt, B. J., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Perez, O. (2018, Nov). Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. In Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS) of the American Heart Association (AHA).
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  Perez O, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson DB, Hu C, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Barnhart B: Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Circulation 2018
• Barnhardt, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D. B., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Perez, O. (2018, Nov). End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Receiving O2 Via Nasal Cannula Versus Non-Rebreather Mask. In Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS) of the American Heart Association (AHA).
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  Barnhart B, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson DB, Hu C, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Perez O: End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Receiving O2 Via Nasal Cannula Versus Non-Rebreather Mask. Circulation 2018
• Gaither, J. B., Mhayamaguru, K., Rice, A., Waters, K. E., Smith, J. J., Beskind, D. L., & Spaite, D. W. (2018, Jan). Use of Distance Education Tools to Improve the Rural EMS Experience for EMS Fellows. In NAEMSP National Scientific Assembly.
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  Gaither JG, Mhayamaguru KM, Rice A, Waters KE, Smith JJ, Beskind D, Spaite DW. Use of Distance Education Tools to Improve the Rural EMS Experience for EMS Fellows. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 10-13, 2018, San Diego, California.
• Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Hu, C., McDannold, R., Mullins, M., Spaite, D. W., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., George, T., Mullins, T., & Bobrow, B. J. (2018, Jan). Comparison of Manual Vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality During Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. In NAEMSP National Scientific Assembly.
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  Gaither J, Rice A, Hu C, McDannold R, Mullins M, Spaite D, Vadeboncoeur T, George T, Mullins T, Bobrow B: Comparison of Manual Vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality During Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 10-13, 2018, San Diego, California.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhardt, B. J., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Rice, A., & Keim, S. M. (2018, Nov). Differential Effects of Prehospital Hypotension and Injury Severity in Isolated Versus Multisystem Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS) of the American Heart Association (AHA).
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart B, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Keim SM: Differential Effects of Prehospital Hypotension and Injury Severity in Isolated Versus Multisystem Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2018
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhardt, B. J., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Rice, A., & Keim, S. M. (2018, Nov). Three-Dimensional Models of Complex Interactions Between Age, Prehospital Blood Pressure, and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS) of the American Heart Association (AHA).
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart B, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Keim SM: Three-Dimensional Models of Complex Interactions Between Age, Prehospital Blood Pressure, and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2018
• Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A., Sherrill, D. L., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Babaeizadeh, S., Perez, O., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2017, September). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major TBI Patients. In Mediterranean Emergency Medicine Congress.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ: Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major TBI Patients. Presented to the Mediterranean Emergency Medicine Congress, September 6-10, 2017, Lisbon, Portugal.
• Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Hu, C., Silver, A., McDannold, R., Mullins, M., Spaite, D. W., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., George, T. A., Mulllins, T., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, Nov). Comparison of Manual vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality during Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. In Presented to the American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS), November 11-13, 2017, Anaheim, California.
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  Gaither JB, Rice AD, Hu C, Silver A, McDannold R, Mullins M, Spaite DW, Vadeboncoeur TF, George TA, Mullins T, Bobrow BJ: Comparison of Manual vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality during Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. Presented to the American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS), November 11-13, 2017, Anaheim, California.
• Wohlford, L., Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., McDannold, R., Bradley, G. H., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Keim, S. M., & Hu, C. (2021, Sep). Disparities in Rural CPR Delivery and Outcomes from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Arizona. In Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Wohlford L, Barnhart B, Spaite DW, McDannold R, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Gaither JB, Keim SM, Hu C: Disparities in Rural CPR Delivery and Outcomes from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Arizona. Prehospital Emergency Care, 25:1, 125-170, DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2020.1837312

Presentations

• Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Munn, R., Liu, J., Knotts, M., Ng, V., Bethel, A., Camarillo, R., Shihab, S., DeMers, D., & Hannan, P. (2024, January). MCI Triage Accuracy Among Resident Physicians. The Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Austin, Texas: National Association of EMS Physicians.
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  2023: Approximately 1.75 hours spent on project
• Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., French, R. N., Beskind, D. L., Mary, K., Hannan, P., Munn, R., Adrienne, H., & Rice, A. (2023, Jan).

  Improved time to turn around quality improvement feedback to providers using novel integrated quality improvement and feedback system

  . Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Tampa, Florida: National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Seiver, A., Burgett, K., Jorgenson, D., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2023, November). End-Tidal CO2 and Glasgow Coma Scale in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury: Evaluation of Prehospital Nasal Capnography and Level of Consciousness
  . European Resuscitation Council Congress. Barcelona, Spain: European Resuscitation Council Congress.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Seiver, A., Burgett, K., Jorgenson, D., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2023, November). End-Tidal CO2 and Glasgow Coma Scale in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury: Evaluation of Prehospital Nasal Capnography and Level of Consciousness
  . Resuscitation Science Symposium. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Heart Association.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2022, Aug). The Risk of Arriving With Hypoxia at the Trauma Center Among Major TBI Patients Who Were Never Hypoxic in the Field: Support for “Hyper-oxic” Prehospital Treatment?. Prehospital Emergency Care. Tampa, FL.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2023, Jan). The Risk of Arriving With Hypoxia at the Trauma Center Among Major TBI Patients Who Were Never Hypoxic in the Field: Support for “Hyper-oxic” Prehospital Treatment?
  . Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Tampa, Florida: National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Spaite, D. W., Beskind, D. L., French, R. N., McDonough, S., Stevens, B., Knotts, M., Hollen, A., Doty, B., Dolana, B., Munn, R., Hannan, P., Rice, A., & Gaither, J. B. (2023, Jan). Automation of Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Case Review improves EMS provider Performance on Benchmarks. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Tampa, Florida: National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Spaite, D. W., Howard, J. T., Keim, S. M., Bradley, G. H., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Rice, A. (2023, Jan). New normal: the association between prehospital “near hypotension” and trauma center hypotension in traumatic brain injury
  . Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Tampa, Florida: National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Spaite, D. W., Keim, S. M., Gail, B., Gaither, J. B., AnnMarie, S., Josh, L., Bruce, B., Lyra, C., Robyn, M., Hu, C., & Rice, A. (2023, Jan).

  Patient bodyweight association with CPR quality and outcome

  . Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Tampa, Florida: National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Jorgenson, D., Adam, S., Helfenbein, E., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Hu, C. (2022, Nov). Nasal Sensor Capnographic Differences in Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Receiving Non-Rebreather Mask Versus Nasal Cannula Oxygen Delivery. Circulation. Chicago, IL.
• Bradley, G. H., Hu, C., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Keim, S. M., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., & Wohlford, L. (2022, Jan). Law Enforcement-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego, CA.
• Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Denninghoff, K. R., Rice, A., & Hu, C. (2022, Jan). Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines in Severe TBI Patients with Positive Pressure Ventilation: The EPIC Airway Sub-Analysis. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego, CA: NAEMSP.
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  Gaither JB, Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Keim SM, Barnhart BJ, Chikani J, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Hu C: Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines in Severe TBI Patients with Positive Pressure Ventilation: The EPIC Airway Sub-Analysis. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:109 (Abs #5)
• Hu, C., Liu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Adam, S., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2022, Aug). Discrepancies Between Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation: Are We Missing Hypotension?. European Resuscitation Congress. Antwerp, Belgium.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2022, Jan). Hyperoxia and Outcome Before and After Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego, CA: NAEMSP.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Chikani V, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Howard JT, Keim SM: Hyperoxia and Outcome Before and After Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:111-112 (Abs #13)
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2022, Nov). Hypoxia on Arrival at the Hospital Among Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Who Were Non-Hypoxic in the Field: Support for “Hyper-oxic” Prehospital Treatment?. Circulation. Chicago, IL.
• Keim, S. M., Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., , Hu, C., et al. (2022, Sep). Performance of Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure Versus Calculated Mean Arterial Pressure for Predicting Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury . Military Health Systems Research Symposium. Orlando, FL: U.S. Department of Defense.
• Keim, S. M., Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., , Hu, C., et al. (2022, Sep). The Search for a Physiologically-Meaningful Prehospital Hypotension Threshold in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Military Health Systems Research Symposium. Orlando, FL: U.S. Department of Defense.
• Rice, A. (2021, April). “Rural EMS Telemedicine and Tele-Medical Direction, the AzREADI Experience.”. National Rural EMS & Care Conference; virtualThe National Organization of State Offices of Rural Health (NOSORH).
• Rice, A. (2022, January). Applied Resuscitation Education and Specialized Training (AREST), Prehospital CPR and Advanced Cardiac Care Train the Trainer Course.. Tucson Fire Department AREST Train the Trainer. Tucson, Arizona: Northwest Fire District.
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  Applied Resuscitation Education and Specialized Training (AREST), Prehospital CPR and Advanced Cardiac Care Train the Trainer Course.
• Rice, A., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., & Spaite, D. W. (2022, Aug). In-Field and Early Hospital Hypotension in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Correlations and Effects on Outcome. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego, CA: NAEMSP.
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  Rice AD, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Chikani V, Bradley GH, Keim SM, Howard JT, Spaite DW. In-Field and Early Hospital Hypotension in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Correlations and Effects on Outcome. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:110 (Abs #6)
• Spaite, D. W., Howard, J. T., Keim, S. M., Bradley, G., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., Rice, A., Spaite, D. W., Howard, J. T., Keim, S. M., Bradley, G., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Rice, A. (2022, Jan). In-Field and Early Hospital Hypotension in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Correlations and Effects on Outcome. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego, CA: NAEMSP.
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  Rice AD, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Chikani V, Bradley GH, Keim SM, Howard JT, Spaite DW. In-Field and Early Hospital Hypotension in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Correlations and Effects on Outcome. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:110 (Abs #6)
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Chikani, V., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G., Howard, J. T., & Keim, S. M. (2021, Aug). Hyperoxia and Outcome Before and After Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego, CA: NAEMSP.
  More info

  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Chikani V, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Howard JT, Keim SM: Hyperoxia and Outcome Before and After Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:111-112 (Abs #13)
• Wohlford, L., Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., & Hu, C. (2021, January). Law Enforcement-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Conference. San Diego, California: NAEMSP.
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  Wohlford L, Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Bradley GH, Keim SM, Hu C: Law Enforcement-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:155 (Abs #178)
• Hu, C., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, Jan). Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension?. Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
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  Spaite DW, Barnhart B, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discrepancies Between Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension? Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Hu, C., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2021, Jan). Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Virtual National Scientific Assembly.
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  Barnhart B, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Bradley, G. H., McDannold, R., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., & Wohlford, L. (2021, Jan). Disparities in Rural CPR Delivery and Outcomes from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Arizona. Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Virtual National Scientific Assembly.
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  Wohlford L, Barnhart B, Spaite DW, McDannold R, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Gaither JB, Keim SM, Hu C. Disparities in Rural CPR Delivery and Outcomes from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Arizona. Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, November). Enhanced Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Monitor Data Analysis for Intubated Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Striking Findings from the EPIC Study. Resuscitation Science Symposium.
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  Spaite DW, Barnhart B, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Hu C: Enhanced Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Monitor Data Analysis for Intubated Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Striking Findings from the EPIC Study. Circulation 2021 (Abstract)
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, Jan). Effect of Implementing the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Severe TBI Patients Transported by Air and Ground EMS. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Virtual National Scientific Assembly.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Effect of Implementing the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Severe TBI Patients Transported by Air and Ground EMS. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 93.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, Jan). Optimal Prehospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Prospective Model Validation Using the Post-Intervention Cohort of the EPIC Study. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Virtual National Scientific Assembly: NAEMSP.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Optimal Prehospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Prospective Model Validation Using the Post-Intervention Cohort of the EPIC Study. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 45.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G., Mullins, T., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, Jan). Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines on Outcome in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physician. Virtual National Scientific Assembly.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines on Outcome in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Keim, S. M., Wang, H., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, Jan). Inability of Prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale to Accurately Classify Brain Injury Severity: Has it Doomed TBI Clinical Trials to Failure?. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Virtual National Scientific Assembly.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Wang H, Keim SM: Inability of Prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale to Accurately Classify Brain Injury Severity: Has it Doomed TBI Clinical Trials to Failure? Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Rice, A. (2021, December). Applied Resuscitation Education and Specialized Training (AREST), Prehospital CPR and Advanced Cardiac Care Train the Trainer Course.. Golder Ranch Fire District Train the Trainer Course. Tucson, Arizona: Golder Ranch Fire District.
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  Applied Resuscitation Education and Specialized Training (AREST), Prehospital CPR and Advanced Cardiac Care Train the Trainer Course.
• Rice, A. (2021, December). Applied Resuscitation Education and Specialized Training (AREST), Prehospital CPR and Advanced Cardiac Care Train the Trainer Course.. Superstition Fire Department AREST Train the Trainer Course. Superstition, Arizona: Superstition Fire Department.
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  Applied Resuscitation Education and Specialized Training (AREST), Prehospital CPR and Advanced Cardiac Care Train the Trainer Course.
• Rice, A. (2021, June). Applied Resuscitation Education and Specialized Training (AREST), Prehospital CPR and Advanced Cardiac Care Train the Trainer Course.. Queen Creek Fire and Medical Train the Trainer Course. Queen Creek, Arizona: Queen Creek Fire and Medical.
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  Applied Resuscitation Education and Specialized Training (AREST), Prehospital CPR and Advanced Cardiac Care Train the Trainer Course. Queen Creek Fire and Medical. June 2, 2021
• Rice, A. (2021, October). Applied Resuscitation Education and Specialized Training (AREST), Prehospital CPR and Advanced Cardiac Care Train the Trainer Course.. Goodyear Fire Department Train the Trainer Course. Goodyear, Arizona: Goodyear Fire Department.
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  Applied Resuscitation Education and Specialized Training (AREST), Prehospital CPR and Advanced Cardiac Care Train the Trainer Course.
• Rice, A. (2022, January). Applied Resuscitation Education and Specialized Training (AREST), Prehospital CPR and Advanced Cardiac Care Train the Trainer Course.. Northwest Fire District. Tucson, Arizona: Northwest Fire District.
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  Applied Resuscitation Education and Specialized Training (AREST), Prehospital CPR and Advanced Cardiac Care Train the Trainer Course.
• Rice, A. (2020, January). Corrosives - EMS Medical Directors' Advanced Hazmat Life Support for Tox-Medics. National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP) 2020 Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA: NAEMSP.
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  Full day pre-conference workshop presentation
• Rice, A. (2020, January). Opiates and Riot Control Agents - EMS Medical Directors' Advanced Hazmat Life Support for Tox-Medics. National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP) 2020 Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA: NAEMSP.
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  Full day pre-conference workshop presentation
• Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., French, R. N., Beskind, D. L., Smith, J., Shirazi, F., & Walter, F. G. (2020, January). EMS Medical Directors Advanced Hazmat Life Support for Tox-Medics. National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP) 2020 Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA: NAEMSP.
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  Full day pre-conference workshop presentation
• Walter, F. G., Shirazi, F., Smith, J., Beskind, D. L., French, R. N., Gaither, J. B., & Rice, A. (2020, January). EMS Medical Directors' Advanced Hazmat Life Support for Tox-Medics. National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP) 2020 Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA: NAEMSP.
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  Full day pre-conference workshop presentation
• Panchal, A. R., Huebner, K., Smith, N., Rice, A., Habib, N., Vander Werf, B., & Situ-LaCasse, E. (2011, June). Effects of advertising and venue choice on attendance at public compression only CPR instruction. Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2011 Annual Meeting. Boston, Massachusetts.

Poster Presentations

• Acuna, J. G., Rice, A., Munn, R., Hannan, P., & Gaither, J. B. (2024, January). Acuna JG, Snell EW, Rice AD, Hannan PL, Munn R, Wise JN, Bradley G, Zenuk-Garcia R, Gaither JB.Ultrasound-Guidance for Peripheral Intravenous Access Among Paramedics in the Emergency Department. . National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting.
• Gaither, J. B., Hannan, P., Munn, R., Spaite, D. W., & Rice, A. (2024, January 8 - 13). A liberal shocking strategy distorts Utstein survival calculation for out of hospital cardiac arrests: Knotts MC, Gaither JB, Hannan PL, Hollen A, Munn R, Spaite DW, Johnson H, Keeley B, Twilling S, Rice AD.   . Presented at the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians.. Austin, Texas.
• Gaither, J. B., Hannan, P., Munn, R., Spaite, D. W., & Rice, A. (2024, January). A liberal shocking strategy distorts Utstein survival calculation for out of hospital cardiac arrests: Knotts MC, Gaither JB, Hannan PL, Hollen A, Munn R, Spaite DW, Johnson H, Keeley B, Twilling S, Rice AD.   . National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Scientific Assembly. Austin, Texas.
• Rice, A., Munn, R., Hannan, P., & Gaither, J. B. (2024, January 8 - 13). Comparison of Direct Laryngoscopy and Video Laryngoscopy on Difficult Airway Mannequins in the Prehospital Setting: Knotts MC, Rice AD, Wise JN, Dolana BM, Calton JB, Doty BK, Hannan PL, Munn R, Lerman MM, Gaither JB.  . Presented at the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians.. Austin, Texas.
• Rice, A., Hannan, P., Gaither, J. B., & Munn, R. (2022, January). Comparison of Various Video Laryngoscope Devices in Indoor and Outdoor Simulated Endotracheal Intubation. NAEMSP Annual Meeting. San Diego, California.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Mullins, T., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Rice, A., & Keim, S. M. (2020, November). Differential Effect of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Chikani V, Mullins T, Bradley G, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Keim SM: Differential Effect of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented at the Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association. November 14-16, 2020.
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Jorgenson, D., Babaieizadeh, S., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Hu, C. (2019, Fall). Prehospital Capnography in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Association Between End-Tidal CO2 and Level of Consciousness. Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association, Resuscitation Science Symposium. Nov. 16–17, 2019 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Creative Productions

• Rice, A. (2020. Faculty Learning EXchange Podcast Episode #2: Time Management, February 2020University of Arizona College of Medicine. https://medicine.arizona.edu/faculty-staff/offices/faculty-affairs/career-development/flexcast
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  Faculty Learning EXchange Podcast - Allie Min, MD, Amber Rice, MD and I designed, created, implemented, edited, and continue to produce this ongoing resource for Faculty Development. FLEXcast is the College of Medicine - Tucson podcast dedicated to sharing ideas and practices for career development and wellbeing for faculty. Faculty discuss their experiences, challenges, and successes in their professional growth and bring attention to resources in the literature, in our own institution, and in the community. We hope this exchange of ideas and knowledge will benefit all faculty in reaching their professional goals.
• Rice, A. (2020. Faculty Learning EXchange Podcast Episode #3: Leading in these Complex Times, April 2020University of Arizona College of Medicine. https://medicine.arizona.edu/faculty-staff/offices/faculty-affairs/career-development/flexcast
  More info

  Faculty Learning EXchange Podcast - Allie Min, MD, Amber Rice, MD and I designed, created, implemented, edited, and continue to produce this ongoing resource for Faculty Development. FLEXcast is the College of Medicine - Tucson podcast dedicated to sharing ideas and practices for career development and wellbeing for faculty. Faculty discuss their experiences, challenges, and successes in their professional growth and bring attention to resources in the literature, in our own institution, and in the community. We hope this exchange of ideas and knowledge will benefit all faculty in reaching their professional goals.
• Rice, A. (2020. Faculty Learning EXchange Podcast Episode #4: Racism in Medicine, August 2020University of Arizona College of Medicine. https://medicine.arizona.edu/faculty-staff/offices/faculty-affairs/career-development/flexcast
  More info

  Faculty Learning EXchange Podcast - Allie Min, MD, Amber Rice, MD and I designed, created, implemented, edited, and continue to produce this ongoing resource for Faculty Development. FLEXcast is the College of Medicine - Tucson podcast dedicated to sharing ideas and practices for career development and wellbeing for faculty. Faculty discuss their experiences, challenges, and successes in their professional growth and bring attention to resources in the literature, in our own institution, and in the community. We hope this exchange of ideas and knowledge will benefit all faculty in reaching their professional goals.
• Rice, A. (2020. Faculty Learning EXchange Podcast Episode #6: Negotiations, December 2020University of Arizona College of Medicine. https://medicine.arizona.edu/faculty-staff/offices/faculty-affairs/career-development/flexcast
  More info

  Faculty Learning EXchange Podcast - Allie Min, MD, Amber Rice, MD and I designed, created, implemented, edited, and continue to produce this ongoing resource for Faculty Development. FLEXcast is the College of Medicine - Tucson podcast dedicated to sharing ideas and practices for career development and wellbeing for faculty. Faculty discuss their experiences, challenges, and successes in their professional growth and bring attention to resources in the literature, in our own institution, and in the community. We hope this exchange of ideas and knowledge will benefit all faculty in reaching their professional goals.
• Rice, A. (2020. Faculty Learning EXchange Podcast Episode Episode #5: Mentorship, November 2020University of Arizona College of Medicine. https://medicine.arizona.edu/faculty-staff/offices/faculty-affairs/career-development/flexcast
  More info

  Faculty Learning EXchange Podcast - Allie Min, MD, Amber Rice, MD and I designed, created, implemented, edited, and continue to produce this ongoing resource for Faculty Development. FLEXcast is the College of Medicine - Tucson podcast dedicated to sharing ideas and practices for career development and wellbeing for faculty. Faculty discuss their experiences, challenges, and successes in their professional growth and bring attention to resources in the literature, in our own institution, and in the community. We hope this exchange of ideas and knowledge will benefit all faculty in reaching their professional goals.
• Rice, A. (2019. Faculty Learning EXchange Podcast Episode #1: Creating a Personal Vision, December 2019University of Arizona College of Medicine. https://medicine.arizona.edu/faculty-staff/offices/faculty-affairs/career-development/flexcast
  More info

  Faculty Learning EXchange Podcast - Allie Min, MD, Amber Rice, MD and I designed, created, implemented, edited, and continue to produce this ongoing resource for Faculty Development. FLEXcast is the College of Medicine - Tucson podcast dedicated to sharing ideas and practices for career development and wellbeing for faculty. Faculty discuss their experiences, challenges, and successes in their professional growth and bring attention to resources in the literature, in our own institution, and in the community. We hope this exchange of ideas and knowledge will benefit all faculty in reaching their professional goals.

Other Teaching Materials

• Rice, A. (2022.

  National Continued Competency Program Curriculum – Asynchronous, online course for EMTs and Paramedics covering required material for recertification with the National Registry (NREMT) and/or state of Arizona. 2020–2021.
  “Termination of Resuscitation” Rice, A., Munn, R., January 2022.

   

  . The University of Arizona.
• Rice, A. (2022.

  National Continued Competency Program Curriculum – Asynchronous, online course for EMTs and Paramedics covering required material for recertification with the National Registry (NREMT) and/or state of Arizona. 2020–2021.
  “Post Resuscitation Care” January 2022.

  . The University of Arizona.
• Rice, A. (2022.

  National Continued Competency Program Curriculum – Asynchronous, online course for EMTs and Paramedics covering required material for recertification with the National Registry (NREMT) and/or state of Arizona. 2020–2021.
   “Ventricular Assist Devices" January 2022.

   

  . The University of Arizona.
• Rice, A., & Gaither, J. B. (2021. Applied Resuscitation Education and Specialized Training Advanced Cardiac Care Online Course. Applied Resuscitation Education and Specialized Training.
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  Paramedic training in the management of cardiac emergencies. Replaces ACLS training for paramedics. Accepted as equivalent by AzDHS.
• Rice, A., & Gaither, J. B. (2021. Applied Resuscitation Education and Specialized Training Immediate Rescuer Online Course. Applied Resuscitation Education and Specialized Training.
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  This course is designed to teach life-saving CPR to immediate rescuers without advanced medical training.
• Rice, A., & Gaither, J. B. (2021. Applied Resuscitation Education and Specialized Training Prehospital CPR Online Course. Applied Resuscitation Education and Specialized Training.
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  High Performance Prehospital CPR education for BLS and ALS providers.
• Rice, A., & Munn, R. (2021. "Post Resuscitation Care” Education Module for the National Continued Competency Program Curriculum. University of Arizona.
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  National Continued Competency Program Curriculum – Asynchronous, online course for EMTs and Paramedics covering required material for recertification with the National Registry (NREMT) and/or state of Arizona. 2020 – 2021.
• Rice, A., & Munn, R. (2021. "Termination of Resuscitation" Education Module for the National Continued Competency Program Curriculum. University of Arizona.
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  National Continued Competency Program Curriculum – Asynchronous, online course for EMTs and Paramedics covering required material for recertification with the National Registry (NREMT) and/or state of Arizona. 2020 – 2021.
• Rice, A., & Munn, R. (2021. "Ventricular Assist Devices" Education Module for the National Continued Competency Program Curriculum. University of Arizona.
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  National Continued Competency Program Curriculum – Asynchronous, online course for EMTs and Paramedics covering required material for recertification with the National Registry (NREMT) and/or state of Arizona. 2020 – 2021.
• Rice, A., & Munn, R. (2021. “Cardiac Arrest II” Education Module for the National Continued Competency Program Curriculum. University of Arizona.
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  National Continued Competency Program Curriculum – Asynchronous, online course for EMTs and Paramedics covering required material for recertification with the National Registry (NREMT) and/or state of Arizona. 2020 – 2021.
• Rice, A., & Munn, R. (2021. “Cardiac Arrest I” Education Module for the National Continued Competency Program Curriculum. University of Arizona.
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  National Continued Competency Program Curriculum – Asynchronous, online course for EMTs and Paramedics covering required material for recertification with the National Registry (NREMT) and/or state of Arizona. 2020 – 2021.

Others

• Rice, A., Hannan, P., Munn, R., Beskind, D. L., French, R. N., Mary, K., Brian, S., Brian, K., Shawn, T., Tony, R., & Gaither, J. B. (2022, January).

  University Emergency Medical Services Guidelines - Prehospital guidelines for the care of patients with emergency medical conditions

  . https://emergencymed.arizona.edu/ems-private/public/admin-guidelines
• Wohlford, L., Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Hu, C., & Bradley, G. H. (2022, Jan). Law Enforcement-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Hu, C., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, Jan). Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension?. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Barnhart B, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discrepancies Between Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension? Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 100.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G., Mullins, T., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, Jan). Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines on Outcome in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines on Outcome in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 125
• Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Glenn, M., Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Bradley, G., Chikani, V., Mullins, T., Mullins, M., Silver, A. E., Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., & McDannold, R. (2020, Nov). Capnographic Differences in Out-of-hospital Overdose-related, Respiratory, and Cardiac Arrests. Circulation. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circ.142.suppl_4.156
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Jorgenson, D., Babaeizadeh, S., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., Bradley, G., & Hu, C. (2020, November). Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Circulation.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson D, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Circulation. November, 2020. Abstract
• Hu, C., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, November). Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension?. Circulation.
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  Spaite DW, Barnhart BJ, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension? Circulation 2020 (Abstract)
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaieizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2020, Jan). Prehospital Capnography in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Association Between End-tidal CO2 and Level of Consciousness. Prehospital Emergency Care, 24(1), 100-156 (Abstracts for the 2020 NAEMSP Scientific Assembly).
• Hu, C., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A., Adelson, D., Mullins, T., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Jan). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. Prehospital Emergency Care, 24(1), 100-156 (Abstracts for the 2020 NAEMSP Scientific Assembly).
• Hu, C., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A., D, A., T, M., Denninghoff, K. R., V, C., Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Jan). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. Prehospital Emerency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Gaither JB, Barnhart BJ, Keim SM, Chikani V, Denninghoff K, Mullins T, Adelson D, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Hu C: Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: Results of the EPIC4Kids Study. Prehospital Emerg Care 2020 (in press).
• Rice, A., & Gaither, J. B. (2020, January). Administrative Guidelines for Northwest Fire District and Tucson Fire Department.
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  Development of 35 Administrative Guidelines and associated education for Northwest Fire District and Tucson Fire Department.
• Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Rice, A., Rice, A., Jeffery, T., Jeffery, T., N, D., N, D., John, C., John, C., Richard, P., Richard, P., Michael, D., Michael, D., Brad, B., Brad, B., Isrelia, J., Isrelia, J., Gaither, J. B., & Gaither, J. B. (2020, Jan). In-Station Medication Systems Increase Administration of Controlled Substances During Advanced Life Support (ALS) Transports. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Gaither JB, Jado I, Bradley B, Duncan M, Draper S, Pike R, Clark J, Duran NS, Tolson JP, Rice AD, Spaite DW. In-Station Medication Systems Increase Administration of Controlled Substances During Advanced Life Support (ALS) Transports. Prehospital Emergency Care 2020
• Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D., Babaeizadeh, S., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Perez, O. (2019, Jan). Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Prehospital Emergency Care, 23(1)..
• Bobrow, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Mullins, M., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., & Maher, S. A. (2019, Nov). Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Prior to Arrival of Emergency Medical Services in Arizona Extended Care Facilities. Circulation. 2019;140:A291.
• Gaither, J. B., Duncan, M., Draper, S., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J., Rice, A., Mhayamaguru, K., Tolson, J. P., Janajreh, Y. M., & Enriquez, N. A. (2019, Jan). Case Series Illustrating Adverse Reactions to Prehospital Administration of Low Dose Ketamine for Pain Control. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Enriquez NA, Janajreh YM, Tolson JP, Mhayamaguru KM, Rice AD, Smith JJ, Spaite DW, Draper S, Duncan D, Gaither JB. Case Series Illustrating Adverse Reactions to Prehospital Administration of Low Dose Ketamine for Pain Control. Prehospital Emerg Care 2019
• Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Isabel, C., Jeffery, T., Tomas, N., Collin, R., & Adam, F. (2019, April). Correlation of End-Tidal and Venous Carbon Dioxide Following Intubation ion Patients with Severe Trauma. Academic Emergency Medicine.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaieizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2019, Fall). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring In Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Circulation. 2019;140:A326.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaieizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2019, Fall). Prehospital Capnography in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Association Between End-Tidal CO2 and Level of Consciousness. Circulation. 2019;140:A386.
• Hu, C., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A., D, A., T, M., Denninghoff, K. R., V, C., Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2019, Fall). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. Circulation. 2019;140:A320.
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  Circulation. 2019;140:A291
• Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2019, Jan). Differential Effects of Prehospital Hypotension and Injury Severity in Isolated versus Multisystem Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care, 23(1)..
• Nuno, T., E, A., A, F. M., Jeffery, T. P., I, C., S, D. D., T, D. M., S, C. E., Rice, A., J, G. J., & Gaither, J. B. (2019, May). Difference in Ventilation Among Trauma Cases Intubated Using Succinylcholine Versus Rocuronium. Academic Emergency Medicine.
• Perez, O., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D., Babaeizadeh, S., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2019, Jan). End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury: Patients Receiving O2 Via Nasal Cannula Versus Non-Rebreather Mask. Prehospital Emergency Care, 23(1)..
• Perez, O., Perez, O., Perez, O., Keim, S. M., Keim, S. M., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Rice, A., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Hu, C., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D. B., Jorgenson, D. B., Jorgenson, D. B., Babaeizadeh, S., , Babaeizadeh, S., et al. (2019, Jan). End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury: Patients Receiving O2 Via Nasal Cannula Versus Non-Rebreather Mask. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Babaieizadeh S, Jorgenson D, Hu C, Gaither JB, Rice A, Keim SM, Perez O: End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury: Patients Receiving O2 Via Nasal Cannula Versus Non-Rebreather Mask. Prehospital Emerg Care 2019
• Rice, A. (2019, Jan-Dec). Southern Arizona Emergency Medical Services Regional Protocols. http://saemscouncil.com/protocols-page/protocols/
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  Creation of Regional EMS protocols for the Southern Arizona EMS Council
• Barnhardt, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D. B., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Perez, O. (2018, Nov). End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Receiving O2 Via Nasal Cannula Versus Non-Rebreather Mask. Circulation.
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  Barnhart B, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson DB, Hu C, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Perez O: End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Receiving O2 Via Nasal Cannula Versus Non-Rebreather Mask. Circulation 2018
• Bobrow, B. J., Mullins, T., George, T., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Spaite, D. W., Mullins, M., McDannold, R., Hu, C., Rice, A., & Gaither, J. B. (2018, Sept). Comparison of Manual Vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality During Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Gaither J, Rice A, Hu C, McDannold R, Mullins M, Spaite D, Vadeboncoeur T, George T, Mullins T, Bobrow B: Comparison of Manual Vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality During Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. Prehospital Emerg Care 2018;22(1):122-123.
• Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Barnhardt, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2018, Nov). Three-Dimensional Models of Complex Interactions Between Age, Prehospital Blood Pressure, and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart B, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Keim SM: Three-Dimensional Models of Complex Interactions Between Age, Prehospital Blood Pressure, and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2018
• Perez, O., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D. B., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Barnhardt, B. J. (2018, Nov). Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Circulation.
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  Perez O, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson DB, Hu C, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Barnhart B: Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Circulation 2018
• Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., Chikani, V., Wentworth, S., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., George, T., Mullins, T., & Bobrow, B. J. (2018, Jan). Rearrest Incidence and Post-ROSC Rhythms after Prehospital Return of Spontaneous Circulation in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Rice A, Gaither J, Spaite D, Chikani V, Wentworth S, Vadeboncoeur T, George T, Mullins T, Bobrow B: Rearrest Incidence and Post-ROSC Rhythms after Prehospital Return of Spontaneous Circulation in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital Emerg Care 2018;22(1):120.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhardt, B. J., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Rice, A., & Keim, S. M. (2018, Nov). Differential Effects of Prehospital Hypotension and Injury Severity in Isolated Versus Multisystem Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart B, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Keim SM: Differential Effects of Prehospital Hypotension and Injury Severity in Isolated Versus Multisystem Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2018
• Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Beskind, D. L., Beskind, D. L., Smith, J. J., Smith, J. J., Waters, K. E., Waters, K. E., Rice, A., Rice, A., Mhayamaguru, K., Mhayamaguru, K., Gaither, J. B., & Gaither, J. B. (2018, Jan). Use of Distance Education Tools to Improve the Rural EMS Experience for EMS Fellows. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Gaither JB, Mhayamaguru KM, Rice A, Waters KE, Smith JJ, Beskind D, Spaite DW. Use of Distance Education Tools to Improve the Rural EMS Experience for EMS Fellows. Prehospital Emerg Care 2018;22(1):152-153.
• Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Hu, C., Silver, A., McDannold, R., Mullins, M., Spaite, D. W., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., George, T. A., Mulllins, T., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, Nov). Comparison of Manual vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality during Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. Circulation.
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  Gaither JB, Rice AD, Hu C, Silver A, McDannold R, Mullins M, Spaite DW, Vadeboncoeur TF, George TA, Mullins T, Bobrow BJ: Comparison of Manual vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality during Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. Circulation 2017 (in press)
• Rice, A. (2020, Jan-Dec). Southern Arizona Emergency Medical Services Regional Standing Orders. http://saemscouncil.com/protocols-page/protocols/
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  Creation of Regional EMS Standing Orders for the Southern Arizona EMS Council:OBGYN Standing orderNausea, Vomiting and Abdominal Pain Standing OrderDead on Scene Standing OrderSeizure Standing OrderStroke/TIA Standing Order