Joshua B Gaither

Interests

Teaching

Emergency Medical Services, Airway management, Cardiac Arrest, TBI

Research

EMS, prehospital care of patients with Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), cardiac arrest, prehospital airway management, prehospital ventilation

Courses

Scholarly Contributions

Books

• Gaither, J. B., Walter, F. G., French, R., French, R., Walter, F. G., & Gaither, J. B. (2020). Advanced Hazmat Life Support for Tox-Medics, ed 2.. Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona, Arizona Board of Regents.
• Gaither, J. B., Walter, F. G., Ori, M. R., French, R., Rice, A. M., Hurst, N., Hurst, N., Rice, A. M., Ori, M. R., French, R., Walter, F. G., & Gaither, J. B. (2016). Advanced Hazmat Life Support for Tox-Medics, ed 1.. Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona, Arizona Board of Regents.

Chapters

• Gaither, J. B., & French, R. (2015). Chemical Properties of Hazardous Materials. In Emergency Medical Services: Clinical Practice and System Oversight. v2. West Sussex, England: Wiley Publishers.
• Gaither, J. B. (2011). Toxic Shock Syndrome. In Emergency Medicine Secrets(pp 348-351). St Louis, MO: Elsevier Inc.

Journals/Publications

• Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D., Denninghoff, K. R., Mullins, T., Adelson, P. D., Rice, A. D., Viscusi, C., & Hu, C. (2021). Effect of Implementing the Out-of-Hospital Traumatic Brain Injury Treatment Guidelines: The Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care for Children Study (EPIC4Kids). Annals of emergency medicine, 77(2), 139-153.
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  We evaluate the effect of implementing the out-of-hospital pediatric traumatic brain injury guidelines on outcomes in children with major traumatic brain injury.
• Glenn, M. J., Rice, A. D., Primeau, K., Hollen, A., Jado, I., Hannan, P., McDonough, S., Arcaris, B., Spaite, D. W., & Gaither, J. B. (2021). Refusals After Prehospital Administration of Naloxone during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 25(1), 46-54.
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  To determine if COVID-19 was associated with a change in patient refusals after Emergency Medical Services (EMS) administration of naloxone.
• Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Glenn, M., Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Bradley, G., Chikani, V., Mullins, T., Mullins, M., Silver, A. E., Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., & McDannold, R. (2020). Capnographic Differences in Out-of-hospital Overdose-related, Respiratory, and Cardiac Arrests. Circulation, A156. doi:10.1161/circ.142.suppl_4.156
• Castro-Marin, F., Maher, S. A., Navarro, T., Nuño, T., Whitney, J., McDonald, A., Razo, A., Marcuzzo, C., Chick, R., & Gaither, J. B. (2020). Impact of a Mass Gathering Alcohol Sobering Facility on Emergency Resources. Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 22(3), 326-331.
  More info

  Alcohol consumption has been implicated as an important factor driving the demand for medical care at mass gatherings. Patients exhibiting signs of possible alcohol intoxication are frequently diverted from traditional medical support facilities located within mass gathering events due to their disruptive behavior or need for prolonged observation. This conventional strategy can place additional stress on Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and Emergency Department (ED) resources. The purpose of this study was to determine if incorporation of an on-site alcohol sobering facility to supplement existing on-site medical support resources was associated with changes in EMS and ED resource utilization during an annual mass gathering.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Stolz, U., Viscusi, C., Denninghoff, K., Barnhart, B., Mullins, T., Rice, A. D., Mhayamaguru, M., Smith, J. J., Keim, S. M., Bobrow, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2020). Body Temperature after EMS Transport: Association with Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes. Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 21(5), 575-582.
  More info

  Low body temperatures following prehospital transport are associated with poor outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, a minimal amount is known about potential associations across a range of temperatures obtained immediately after prehospital transport. Furthermore, a minimal amount is known about the influence of body temperature on non-mortality outcomes. The purpose of this study was to assess the correlation between temperatures obtained immediately following prehospital transport and TBI outcomes across the entire range of temperatures.
• Mix, J. W., DeSoucy, E. S., Hilser, A., Houser, D. J., Mhayamaguru, K. M., Dorsch, J., Gaither, J. B., & Rush, S. C. (2020). A Case Series of Air Force Pararescue Long-Range Ocean Rescues. Journal of special operations medicine : a peer reviewed journal for SOF medical professionals, 20(3), 122-127.
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  US Air Force (USAF) pararescuemen (PJs) perform long-range ocean rescue missions for ill or injured civilians when advanced care and transport are not available. The purpose of this case series is to examine the details of these missions, review patient treatments and outcomes, and describe common tactics, techniques, and procedures for these missions.
• Roberts, S., Murugesan, A., Tolson, J., Patanwala, A. E., Rice, A. D., Beskind, D., Bradshaw, H., Jado, I., & Gaither, J. B. (2020). Can Emergency Medical Services Utilization Rates Be Used to Measure the Success of An Alcohol Amnesty Policy?. Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 1-5.
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  Medical Amnesty/Good Samaritan (MAGS) policies, which eliminate legal charges when students call 9-1-1 for excessive drinking, have been implemented with the goal of reducing barriers to accessing Emergency Medical Services (EMS). This study investigated the impact of MAGS policy implementation on EMS calls on campus and if that EMS call volume could be used to measure policy success. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of alcohol-related EMS calls before and after MAGS implementation at a single large public university campus. A retrospective review of all 9-1-1 calls to on-campus locations was conducted using patient care records (PCRs) from a collegiate EMS agency responding exclusively to on-campus 9-1-1 calls. Calls were excluded if the PCR was marked "incomplete", were outside the 2015 CBEMS response zone boundaries, or if patient age was 25 years old to ensure analysis was targeting the on-campus student population. The incidence of alcohol-related 9-1-1 calls was compared between one academic year (AY) prior to (pre-MAGS, AY2015) and two years after MAGS implementation (post-MAGS, AY2016/17). An alcohol-related 9-1-1 call was defined as an EMS provider primary or secondary impression of "Alcohol, Alcohol Intoxication, or Alcohol Ingestion" or a call in which the patient explicitly admitted to alcohol use. Relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to describe the results. Over the three-year study period, the collegiate EMS agency responded to 2440 calls of which 1283 met inclusion criteria. 58 calls were excluded for being incomplete, 227 were outside the original boundaries and 872 were outside the defined age range. Of those calls, 351 were pre-MAGS and 932 were post-MAGS. Of the total 9-1-1 calls, 127 (36.2%) were related to alcohol pre-MAGS and 327 (35.1%) were related to alcohol post-MAGS policy implementation. The relative risk of a 9-1-1 call being made for alcohol-related issues after MAGS implementation was RR = 0.97 (95% CI 0.83-1.14; P = 0.713). Implementation of a MAGS policy was not associated with a significant change in the number of alcohol-related EMS responses. It is unclear if these results reflect ineffective policy implementation or a general reduction in on-campus alcohol consumption. However, using EMS call volume as a marker for policy success and quality improvement offers an innovative tool through which EMS agencies can provide valuable feedback to other system stakeholders.
• Castro-Marin, F., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A. D., N Blust, R., Chikani, V., Vossbrink, A., & Bobrow, B. J. (2019). Prehospital Protocols Reducing Long Spinal Board Use Are Not Associated with a Change in Incidence of Spinal Cord Injury. Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 1-10.
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  Many emergency medical services (EMS) agencies have de-emphasized or eliminated the use of long spinal boards (LSB) for patients with possible spinal injury. We sought to determine if implementation of spinal motion restriction (SMR) protocols, which reduce LSB use, was associated with an increase in spinal cord injury (SCI). This retrospective observational study includes EMS encounters from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2015 submitted by SMR-adopting ground-based agencies to a state EMS database with hospital discharge data. Encounters were excluded if SMR implementation date was unknown, occurred during a 3-month run-in period, or were duplicates. Study samples include patients with traumatic injury (TI), possible spinal trauma (P-ST), and verified spinal trauma (V-ST) using hospital discharge ICD-9/10 diagnosis codes. The incidence of SCI before and after implementation of SMR was compared using Chi-squared and logistic regression. From 1,005,978 linked encounters, 104,315 unique encounters with traumatic injury and known SMR implementation date were identified with 51,199 cases of P-ST and 5,178 V-ST cases. The incidence of SCI in the pre-SMR and post-SMR interval for each group was: TI, 0.20% vs. 0.22% (p = 0.390); P-ST, 0.40% vs. 0.45% (p = 0.436); and V-ST, 4.04% vs. 4.37% (p = 0.561). Age and injury severity adjusted odds ratio of SCI in the highest risk cohort of patients with V-ST was 1.097 after SMR implementation (95% CI 0.818-1.472). In this limited study, no change in the incidence of SCI was identified following implementation of SMR protocols. Prospective evaluation of this question is necessary to evaluate the safety of SMR protocols.
• Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Sherrill, D., Denninghoff, K. R., Mullins, T., Adelson, P. D., Rice, A. D., Viscusi, C., & Hu, C. (2019). Association of Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Treatment Guidelines With Patient Survival Following Traumatic Brain Injury: The Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care (EPIC) Study. JAMA surgery, 154(7), e191152.
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  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a massive public health problem. While evidence-based guidelines directing the prehospital treatment of TBI have been promulgated, to our knowledge, no studies have assessed their association with survival.
• Castro-Marin, F., Maher, S. A., Navarro, T., Tomas, N., Whitney, J., McDonald, A., Razo, A., Marcuzzo, C., Chick, R., & Gaither, J. B. (2018). Impact of a Mass Gathering Alcohol Sobering Facility on Emergency Resources. Prehospital Emergency Care, 1-6.
• Spaite, D. W., Beskind, D. L., Smith, J. J., Waters, K. E., Rice, A., Mhayamaguru, K., & Gaither, J. B. (2018). Use of Distance Education Tools to Improve the Rural EMS Experience for EMS Fellows. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Gaither JB, Mhayamaguru KM, Rice A, Waters KE, Smith JJ, Beskind D, Spaite DW. Use of Distance Education Tools to Improve the Rural EMS Experience for EMS Fellows. Prehospital Emerg Care 2018;22(1):152-153.
• Walter, F. G., Waters, K. E., Gaither, J. B., French, R., Youngs, C. R., Lederer, E., Bellafiore, A. L., & Mhayamaguru, K. (2018). Prehospital Availability and Use of Medications for Managing Hazmat Emergencies. Prehospital and Emergency Care.
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  1. Mhayamaguru KM, Bellafiore AL, Lederer ET, Youngs CR, French RNE, Gaither JB, Waters KE, Walter FG. Prehospital Availability and Use of Medications for Managing Hazmat Emergencies. Prehospital Emerg Care; 2018; 22(1): 134.
• Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Gaither, J. B., & Hu, C. (2017). In reply. Annals of emergency medicine, 70(2), 263-264.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C., Mullins, T., & Sherrill, D. (2017). The Effect of Combined Out-of-Hospital Hypotension and Hypoxia on Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Annals of emergency medicine, 69(1), 62-72.
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  Survival is significantly reduced by either hypotension or hypoxia during the out-of-hospital management of major traumatic brain injury. However, only a handful of small studies have investigated the influence of the combination of both hypotension and hypoxia occurring together. In patients with major traumatic brain injury, we evaluate the associations between mortality and out-of-hospital hypotension and hypoxia separately and in combination.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C., Mullins, T., Rice, A. D., & Sherrill, D. (2017). Association of Out-of-Hospital Hypotension Depth and Duration With Traumatic Brain Injury Mortality. Annals of emergency medicine, 70(4), 522-530.e1.
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  Out-of-hospital hypotension has been associated with increased mortality in traumatic brain injury. The association of traumatic brain injury mortality with the depth or duration of out-of-hospital hypotension is unknown. We evaluated the relationship between the depth and duration of out-of-hospital hypotension and mortality in major traumatic brain injury.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C., Mullins, T., & Adelson, P. D. (2017). Mortality and Prehospital Blood Pressure in Patients With Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for the Hypotension Threshold. JAMA surgery.
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  Current prehospital traumatic brain injury guidelines use a systolic blood pressure threshold of less than 90 mm Hg for treating hypotension for individuals 10 years and older based on studies showing higher mortality when blood pressure drops below this level. However, the guidelines also acknowledge the weakness of the supporting evidence.
• Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Keim, S. M., Keim, S. M., Smith, J. J., Smith, J. J., Mhayamaguru, K., Mhayamaguru, K., Rice, A., Rice, A., Mullins, T., Mullins, T., Barnhart, B., Barnhart, B., Denninghoff, K. R., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C. D., , Viscusi, C. D., et al. (2017). Body Temperature after EMS Transport: Association with Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes. Prehospital Emergency Care, 21(5), 575-582. doi:10.1080/10903127.2017.1308609
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  Gaither JB, Chikani V, Stolz U, Viscusi C, Denninghoff K, Barnhart B, Mullins T, Rice AD, Mhayamaguru M, Smith JJ, Keim SM, Bobrow BJ, Spaite DW: Body Temperature after EMS Transport: Association with Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2017 Sep-Oct;21(5):575-582. doi: 10.1080/10903127.2017.1308609. Epub 2017 May 8. PubMed PMID: 28481163; NIH Manuscript System ID: NIHMS910946; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5638643.
• Martin-Gill, C., Gaither, J. B., Bigham, B. L., Myers, J. B., Kupas, D. F., & Spaite, D. W. (2016). National Prehospital Evidence-Based Guidelines Strategy: A Summary for EMS Stakeholders. Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 20(2), 175-83.
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  Multiple national organizations have recommended and supported a national investment to increase the scientific evidence available to guide patient care delivered by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and incorporate that evidence directly into EMS systems. Ongoing efforts seek to develop, implement, and evaluate prehospital evidence-based guidelines (EBGs) using the National Model Process created by a multidisciplinary panel of experts convened by the Federal Interagency Committee on EMS (FICEMS) and the National EMS Advisory Council (NEMSAC). Yet, these and other EBG efforts have occurred in relative isolation, with limited direct collaboration between national projects, and have experienced challenges in implementation of individual guidelines. There is a need to develop sustainable relationships among stakeholders that facilitate a common vision that facilitates EBG efforts. Herein, we summarize a National Strategy on EBGs developed by the National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP) with involvement of 57 stakeholder organizations, and with the financial support of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the EMS for Children program. The Strategy proposes seven action items that support collaborative efforts in advancing prehospital EBGs. The first proposed action is creation of a Prehospital Guidelines Consortium (PGC) representing national medical and EMS organizations that have an interest in prehospital EBGs and their benefits to patient outcomes. Other action items include promoting research that supports creation and evaluates the impact of EBGs, promoting the development of new EBGs through improved stakeholder collaboration, and improving education on evidence-based medicine for all prehospital providers. The Strategy intends to facilitate implementation of EBGs by improving guideline dissemination and incorporation into protocols, and seeks to establish standardized evaluation methods for prehospital EBGs. Finally, the Strategy proposes that key stakeholder organizations financially support the Prehospital Guidelines Consortium as a means of implementing the Strategy, while together promoting additional funding for continued EBG efforts.
• Castro-Marin, F., Maher, S. A., Navarro, T., Nuño, T., Whitney, J., McDonald, A., Razo, A., Marcuzzo, C., Chick, R., & Gaither, J. B. (2015). Impact of a Mass Gathering Alcohol Sobering Facility on Emergency Resources. Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 22(3), 326-331.
  More info

  Alcohol consumption has been implicated as an important factor driving the demand for medical care at mass gatherings. Patients exhibiting signs of possible alcohol intoxication are frequently diverted from traditional medical support facilities located within mass gathering events due to their disruptive behavior or need for prolonged observation. This conventional strategy can place additional stress on Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and Emergency Department (ED) resources. The purpose of this study was to determine if incorporation of an on-site alcohol sobering facility to supplement existing on-site medical support resources was associated with changes in EMS and ED resource utilization during an annual mass gathering.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Stolz, U., Viscusi, C., Denninghoff, K., Barnhart, B., Mullins, T., Rice, A. D., Mhayamaguru, M., Smith, J. J., Keim, S. M., Bobrow, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2015). Body Temperature after EMS Transport: Association with Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes. Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 21(5), 575-582.
  More info

  Low body temperatures following prehospital transport are associated with poor outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, a minimal amount is known about potential associations across a range of temperatures obtained immediately after prehospital transport. Furthermore, a minimal amount is known about the influence of body temperature on non-mortality outcomes. The purpose of this study was to assess the correlation between temperatures obtained immediately following prehospital transport and TBI outcomes across the entire range of temperatures.
• Gaither, J. B., Galson, S., Curry, M., Mhayamaguru, M., Williams, C., Keim, S. M., Bobrow, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2015). Environmental Hyperthermia in Prehospital Patients with Major Traumatic Brain Injury. The Journal of emergency medicine, 49(3), 375-81.
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  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in an estimated 1.7 million emergency department visits each year in the United States. These injuries frequently occur outside, leaving injured individuals exposed to environmental temperature extremes before they are transported to a hospital.
• Gaither, J. B., Page, R., Prather, C., Paavola, F., & Garrett, A. L. (2015). Impact of a Hurricane Shelter Viral Gastroenteritis Outbreak on a Responding Medical Team. Prehospital and disaster medicine, 30(4), 355-8.
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  Introduction In late October of 2012, Hurricane Sandy struck the northeast United States and shelters were established throughout the impacted region. Numerous cases of infectious viral gastroenteritis occurred in several of these shelters. Such outbreaks are common and have been well described in the past. Early monitoring for, and recognition of, the outbreak allowed for implementation of aggressive infection control measures. However, these measures required intensive medical response team involvement. Little is known about how such outbreaks affect the medical teams responding to the incident. Hypothesis/Problem Describe the impact of an infectious viral gastroenteritis outbreak within a single shelter on a responding medical team.
• Gaither, J. B., Stolz, U., Ennis, J., Moiser, J., & Sakles, J. C. (2015). Association Between Difficult Airway Predictors and Failed Prehosptial Endotracheal Intubation. Air medical journal, 34(6), 343-7.
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  Difficult airway predictors (DAPs) are associated with failure of endotracheal intubation (ETI) in the emergency department (ED). The purpose of this study was to determine if DAPs are associated with failure of prehospital ETI.
• Macht, M., Mull, A. C., McVaney, K. E., Caruso, E. H., Johnston, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Shupp, A. M., Marquez, K. D., Haukoos, J. S., & Colwell, C. B. (2015). Comparison of droperidol and haloperidol for use by paramedics: assessment of safety and effectiveness. Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 18(3), 375-80.
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  Since the 2001 "black box" warning on droperidol, its use in the prehospital setting has decreased substantially in favor of haloperidol. There are no studies comparing the prehospital use of either drug. The goal of this study was to compare QTc prolongation, adverse events, and effectiveness of droperidol and haloperidol among a cohort of agitated patients in the prehospital setting.
• Panchal, A. R., Gaither, J. B., Svirsky, I., Prosser, B., Stolz, U., & Spaite, D. W. (2015). The Impact of Professionalism on Transfer of Care to the Emergency Department. The Journal of emergency medicine, 49(1), 18-25.
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  Patient care transfer from Emergency Medical Services (EMS) to the emergency department (ED) providers is a transition point where there are high rates of information degradation and variability in perceptions of handoff quality.
• Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., Stolz, U., Ennis, J., Mosier, J., & Sakles, J. J. (2014). Prevalence of difficult airway predictors in cases of failed prehospital endotracheal intubation. The Journal of emergency medicine, 47(3), 294-300.
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  Difficult airway predictors (DAPs) are associated with failed endotracheal intubation (ETI) in the emergency department (ED). However, little is known about the relationship between DAPs and failed prehospital ETI.
• Shultz, J. M., Thoresen, S., Flynn, B. W., Muschert, G. W., Shaw, J. A., Espinel, Z., Walter, F. G., Gaither, J. B., Garcia-Barcena, Y., O'Keefe, K., & Cohen, A. M. (2014). Multiple vantage points on the mental health effects of mass shootings. Current psychiatry reports, 16(9), 469.
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  The phenomenon of mass shootings has emerged over the past 50 years. A high proportion of rampage shootings have occurred in the United States, and secondarily, in European nations with otherwise low firearm homicide rates; yet, paradoxically, shooting massacres are not prominent in the Latin American nations with the highest firearm homicide rates in the world. A review of the scientific literature from 2010 to early 2014 reveals that, at the individual level, mental health effects include psychological distress and clinically significant elevations in posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms in relation to the degree of physical exposure and social proximity to the shooting incident. Psychological repercussions extend to the surrounding affected community. In the aftermath of the deadliest mass shooting on record, Norway has been in the vanguard of intervention research focusing on rapid delivery of psychological support and services to survivors of the "Oslo Terror." Grounded on a detailed review of the clinical literature on the mental health effects of mass shootings, this paper also incorporates wide-ranging co-author expertise to delineate: 1) the patterning of mass shootings within the international context of firearm homicides, 2) the effects of shooting rampages on children and adolescents, 3) the psychological effects for wounded victims and the emergency healthcare personnel who care for them, 4) the disaster behavioral health considerations for preparedness and response, and 5) the media "framing" of mass shooting incidents in relation to the portrayal of mental health themes.
• Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Stolz, U., Sherrill, D., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B., Sotelo, M., Gaither, J. B., Viscusi, C., Adelson, P. D., & Denninghoff, K. R. (2014). Evaluation of the impact of implementing the emergency medical services traumatic brain injury guidelines in Arizona: the Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care (EPIC) study methodology. Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, 21(7), 818-30.
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  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) exacts a great toll on society. Fortunately, there is growing evidence that the management of TBI in the early minutes after injury may significantly reduce morbidity and mortality. In response, evidence-based prehospital and in-hospital TBI treatment guidelines have been established by authoritative bodies. However, no large studies have yet evaluated the effectiveness of implementing these guidelines in the prehospital setting. This article describes the background, design, implementation, emergency medical services (EMS) treatment protocols, and statistical analysis of a prospective, controlled (before/after), statewide study designed to evaluate the effect of implementing the EMS TBI guidelines-the Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care (EPIC) study (NIH/NINDS R01NS071049, "EPIC"; and 3R01NS071049-S1, "EPIC4Kids"). The specific aim of the study is to test the hypothesis that statewide implementation of the international adult and pediatric EMS TBI guidelines will significantly reduce mortality and improve nonmortality outcomes in patients with moderate or severe TBI. Furthermore, it will specifically evaluate the effect of guideline implementation on outcomes in the subgroup of patients who are intubated in the field. Over the course of the entire study (~9 years), it is estimated that approximately 25,000 patients will be enrolled.
• Elofson, K., Rhoads, S., Tang, A., Gaither, J. B., & Patanwala, A. (2013). Long acting neuromuscular blocker use during prehospital transport in trauma patients. Air Medical Journal, 32(4), 203-207.
• Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Denninghoff, K. R., Stolz, U., Beskind, D. L., & Meislin, H. W. (2012). Balancing the potential risks and benefits of out-of-hospital intubation in traumatic brain injury: the intubation/hyperventilation effect. Annals of emergency medicine, 60(6), 732-6.
• Bookman, S. J., Eberhardt, A. M., Gaither, J. B., & Colwell, C. B. (2010). Hospital Group Preparation for the 2008 Democratic National Convention. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency management, 7(1).
• Gaither, J. B., Matheson, J., Eberhardt, A., & Colwell, C. B. (2010). Tongue engorgement associated with prolonged use of the King-LT laryngeal tube device. Annals of emergency medicine, 55(4), 367-9.
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  We report a case of massive tongue engorgement associated with the placement of a laryngeal tube device (King Airway-LTS-D EMS). Our patient developed isolated, massive lingual swelling approximately 3 hours after the out-of-hospital placement of a laryngeal tube. Swelling resolved 2 days later in the ICU after fiberoptic-guided exchange of the laryngeal tube for an endotracheal tube. It is most likely that the observed swelling was due to obstruction of venous drainage from the tongue by the oropharyngeal balloon. Other etiologies for lingual swelling such as angioedema cannot be definitively ruled out but are less likely to have caused the patient's tongue engorgement.

Proceedings Publications

• Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Glenn, M., Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Bradley, G., Chikani, V., Mullins, T., Mullins, M., Silver, A. E., Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., & McDannold, R. (2020, Nov). Capnographic Differences in Out-of-hospital Overdose-related, Respiratory, and Cardiac Arrests. In Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association Scientific Sessions.
• Spaite, D. W., Rice, A., Tolson, J. P., Duran, N. S., Clark, J., Pike, R., Draper, S., Duncan, M., Bradley, B., Jado, I., & Gaither, J. B. (2020, Jan). In-Station Medication Systems Increase Administration of Controlled Substances During Advanced Life Support (ALS) Transports. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
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  Gaither JB, Jado I, Bradley B, Duncan M, Draper S, Pike R, Clark J, Duran NS, Tolson JP, Rice AD, Spaite DW. In-Station Medication Systems Increase Administration of Controlled Substances During Advanced Life Support (ALS) Transports. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 9-11, 2020, San Diego, California.
• Adam, F., Collin, R., Tomas, N., Jeffery, T., Isabel, C., Rice, A., & Gaither, J. B. (2019, April). Correlation of End-Tidal and Venous Carbon Dioxide Following Intubation ion Patients with Severe Trauma. In Annual Meeting of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.
• Adam, F., Collin, R., Tomas, N., Jeffery, T., Isabel, C., Rice, A., & Gaither, J. B. (2019, March). Correlation of End-Tidal and Venous Carbon Dioxide Following Intubation ion Patients with Severe Trauma. In 22nd Annual Meeting of the Western Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.
• Barnhardt, B. J., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Perez, O. (2019, Jan). Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. In NAEMSP National Scientific Assembly.
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  Perez O, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson D, Hu C, Gaither JB, Rice A, Keim SM, Barnhart BJ: Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Prehospital Emerg Care 2019
• Bobrow, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Mullins, M., Mullins, M., Hu, C., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A. D., Rice, A. D., Maher, S., & Maher, S. (2019, November). Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Prior to Arrival of Emergency Medical Services in Arizona Extended Care Facilities. In Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association.
• Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Duncan, M., Duncan, M., Draper, S., Draper, S., Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J., Smith, J., Rice, A., Rice, A., Mhayamaguru, K., Mhayamaguru, K., Tolson, J. P., Tolson, J. P., Janajreh, Y. M., Janajreh, Y. M., Enriquez, N. A., & Enriquez, N. A. (2019, Jan). Case Series Illustrating Adverse Reactions to Prehospital Administration of Low Dose Ketamine for Pain Control. In NAEMSP National Scientific Assembly.
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  Enriquez NA, Janajreh YM, Tolson JP, Mhayamaguru KM, Rice AD, Smith JJ, Spaite DW, Draper S, Duncan D, Gaither JB. Case Series Illustrating Adverse Reactions to Prehospital Administration of Low Dose Ketamine for Pain Control. Prehospital Emerg Care 2019
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D. B., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhardt, B. J. (2019, Fall). Prehospital Capnography in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Association Between Ent-Tidal CO2 and Level of Consciousness. In Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association, Resuscitation Science Symposium.
• Hu, C., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A., D, A., T, M., Denninghoff, K. R., V, C., Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2019, Nov). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. In Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association, Resuscitation Science Symposium.
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  Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Gaither JB, Keim SM, Barnhart BJ, Chikani V, Denninghoff K, Mullins T, Adelson D, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Hu C: Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: The EPIC4Kids Study. Presented at the Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; November 16-17, 2019.
• Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Barnhardt, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2019, Jan). Differential Effects of Prehospital Hypotension and Injury Severity in Isolated Versus Multisystem Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In NAEMSP National Scientific Assembly.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff K, Rice A, Keim SM: Differential Effects of Prehospital Hypotension and Injury Severity in Isolated Versus Multisystem Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2019
• Michael, H., Jason, L., Christopher, E., Philipp, H., Amber, R. D., & Gaither, J. B. (2019, Jan). Comparison of Comfort and Presence of Skin Irritation In Non-Injured Volunteers Wearing Semi-rigid and Soft Cervical Collars. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Nuno, T., E, A., A, F. M., Jeffery, T. P., I, C., S, D. D., T, D. M., S, C. E., Rice, A., J, G. J., & Gaither, J. B. (2019, May). Difference in Ventilation Among Trauma Cases Intubated Using Succinylcholine Versus Rocuronium. In 22nd Annual Meeting of the Western Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.
• Perez, O., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhardt, B. J. (2019, Jan). End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury: Patients Receiving O2 Via Nasal Cannula Versus Non-Rebreather Mask. In NAEMSP National Scientific Assembly.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Babaieizadeh S, Jorgenson D, Hu C, Gaither JB, Rice A, Keim SM, Perez O: End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury: Patients Receiving O2 Via Nasal Cannula Versus Non-Rebreather Mask.
• S, D. D., Nuno, T., Adam, F. M., E, A., J, T. P., I, C., T, D. M., S, C. E., J, G. J., Rice, A., & Gaither, J. B. (2019, May). Hyper/Hypoventilation Following Intubation for Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Adult vs. Pediatric Patients. In 22nd Annual Meeting of the Western Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.
• Samantha, R., Abhijay, M., Jeffery, T., Gaither, J. B., Sid, P., Rice, A. M., Beskind, D. L., & Bradshaw, H. R. (2019, Jan). Implementation of a Medical Amnesty / Good Samaritan Policy by a Large Public University is Not Associated with an Increase in Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Alcohol Related Patient Encounters. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Spaite, D. W., Barnhardt, B. J., Helfenbein, E., Jorgenson, D. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Hu, C. (2019, Fall). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannual End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. In Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association, Resuscitation Science Symposium.
• Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B. J., V, C., Denninghoff, K. R., T, M., D, A., Rice, A., Viscusi, C. D., & Hu, C. (2019, Fal). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. In Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association, Resuscitation Science Symposium.
• Woolridge, D. P., Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Denninghoff, K. R., Rice, A., C, K., J, D. J., R, B., V, C., M, U., & Gaither, J. B. (2019, May). Use of Supplemental Fields to Identify Additional Cases of Potential Abusive Head Trauma. In 22nd Annual Meeting of the Western Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.
• Barnhardt, B. J., Barnhardt, B. J., Keim, S. M., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D. B., Jorgenson, D. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Babaeizadeh, S., Helfenbein, E., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Perez, O., & Perez, O. (2018, Nov). Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. In Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS) of the American Heart Association (AHA).
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  Perez O, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson DB, Hu C, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Barnhart B: Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Circulation 2018
• Barnhardt, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D. B., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Perez, O. (2018, Nov). End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Receiving O2 Via Nasal Cannula Versus Non-Rebreather Mask. In Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS) of the American Heart Association (AHA).
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  Barnhart B, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson DB, Hu C, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Perez O: End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Receiving O2 Via Nasal Cannula Versus Non-Rebreather Mask. Circulation 2018
• Barnhart, B., Keim, S. M., Rice, A. D., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Perez, O. (2018, Nov). Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS).
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  Perez O, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson DB, Hu C, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Barnhart B: Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Presented to the American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS), November 10-11, 2018, Chicago, Illinois.
• Bobrow, B. J., Mullins, T., George, T., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Spaite, D. W., Mullins, M., McDannold, R., Hu, C., Rice, A., & Gaither, J. B. (2018, Jan). Comparison of Manual Vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality During Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. In NAEMSP National Scientific Assembly.
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  Gaither J, Rice A, Hu C, McDannold R, Mullins M, Spaite D, Vadeboncoeur T, George T, Mullins T, Bobrow B: Comparison of Manual Vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality During Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 10-13, 2018, San Diego, California.
• Bobrow, B. J., Mullins, T., George, T., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Wentworth, S., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Gaither, J. B., & Rice, A. (2018, Jan). Rearrest Incidence and Post-ROSC Rhythms after Prehospital Return of Spontaneous Circulation in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. In NAEMSP National Scientific Assembly.
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  Rice A, Gaither J, Spaite D, Chikani V, Wentworth S, Vadeboncoeur T, George T, Mullins T, Bobrow B: Rearrest Incidence and Post-ROSC Rhythms after Prehospital Return of Spontaneous Circulation in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Presented to the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 10-13, 2018, San Diego, California.
• Gaither, J. B., Peter, F., Rice, A. M., Franco, C., Robyn, B., Vatsal, C., Anne, V., Tomas, N., & Bobrow, B. J. (2018, May). Does an Emergency Medical Services Protocol Decrease Spinal Board Use in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury. In Annual Meeting of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.
• Gaither, J. B., Petter, F., Rice, A. M., Franco, C., Robyn, B., Vatsal, C., Anne, V., & Bobrow, B. J. (2018, Feb). Does an Emergency Medical Services Protocol Decrease Spinal Board Use in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury. In 21st Annual Western Regional Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Meeting.
• Keim, S. M., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Barnhardt, B. J., Barnhardt, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., & Spaite, D. W. (2018, Nov). Differential Effects of Prehospital Hypotension and Injury Severity in Isolated Versus Multisystem Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS) of the American Heart Association (AHA).
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart B, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Keim SM: Differential Effects of Prehospital Hypotension and Injury Severity in Isolated Versus Multisystem Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2018
• Keim, S. M., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Barnhardt, B. J., Barnhardt, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., & Spaite, D. W. (2018, Nov). Three-Dimensional Models of Complex Interactions Between Age, Prehospital Blood Pressure, and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS) of the American Heart Association (AHA).
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart B, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Keim SM: Three-Dimensional Models of Complex Interactions Between Age, Prehospital Blood Pressure, and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2018
• Keim, S. M., Rice, A. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2018, Nov). Three-Dimensional Models of Complex Interactions Between Age, Prehospital Blood Pressure, and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS).
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart B, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Keim SM: Three-Dimensional Models of Complex Interactions Between Age, Prehospital Blood Pressure, and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented to the American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS), November 10-11, 2018, Chicago, Illinois.
• Keim, S. M., Sherrill, D. L., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2018, Jan). Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In NAEMSP National Scientific Assembly.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Keim SM: Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented to the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 10-13, 2018, San Diego, California.
• Spaite, D. W., Beskind, D. L., Smith, J. J., Waters, K. E., Rice, A., Mhayamaguru, K., & Gaither, J. B. (2018, Jan). Use of Distance Education Tools to Improve the Rural EMS Experience for EMS Fellows. In NAEMSP National Scientific Assembly.
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  Gaither JG, Mhayamaguru KM, Rice A, Waters KE, Smith JJ, Beskind D, Spaite DW. Use of Distance Education Tools to Improve the Rural EMS Experience for EMS Fellows. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 10-13, 2018, San Diego, California.
• Spaite, D. W., Sherril, D., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D., Babaeizadeh, S., Barnhart, B. J., Helfenbein, E., & Perez, O. (2018, Jan). Prehospital Blood Pressure Measurement in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. In NAEMSP National Scientific Assembly.
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  Perez O, Helfenbein E, Barnhart BJ, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson D, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither J, Keim S, Sherrill D, Spaite D: Prehospital Blood Pressure Measurement in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Prehospital Emerg Care 2018;22(1):123-124.
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Sherrill, D., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, January). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Bobrow, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A., Sherrill, D. L., Sherrill, D. L., Viscusi, C. D., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Barnhart, B. J., , Babaeizadeh, S., et al. (2017, September). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major TBI Patients. In Mediterranean Emergency Medicine Congress.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ: Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major TBI Patients. Presented to the Mediterranean Emergency Medicine Congress, September 6-10, 2017, Lisbon, Portugal.
• Bobrow, B. J., Mulllins, T., George, T. A., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Spaite, D. W., Mullins, M., McDannold, R., Silver, A., Hu, C., Rice, A., & Gaither, J. B. (2017, Nov). Comparison of Manual vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality during Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS).
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  Gaither JB, Rice AD, Hu C, Silver A, McDannold R, Mullins M, Spaite DW, Vadeboncoeur TF, George TA, Mullins T, Bobrow BJ: Comparison of Manual vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality during Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. Presented to the American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS), November 11-13, 2017, Anaheim, California.
• Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A. D., Sherrill, D. L., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Babaeizadeh, S., Barnhart, B., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Perez, O. (2017, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal Co2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. In National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting.
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  Perez O, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Barnhart BJ, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Sherrill D, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ: Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 24-26, 2017, New Orleans, LA.
• Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A. D., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Sherrill, D. L., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Babaeizadeh, S., Perez, O., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. (2017, Jan). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Sherrill D, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ: Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 24-26, 2017, New Orleans, LA.
• Bobrow, B. J., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Mullins, M., McDannold, R., Gaither, J. B., Silver, A., Spaite, D. W., & Hu, C. (2017, Jan). Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. In National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting.
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  Hu C, Spaite DW, Silver A, Gaither J, McDannold R, Mullins M, Vadeboncoeur T, Bobrow B. Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 24-26, 2017, New Orleans, LA.
• Bradshaw, H. R., Harris, S., Dander, S., Saxman, Z., Berkman, M. R., & Gaither, J. B. (2017, January). Effects of a Transit Strike on EMS Transports and Emergency Department Resource Utilization. In National Association of EMS Physician Annual Meeting.
• Castro-Martin, F., Gaither, J. B., & Stephen, M. (2017, January). Impact of an On-site Mass Gathering Alcohol Sobering Facility on Emergency Medical Services and Emergency Department Resource Utilization.. In National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting.
• Gaither, J. B., Castro-Martin, F., Blust, R., Chikani, v., Vossbrink, A., Martinez, R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, January). Widespread Implementation of a Prehospital Spinal Motion Restriction Protocol is Not Associated with Increased Spinal Cord Injury. In National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Silver, A., Gaither, J. B., McDannold, R., Mullins, M., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, Jan). Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, 21, 92.
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  Hu C, Spaite DW, Silver A, Gaither J, McDannold R, Mullins M, Vadeboncoeur T, Bobrow B. Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. Prehospital Emerg Care 2017:21(1):92
• Keim, S. M., Grady, K., Rice, A. D., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2017, Sept). Effect of Prehospital Hypoxia “Depth-Duration Dose” on Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Mediterranean Emergency Medicine Congress.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart BJ, Adelson PD, Rice AD, Grady K, Keim SM: Effect of Prehospital Hypoxia “Depth-Duration Dose” on Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented to the Mediterranean Emergency Medicine Congress, September 6-10, 2017, Lisbon, Portugal.
• Keim, S. M., Sherrill, D., Mullins, T., Rice, A. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2017, Nov). Evaluation of the Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS).
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Mullins T, Sherrill D, Keim SM: Evaluation of the Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented to the American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS), November 11-13, 2017, Anaheim, California.
• Perez, O., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Sherrill, D., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, January). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Sherrill, D. L., Mullins, T., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Grady, K., Rice, A. D., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2017, Jan). Evaluation Of Prehospital Hypoxia "Depth-Duration Dose'' and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart BJ, Adelson PD, Rice AD, Grady K, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Sherrill D: Evaluation of Prehospital Hypoxia “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 24-26, 2017, New Orleans, LA.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Rice, A. D., Grady, K., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Sherrill, D. (2017, January). Evaluation of Prehospital Hypoxia “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, 21, 91.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart BJ, Adelson PD, Rice AD, Grady K, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Sherrill D: Evaluation of Prehospital Hypoxia “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2017:21(1):91.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Rice, A. D., Grady, K., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Sherrill, D. (2017, January). Evaluation of Prehospital Hypoxia “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Spaite, D. W., Keim, S. M., Sherill, D., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Perez, O., Helfenbein, E., & Barnhardt, B. J. (2017, Nov). Prehospital Oxygen Delivery Method and Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Patterns in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS).
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  Barnhart BJ, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson DB, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Sherrill D, Keim SM, Spaite DW: Prehospital Oxygen Delivery Method and Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Patterns in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Presented to the American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS), November 11-13, 2017, Anaheim, California.
• Spaite, D. W., Sherill, D., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Barnhardt, B. J., Helfenbein, E., & Perez, O. (2017, Nov). Prehospital Blood Pressure Measurement in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS).
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  Perez O, Helfenbein E, Barnhart BJ, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson DB, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Keim SM, Sherrill D, Spaite DW: Prehospital Blood Pressure Measurement in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Presented to the American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS), November 11-13, 2017, Anaheim, California.
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, November). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions, 133, A15795.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Bobrow BJ: Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Circulation 2016;133:A15795
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, November). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J. J., Curry, M., Mhayamaguru, M., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, January). Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperatures Are Associated With Poor Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, 20, 141.
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  Gaither JB, Chikani V, Spaite DW, Smith JJ, Curry M, Mhayamaguru M, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Denninghoff KR, Bobrow B: Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperatures Are Associated With Poor Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2016;20(1):141.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J. J., Curry, M., Mhayamaguru, M., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, January). Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperatures Are Associated With Poor Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Spaite, D. W. (2016, Fall). Age-Related Risk of Death in Patients With Major TBI: Implications for Trauma Triage Guidelines.. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 20, 164.
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  Gaither JB, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Sherrill D, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Denninghoff KR, Spaite DW: Age-Related Risk of Death in Patients With Major TBI: Implications for Trauma Triage Guidelines. Prehospital Emerg Care 2016;20(1):164.
• Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Silver, A., Gaither, J. B., McDannold, R., Mullins, M., Vadeboncoeur, T., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, November). Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions, 133.
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  Hu C, Spaite D, Silver A, Gaither J, McDannold R, Mullins M, Vadeboncoeur T, Bobrow B. Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. Circulation 2016;133
• Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Silver, A., Gaither, J. B., McDannold, R., Mullins, M., Vadeboncoeur, T., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, November). Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions.
• Lopez, M., Tesar, L., Kulkarni, A., Nuno, T., Maslan, K., & Gaither, J. B. (2016, March). Utilization of End Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Requiring Intubation in the Emergency Department. In Western Regional SAEM Meeting.
• Perez, O., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Sherril, D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, November). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions, 133, A13835.
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  Perez O, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Barnhart BJ, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Vatsal C, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Bobrow BJ: Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2016;133:A13835
• Perez, O., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Vatsal, C., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Sherril, D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, November). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Sherrill, D. (2016, November). Evaluation of Prehospital Hypotension Depth-Duration Dose and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Sherrill, D. L. (2016, November). Evaluation of Prehospital Hypotension Depth-Duration Dose and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions, 133, A15910.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Adelson PD, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Sherrill D: Evaluation of Prehospital Hypotension Depth-Duration Dose and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2016;A15910
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Martinez, R., & Adelson, P. D. (2016, January). Comparison of the Performance of Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure Versus Calculated Mean Arterial Pressure in Predicting Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, 20, 137.
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  Spaite DW, Hu Chengcheng, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Sherrill D, Barnhart B, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Martinez R, Adelson PD. Comparison of the Performance of Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure Versus Calculated Mean Arterial Pressure in Predicting Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2016;20(1):137.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Denninghoff, K. R., & Stolz, U. (2016, January). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, 20, 140-141.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Sherrill D, Chikani V, Barnhart B, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Stolz U. Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study. Prehospital Emerg Care 2016;20(1):140-141.
• Spaite, D. W., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Barnhart, B. J., Stolz, U., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Adelson, P. D., & Mullins, T. (2016, Spring). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study.. In Circulation.
• Stolz, U., Denninghoff, K. R., Mullins, T., Viscusi, C. D., Adelson, P. D., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2016, January). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study.. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Barnhart, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Sherrill, D., Sherrill, D., Denninghoff, K. R., , Denninghoff, K. R., et al. (2017, January). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Gaither, J. B., Bradshaw, H. R., Smith, J. J., Waters, K. E., & Spaite, D. W. (2015, January). Development of a Novel Course to Integrate EMS Fellow, Emergency Medicine Resident, and Undergraduate Education in EMS Systems Organization and Deployment. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, 19, 340.
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  Gaither JB, Bradshaw HR, Smith JJ, Waters K, Spaite DW: Development of a Novel Course to Integrate EMS Fellow, Emergency Medicine Resident, and Undergraduate Education in EMS Systems Organization and Deployment. Prehospital Emerg Care 2015;19(2):340.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J. J., Curry, M., Mhayamaguru, M., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2015, November). Association Between Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Resuscitation Science Symposium of the American Heart Association.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Stolz, U., Garison, S., Smith, J., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2015, January). Association Between Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Mortality from Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Stolz, U., Garrison, S., Smith, J., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2015, January). Association Between Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Mortality from Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, 19, 165.
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  Gaither JB, Chikani V, Spaite DW, Stolz U, Garrison S, Smith J, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Denninghoff K, Bobrow BJ: Association Between Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Mortality from Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2015;19(1):165.
• Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J. J., Smith, J. J., Curry, M., Curry, M., Mhayamaguru, M., Mhayamaguru, M., Barnhart, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., , Denninghoff, K. R., et al. (2015, November). Association Between Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Resuscitation Science Symposium of the American Heart Association, 132.
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  Gaither JB, Chikani V, Spaite DW, Smith JJ, Curry M, Mhayamaguru M, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Denninghoff KR, Bobrow B; Association Between Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2015;132
• Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Bradshaw, H. R., Bradshaw, H. R., Bradshaw, H. R., Smith, J. J., Smith, J. J., Smith, J. J., Waters, K. E., Waters, K. E., Waters, K. E., Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., & Spaite, D. W. (2015, January). Development of a Novel Course to Integrate EMS Fellow, Emergency Medicine Resident, and Undergraduate Education in EMS Systems Organization and Deployment. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Perez, O., Perez, O., Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Babaeizadeh, S., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Sherrill, D., Sherrill, D., Denninghoff, K. R., , Denninghoff, K. R., et al. (2017, January). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Martinez, R. A., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Stolz, U. (2015, November). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Resuscitation Science Symposium of the American Heart Association, 132, A14938..
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  Spaite DW, Hu Chengcheng, Bobrow BJ, Sherrill D, Chikani V, Barnhart B, Martinez R, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Stolz U: Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2015;132:A14938.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Martinez, R. A., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Stolz, U. (2015, November). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Resuscitation Science Symposium of the American Heart Association.
• Stolz, U., Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Humble, W. O., & Denninghoff, K. R. (2015, January). Association Between Lowest Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure and Non-Mortality Outcomes in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Is There a “Hypotension” Threshold?. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, 19, 143.
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  Stolz U, Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Sherrill D, Barnhart B, Gaither JB, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Humble W, Denninghoff KR: Association Between Lowest Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure and Non-Mortality Outcomes in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Is There a “Hypotension” Threshold? Prehospital Emerg Care 2015;19(1):143.
• Stolz, U., Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Humble, W. O., & Denninghoff, K. R. (2015, January). Association Between Lowest Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure and Non-Mortality Outcomes in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Is There a “Hypotension” Threshold?. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.

Presentations

• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaieizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring In Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. January 7-11, 2020, San Diego, CA.
• Hu, C., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A., Adelson, D., Mullins, T., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Jan). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. January 6-11, 2020, San Diego, CA.
• Walter, F. G., Shirazi, F., Smith, J., Beskind, D. L., French, R. N., Gaither, J. B., & Rice, A. (2020, January). EMS Medical Directors Advanced Hazmat Life Support for Tox-MedicsTM. National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP) 2020 Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA.
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  Full day pre-conference workshop presentation
• Corey, G., Rice, A. M., Franco, C., Robyn, B. N., Vatsal, C., Anne, V., Jeffery, T., Bobrow, B. J., & Gaither, J. B. (2019, Jan). Why Are Long Spinal Boards Used in Prehospital cases with Retrospective Diagnosed Spinal Cord Injury. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Austin, Texas.
• Perez, O., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D., Babaeizadeh, S., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2019, Jan). End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury: Patients Receiving O2 Via Nasal Cannula Versus Non-Rebreather Mask. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. January 7-12, 2019, Austin, TX..
• Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A. D., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Sherill, D., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Babaeizadeh, S., Barnhardt, B. J., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Perez, O. (2018, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. NAEMSP National Scientific Assembly.
• Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A. D., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Sherill, D., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Babaeizadeh, S., Barnhardt, B. J., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Perez, O. (2018, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Mhayamaguru, K., Walter, F. G., Amber, B., Eric, L., French, R., Gaither, J. B., Carl, Y., & Kristina, W. E. (2019, Jan). Prehospital Availability and Use of Medications for Managing Hazmat Emergencies. Annual meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego, CA.
• Barnhart, B., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Sherrill, D. L., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, Jan). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Sherrill D, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ. 2017. Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care, 2017;21(1):95.
• Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Castro-Martin, F., Castro-Martin, F., Blust, R., Blust, R., Chikani, v., Chikani, v., Vossbrink, A., Vossbrink, A., Martinez, R., Martinez, R., Bobrow, B. J., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, January). Widespread Implementation of a Prehospital Spinal Motion Restriction Protocol is Not Associated with Increased Spinal Cord Injury. National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Silver, A., Gaither, J. B., McDannold, R., Mullins, M., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, Jan). Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. New Orleans, Louisiana.
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  Hu C, Spaite DW, Silver A, Gaither J, McDannold R, Mullins M, Vadeboncoeur T, Bobrow BJ. Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. Prehospital Emerg Care 2017:21(1):92
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B., Adelson, P. D., Rice, A. D., Grady, K., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Sherrill, D. L. (2017, Jan). Evaluation Of Prehospital Hypoxia "Depth-Duration Dose'' and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart BJ, Adelson PD, Rice AD, Grady K, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Sherrill D. 2017. Evaluation Of Prehospital Hypoxia "Depth-Duration Dose'' and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care, 2017;21(1):91.
• Bobrow, B. J., Vadeboncoeur, T., Mullins, M., McDannold, R., Gaither, J. B., Silver, A., Spaite, D. W., & Hu, C. (2016, Nov). Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
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  Hu C, Spaite D, Silver A, Gaither J, McDannold R, Mullins M, Vadeboncoeur T, Bobrow BJ. 2016. Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. Circulation. 134 (Suppl 1): A20338.
• Bobrow, B. J., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Babaeizadeh, S., Perez, O., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2016, Nov). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Bobrow BJ: Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Circulation 2016;133:A15795
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J. J., Curry, M., Mhayamaguru, M., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, January). Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperatures Are Associated With Poor Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego.
• Perez, O. P., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Sherrill, D. L., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, Nov). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
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  Perez O, Spaite D, Helfenbein E, Barnhart B, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Bobrow BJ. 2016. Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation. 134 (Suppl 1): A13835.
• Spaite, D. W., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C. D., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Gaither, J. B. (2016, January 14-16). Age-Related Risk of Death in Patients With Major TBI: Implications for Trauma Triage Guidelines.. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA.
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  Gaither JB, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Sherrill D, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Denninghoff KR, Spaite DW. 2016. Age-Related Risk of Death in Patients With Major TBI: Implications for Trauma Triage Guidelines. Prehospital Emerg Care 2016;20(1):164.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Sherrill, D. L. (2016, November). Evaluation of Prehospital Hypotension Depth-Duration Dose and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Adelson PD, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Sherrill D: Evaluation of Prehospital Hypotension Depth-Duration Dose and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2016;A15910
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Martinez, R. A., & Adelson, P. D. (2016, January 14-16). Comparison of the Performance of Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure Versus Calculated Mean Arterial Pressure in Predicting Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Sherrill DL, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Viscusi CD, Mullins T, Martinez RA, and Adelson PD. 2016. Comparison of the performance of prehospital systolic blood pressure versus calculated mean arterial pressure in predicting mortality in major traumatic brain injury. Prehospital Emerg Care, 2016;20(1):137.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Stolz, U., & Adelson, P. D. (2016, January). Comparison of the Performance of Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure Versus Calculated Mean Arterial Pressure in Predicting Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego, California.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Stolz, U. (2016, January 14-16). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study.. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Sherrill DL, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Adelson PD, Viscusi CD, Mullins T, and Stolz U. 2016. Association between survival and increases in prehospital systolic blood pressure after its nadir in major traumatic brain injury: new findings from the EPIC study. Prehospital Emerg Care, 2016;20(1):140-141.
• Bobrow, B. J., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C. D., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B. J., Smith, J., Garison, S., Stolz, U., Spaite, D. W., Chikani, V., & Gaither, J. B. (2015, January). Association Between Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Mortality from Major Traumatic Brain Injury.. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. New Orleans, Louisiana.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Denninghoff, K. R., & Stolz, U. (2016, January). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study.. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego, California.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Stolz, U. (2015, November). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury.. Resuscitation Science Symposium of the American Heart Association. Orlando, Florida: American Heart Association.

Poster Presentations

• C, M. F., S, L., M, H., R, B., K, C., T, C., G, L., D, N., H, S., M, S., B, L. L., K, A., J, L., Gaither, J. B., & L, B. R. (2020, May). Prehospital Non-Pharmacological Pain Management in Injured Children. Pediatric Academic Societies. Philadelphia: Pediatric Academic Societies (PAS) Annual Meeting.
• C, M. F., S, L., M, H., R, B., M, S., D, N., G, L., K, C., T, C., H, S., B, L. L., K, A., J, L., Gaither, J. B., & L, B. R. (2020, May). Factors That Impact Prehospital Pain Management in Injured Children. Pediatric Academic Societies. Philadelphia, PA: Pediatric Academic Societies (PAS) Annual Meeting.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaieizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2020, Jan). Prehospital Capnography in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Association Between End-tidal CO2 and Level of Consciousness. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. January 7-11, 2020, San Diego, CA.
• Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B. J., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A. M., Spaite, D. W., & Keim, S. M. (2020, Oct). Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association.
• M, H., S, L., C, M. F., R, B., M, S., D, N., G, L., K, C., T, C., H, S., B, L. L., K, A., J, L., Gaither, J. B., & L, B. R. (2020, May). Impact of Prehospital Opioid Administration on Emergency Department Care for Injured Children. Pediatric Academic Societies. Philadelphia: Pediatric Academic Societies (PAS) Annual Meeting.
• Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A. M., Keim, S. M., & Hu, C. (2020, October). Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension?. Annual meeting of the American Heart Association.
• Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D., Babaeizadeh, S., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Perez, O. (2019, Jan). Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. January 7-12, 2019, Austin, TX..
• Bobrow, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Mullins, M., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., & Maher, S. A. (2019, Nov). Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Prior to Arrival of Emergency Medical Services in Arizona Extended Care Facilities. Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association, Resuscitation Science Symposium. Nov. 16–17, 2019, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaieizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2019, Fall). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring In Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association, Resuscitation Science Symposium. Nov. 16–17, 2019 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaieizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2019, Fall). Prehospital Capnography in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Association Between End-Tidal CO2 and Level of Consciousness. Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association, Resuscitation Science Symposium. Nov. 16–17, 2019 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• Hu, C., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A., D, A., T, M., Denninghoff, K. R., V, C., Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2019, Fall). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association, Resuscitation Science Symposium. Nov. 16–17, 2019 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2019, Jan). Differential Effects of Prehospital Hypotension and Injury Severity in Isolated versus Multisystem Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. January 7-12, 2019, Austin, TX..
• Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A. D., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Sherill, D., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Babaeizadeh, S., Barnhardt, B. J., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Perez, O. (2018, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. NAEMSP National Scientific Assembly.
• Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A. D., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Sherill, D., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Babaeizadeh, S., Barnhardt, B. J., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Perez, O. (2018, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Barnhart, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Sherril, D., Sherril, D., Denninghoff, K. R., , Denninghoff, K. R., et al. (2017, Jan). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Sherrill D, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ: Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2017:21(1):95.
• Perez, O., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Sherrill, D. L., Rice, A. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal Co2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA.
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  Perez O, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Barnhart BJ, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ. 2017. Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal Co2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Prehospital Emerg Care, 2017;21(1):97.
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, Nov). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Bobrow BJ: Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Circulation 2016;133:A15795
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, November). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
• Fukushima, H., Silver, A., Gould, J., Edgell, K., Appleby, D., Iwami, T., Mullins, M., McDannold, R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, November). Predictors of Resuscitation Success Prior to EMS Arrival in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients Treated with a Public Access AED. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
• Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Spaite, D. W. (2016, January 14-16). Age-Related Risk of Death in Patients With Major TBI: Implications for Trauma Triage Guidelines.. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA.
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  Gaither JB, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Sherrill D, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Denninghoff KR, Spaite DW. 2016. Age-Related Risk of Death in Patients With Major TBI: Implications for Trauma Triage Guidelines. Prehospital Emerg Care 2016;20(1):164.
• Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Silver, A., Gaither, J. B., McDannold, R., Mullins, M., Vadeboncoeur, T., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, Nov). Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
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  Hu C, Spaite D, Silver A, Gaither J, McDannold R, Mullins M, Vadeboncoeur T, Bobrow BJ. 2016. Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. Circulation. 134 (Suppl 1): A20338.
• Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Silver, A., Gaither, J. B., McDannold, R., Mullins, M., Vadeboncoeur, T., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, November). Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Stolz, U., Garison, S., Smith, J., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2015, January). Association Between Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Mortality from Major Traumatic Brain Injury.. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. New Orleans, Louisiana.

Others

• Barnhardt, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Jorgenson, D. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Hu, C. (2020, Jan). Prehospital Capnography in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Association Between End-Tidal CO2 and Level of Consciousness. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson D, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice A, Keim SM, Hu C: Prehospital Capnography in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Association Between End-tidal CO2 and Level of Consciousness. Prehospital Emerg Care 2020 (in press).
• Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Glenn, M., Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Bradley, G., Chikani, V., Mullins, T., Mullins, M., Silver, A. E., Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., & McDannold, R. (2020, Nov). Capnographic Differences in Out-of-hospital Overdose-related, Respiratory, and Cardiac Arrests. Circulation. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circ.142.suppl_4.156
• C, M. F., S, L., M, H., R, B., K, C., T, C., G, L., D, N., H, S., M, S., B, L. L., K, A., J, L., Gaither, J. B., & L, B. R. (2020, May). Prehospital Non-Pharmacological Pain Management in Injured Children. Pediatric Academic Societies.
• C, M. F., S, L., M, H., R, B., M, S., D, N., G, L., K, C., T, C., H, S., B, L. L., K, A., J, L., Gaither, J. B., & L, B. R. (2020, May). Factors That Impact Prehospital Pain Management in Injured Children. Pediatric Academic Societies.
• Gaither, J. B., & Rice, A. (2020, January). Administrative Guidelines for Northwest Fire District and Tucson Fire Department.
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  Development of 35 Administrative Guidelines and associated education for Northwest Fire District and Tucson Fire Department.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D. B., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhardt, B. J. (2020, Jan). Prehospital Capnography in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Association Between Ent-Tidal CO2 and Level of Consciousness. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson D, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice A, Keim SM, Hu C: Prehospital Capnography in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Association Between End-tidal CO2 and Level of Consciousness. Prehospital Emerg Care 2020 (in press).
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaieizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring In Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Prehospital Emergency Care, 24(1), 100-156 (Abstracts for the 2020 NAEMSP Scientific Assembly).
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaieizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2020, Jan). Prehospital Capnography in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Association Between End-tidal CO2 and Level of Consciousness. Prehospital Emergency Care, 24(1), 100-156 (Abstracts for the 2020 NAEMSP Scientific Assembly).
• Hu, C., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A., Adelson, D., Mullins, T., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Jan). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. Prehospital Emergency Care, 24(1), 100-156 (Abstracts for the 2020 NAEMSP Scientific Assembly).
• M, H., S, L., C, M. F., R, B., M, S., D, N., G, L., K, C., T, C., H, S., B, L. L., K, A., J, L., Gaither, J. B., & L, B. R. (2020, May). Impact of Prehospital Opioid Administration on Emergency Department Care for Injured Children. Pediatric Academic Societies.
• Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A. M., Keim, S. M., & Hu, C. (2020, October). Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension?. Circulation.
• Spaite, D. W., Rice, A., Jeffery, T., N, D., John, C., Richard, P., Michael, D., Brad, B., Isrelia, J., & Gaither, J. B. (2020, Jan). In-Station Medication Systems Increase Administration of Controlled Substances During Advanced Life Support (ALS) Transports. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Gaither JB, Jado I, Bradley B, Duncan M, Draper S, Pike R, Clark J, Duran NS, Tolson JP, Rice AD, Spaite DW. In-Station Medication Systems Increase Administration of Controlled Substances During Advanced Life Support (ALS) Transports. Prehospital Emergency Care 2020
• Adam, F., Collin, R., Tomas, N., Jeffery, T., Isabel, C., Rice, A., & Gaither, J. B. (2019, April). Correlation of End-Tidal and Venous Carbon Dioxide Following Intubation ion Patients with Severe Trauma. Academic Emergency Medicine.
• Barnhardt, B. J., Barnhardt, B. J., Keim, S. M., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D. B., Jorgenson, D. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Babaeizadeh, S., Helfenbein, E., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Perez, O., & Perez, O. (2019, Jan). Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Perez O, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson D, Hu C, Gaither JB, Rice A, Keim SM, Barnhart BJ: Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Prehospital Emerg Care 2019
• Barnhardt, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Jorgenson, D. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Hu, C. (2019, Fall). Prehospital Capnography in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Association Between Ent-Tidal CO2 and Level of Consciousness. Circulation.
• Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D., Babaeizadeh, S., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Perez, O. (2019, Jan). Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Prehospital Emergency Care, 23(1)..
• Bobrow, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Mullins, M., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., & Maher, S. A. (2019, Nov). Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Prior to Arrival of Emergency Medical Services in Arizona Extended Care Facilities. Circulation. 2019;140:A291.
• Gaither, J. B., Duncan, M., Draper, S., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J., Rice, A., Mhayamaguru, K., Tolson, J. P., Janajreh, Y. M., & Enriquez, N. A. (2019, Jan). Case Series Illustrating Adverse Reactions to Prehospital Administration of Low Dose Ketamine for Pain Control. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Enriquez NA, Janajreh YM, Tolson JP, Mhayamaguru KM, Rice AD, Smith JJ, Spaite DW, Draper S, Duncan D, Gaither JB. Case Series Illustrating Adverse Reactions to Prehospital Administration of Low Dose Ketamine for Pain Control. Prehospital Emerg Care 2019
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaieizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2019, Fall). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring In Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Circulation. 2019;140:A326.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaieizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2019, Fall). Prehospital Capnography in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Association Between End-Tidal CO2 and Level of Consciousness. Circulation. 2019;140:A386.
• Hu, C., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A., D, A., T, M., Denninghoff, K. R., V, C., Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2019, Fall). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. Circulation. 2019;140:A320.
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  Circulation. 2019;140:A291
• Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2019, Jan). Differential Effects of Prehospital Hypotension and Injury Severity in Isolated versus Multisystem Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care, 23(1)..
• Perez, O., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D., Babaeizadeh, S., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2019, Jan). End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury: Patients Receiving O2 Via Nasal Cannula Versus Non-Rebreather Mask. Prehospital Emergency Care, 23(1)..
• Perez, O., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D., Babaeizadeh, S., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2019, Jan). End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury: Patients Receiving O2 Via Nasal Cannula Versus Non-Rebreather Mask. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson D, Hu C, Gaither JB, Rice A, Keim SM, Perez O: End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury: Patients Receiving O2 Via Nasal Cannula Versus Non-Rebreather Mask. Prehospital Emerg Care 2019 (in press)
• Spaite, D. W., Barnhardt, B. J., Helfenbein, E., Jorgenson, D. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Hu, C. (2019, Fall). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannual End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Circulation.
• Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B. J., V, C., Denninghoff, K. R., T, M., D, A., Rice, A., Viscusi, C. D., & Hu, C. (2019, Fall). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. Circulation.
• Barnhardt, B. J., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Perez, O. (2018, Nov). Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Circulation.
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  Perez O, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson DB, Hu C, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Barnhart B: Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Circulation 2018
• Bobrow, B. J., Mullins, T., George, T., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Spaite, D. W., Mullins, M., McDannold, R., Hu, C., Rice, A., & Gaither, J. B. (2018, Jan). Comparison of Manual Vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality During Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Gaither J, Rice A, Hu C, McDannold R, Mullins M, Spaite D, Vadeboncoeur T, George T, Mullins T, Bobrow B: Comparison of Manual Vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality During Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. Prehospital Emerg Care 2018;22(1):122-123.
• Bobrow, B. J., Mullins, T., George, T., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Wentworth, S., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Gaither, J. B., & Rice, A. (2018, Jan). Rearrest Incidence and Post-ROSC Rhythms after Prehospital Return of Spontaneous Circulation in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Rice A, Gaither J, Spaite D, Chikani V, Wentworth S, Vadeboncoeur T, George T, Mullins T, Bobrow B: Rearrest Incidence and Post-ROSC Rhythms after Prehospital Return of Spontaneous Circulation in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital Emerg Care 2018;22(1):120.
• Enriquez, N. A., Janajreh, Y. M., Tolson, J. P., Mhayamaguru, K., Rice, A., Smith, J., Spaite, D. W., Draper, S., Duncan, M., & Gaither, J. B. (2019, Aug). Case Series Illustrating Adverse Reactions to Prehospital Administration of Low Dose Ketamine for Pain Control. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Enriquez NA, Janajreh YM, Tolson JP, Mhayamaguru KM, Rice AD, Smith JJ, Spaite DW, Draper S, Duncan D, Gaither JB. Case Series Illustrating Adverse Reactions to Prehospital Administration of Low Dose Ketamine for Pain Control. Prehospital Emerg Care 2019
• Fletcher, P., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A. M., Franco, C., Robyn, B., Vatsal, C., Anne, V., & Bobrow, B. J. (2018, Feb). Does an EMS Protocol Change Decrease Spinal Board Use in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury?. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine.
• Gaither, J. B., Peter, F., Rice, A. M., Franco, C., Robyn, B., Vatsal, C., Anne, V., Tomas, N., & Bobrow, B. J. (2018, May). Does an Emergency Medical Services Protocol Decrease Spinal Board Use in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury. Academic Emergency Medicine.
• Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Hu, C., McDannold, R., Mullins, M., Spaite, D. W., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., George, T., Mullins, T., & Bobrow, B. J. (2018, Sept). Comparison of Manual Vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality During Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Gaither J, Rice A, Hu C, McDannold R, Mullins M, Spaite D, Vadeboncoeur T, George T, Mullins T, Bobrow B: Comparison of Manual Vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality During Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. Prehospital Emerg Care 2018;22(1):122-123.
• Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Barnhardt, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2018, Nov). Differential Effects of Prehospital Hypotension and Injury Severity in Isolated Versus Multisystem Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart B, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Keim SM: Differential Effects of Prehospital Hypotension and Injury Severity in Isolated Versus Multisystem Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2018
• Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Barnhardt, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2018, Nov). Three-Dimensional Models of Complex Interactions Between Age, Prehospital Blood Pressure, and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart B, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Keim SM: Three-Dimensional Models of Complex Interactions Between Age, Prehospital Blood Pressure, and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2018
• Keim, S. M., Sherrill, D. L., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2018, Jan). Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Keim SM: Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2018;22(1):105-106.
• Perez, O., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Keim, S. M., Sherril, D., & Spaite, D. W. (2017, Sept). Prehospital Blood Pressure Measurement in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Perez O, Helfenbein E, Barnhart BJ, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson D, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither J, Keim S, Sherrill D, Spaite D: Prehospital Blood Pressure Measurement in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Prehospital Emerg Care 2018;22(1):123-124.
• Perez, O., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhardt, B. J. (2018, Nov). End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Receiving O2 Via Nasal Cannula Versus Non-Rebreather Mask. Circulation.
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  Barnhart B, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson DB, Hu C, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Perez O: End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Receiving O2 Via Nasal Cannula Versus Non-Rebreather Mask. Circulation 2018
• Spaite, D. W., Beskind, D. L., Smith, J. J., Waters, K. E., Rice, A., Mhayamaguru, K., & Gaither, J. B. (2018, Jan). Use of Distance Education Tools to Improve the Rural EMS Experience for EMS Fellows. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Gaither JB, Mhayamaguru KM, Rice A, Waters KE, Smith JJ, Beskind D, Spaite DW. Use of Distance Education Tools to Improve the Rural EMS Experience for EMS Fellows. Prehospital Emerg Care 2018;22(1):152-153.
• Spaite, D. W., Sherril, D., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D., Babaeizadeh, S., Barnhart, B. J., Helfenbein, E., & Perez, O. (2018, Jan). Prehospital Blood Pressure Measurement in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Perez O, Helfenbein E, Barnhart BJ, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson D, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither J, Keim S, Sherrill D, Spaite D: Prehospital Blood Pressure Measurement in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Prehospital Emerg Care 2018;22(1):123-124.
• Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A. D., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Viscusi, C. D., Perez, O., Keim, S. M., Babaeizadeh, S., Denninghoff, K. R., Sherril, D., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Sherril, D., Babaeizadeh, S., , Denninghoff, K. R., et al. (2017, Jan). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Sherrill D, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ: Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2017:21(1):95.
• Bobrow, B. J., Mulllins, T., George, T. A., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Spaite, D. W., Mullins, M., McDannold, R., Silver, A., Hu, C., Rice, A., & Gaither, J. B. (2017, Nov). Comparison of Manual vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality during Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. Circulation.
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  Gaither JB, Rice AD, Hu C, Silver A, McDannold R, Mullins M, Spaite DW, Vadeboncoeur TF, George TA, Mullins T, Bobrow BJ: Comparison of Manual vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality during Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. Circulation 2017 (in press)
• Bradshaw, H. R., Harris, S., Dander, S., Saxman, Z., Berkman, M. R., & Gaither, J. B. (2017, January). Effects of a Transit Strike on EMS Transports and Emergency Department Resource Utilization. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Castro-Martin, F., Gaither, J. B., & Stephen, M. (2017, January). Impact of an On-site Mass Gathering Alcohol Sobering Facility on Emergency Medical Services and Emergency Department Resource Utilization.. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Gaither, J. B., Castro-Martin, F., Blust, R., Chikani, v., Vossbrink, A., Martinez, R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, January). Widespread Implementation of a Prehospital Spinal Motion Restriction Protocol is Not Associated with Increased Spinal Cord Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Spaite, D. W., Mullins, T., Silver, A., McDannold, R., Gaither, J. B., McDannold, R., Gaither, J. B., Silver, A., Mullins, T., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., & Hu, C. (2017, Jan). Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Hu C, Spaite DW, Silver A, Gaither J, McDannold R, Mullins M, Vadeboncoeur T, Bobrow B. Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. Prehospital Emerg Care 2017:21(1):92.
• Keim, S. M., Sherrill, D., Mullins, T., Rice, A. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2017, Nov). Evaluation of the Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Mullins T, Sherrill D, Keim SM: Evaluation of the Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2017
• Perez, O., Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A. D., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Viscusi, C. D., Barnhardt, B. J., Keim, S. M., Babaeizadeh, S., Denninghoff, K. R., Sherill, D., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Sherill, D., Babaeizadeh, S., , Denninghoff, K. R., et al. (2017, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Perez O, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Barnhart BJ, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ: Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Prehospital Emerg Care 2017:21(1):97.
• Sherril, D., Mullins, T., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Grady, K., Rice, A. D., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2017, Jan). Evaluation of Prehospital Hypoxia “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart BJ, Adelson PD, Rice AD, Grady K, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Sherrill D: Evaluation of Prehospital Hypoxia “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2017:21(1):91.
• Spaite, D. W., Keim, S. M., Sherill, D., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Perez, O., Helfenbein, E., & Barnhardt, B. J. (2017, Nov). Prehospital Oxygen Delivery Method and Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Patterns in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Circulation.
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  Barnhart BJ, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson DB, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Sherrill D, Keim SM, Spaite DW: Prehospital Oxygen Delivery Method and Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Patterns in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Circulation 2017
• Spaite, D. W., Sherill, D., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Jorgenson, D. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Barnhardt, B. J., Helfenbein, E., & Perez, O. (2017, Nov). Prehospital Blood Pressure Measurement in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Circulation.
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  Perez O, Helfenbein E, Barnhart BJ, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson DB, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Keim SM, Sherrill D, Spaite DW: Prehospital Blood Pressure Measurement in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Circulation 2017
• Barnhardt, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, June). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Circulation.
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, Nov). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Circulation.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Bobrow BJ: Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Circulation 2016;A15795
• Bobrow, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C. D., Spaite, D. W., Adelson, P. D., Smith, J. J., Curry, M., Barnhart, B. J., Mhayamagru, M., Mhayamagru, M., Curry, M., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Smith, J. J., Spaite, D. W., Viscusi, C. D., Chikani, V., , Denninghoff, K. R., et al. (2016, Spring). Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperatures Are Associated With Poor Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Gaither JB, Chikani V, Spaite DW, Smith JJ, Curry M, Mhayamaguru M, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Denninghoff KR, Bobrow B: Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperatures Are Associated With Poor Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2016;20(1):141
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J., Curry, M., Mhayamaguru, K. M., Barnhart, B., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, June). Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperatures Are Associated With Poor Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Denninghoff, K. R., Spaite, D. W., & Spaite, D. W. (2016, Spring). Age-Related Risk of Death in Patients With Major TBI: Implications for Trauma Triage Guidelines.. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Silver, A., Gaither, J. B., McDannold, R., Mullins, M., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, December). Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. Circulation.
• Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Silver, A., Gaither, J. B., McDannold, R., Mullins, M., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, Nov). Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. Circulation.
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  Hu C, Spaite D, Silver A, Gaither J, McDannold R, Mullins M, Vadeboncoeur T, Bobrow B. Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. Circulation 2016;133
• Lopez, M., Tesar, L., Kulkarni, A., Nuno, T., Maslan, K., & Gaither, J. B. (2016, March). Utilization of End Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Requiring Intubation in the Emergency Department. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine.
• Perez, O., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Barnhardt, B. J., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Vatsal, C., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Sherill, D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, June). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
• Perez, O., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Sherill, D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, Jan). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
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  Perez O, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Barnhart BJ, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Vatsal C, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Bobrow BJ: Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2016;A13835
• Spaite, D. W., Chengcheng, H., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Martinez, R. A., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Stolz, U. (2016, Jan). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Sherrill D, Chikani V, Barnhart B, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Stolz U. Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study. Prehospital Emerg Care 2016;20(1):140-141.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Barnhardt, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Sherrill, D. (2016, June). Evaluation of Prehospital Hypotension Depth-Duration Dose and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Sherrill, D. (2016, Nov). Evaluation of Prehospital Hypotension Depth-Duration Dose and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Adelson PD, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Sherrill D: Evaluation of Prehospital Hypotension Depth-Duration Dose and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2016;A15910
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Martinez, R. A., & Adelson, P. D. (2016, Jan). Comparison of the Performance of Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure Versus Calculated Mean Arterial Pressure in Predicting Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu Chengcheng, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Sherrill D, Barnhart B, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Martinez R, Adelson PD. Comparison of the Performance of Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure Versus Calculated Mean Arterial Pressure in Predicting Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2016;20(1):137.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Martinez, R. A., & Adelson, P. D. (2016, Spring). Comparison of the Performance of Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure Versus Calculated Mean Arterial Pressure in Predicting Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Denninghoff, K. R., & Stolz, U. (2016, Spring). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Martinez, R. A., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Stolz, U. (2016, Spring). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
• Spaite, D. W., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Barnhart, B. J., Stolz, U., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Adelson, P. D., & Mullins, T. (2016, Spring). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study.. Circulation.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J. J., Curry, M., Mhayamaguru, M., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2015, November). Association Between Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
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  Gaither JB, Chikani V, Spaite DW, Smith JJ, Curry M, Mhayamaguru M, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Denninghoff KR, Bobrow B; Association Between Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2015;132
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Smith, J. J., Curry, M., Mhayamaguru, M., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2015, Spring). Association Between Elevated Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Non-Mortality Outcomes Following Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
• Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Stolz, U., Garison, S., Smith, J., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Bobrow, B. J. (2015, Spring). Association Between Initial Trauma Center Body Temperature and Mortality from Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Spaite, D. W., Chengcheng, H., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Martinez, R. A., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Stolz, U. (2015, Spring). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Spaite, D. W., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Barnhart, B. J., Stolz, U., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Adelson, P. D., & Mullins, T. (2015, November). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study.. Circulation.
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  Spaite DW, Hu Chengcheng, Bobrow BJ, Sherrill D, Chikani V, Barnhart B, Martinez R, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Stolz U: Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2015;132:A14938.
• Stolz, U., Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Humble, W. O., & Denninghoff, K. R. (2015, Jan). Association Between Lowest Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure and Non-Mortality Outcomes in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Is There a “Hypotension” Threshold?. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Stolz U, Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Sherrill D, Barnhart B, Gaither JB, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Humble W, Denninghoff KR: Association Between Lowest Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure and Non-Mortality Outcomes in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Is There a “Hypotension” Threshold? Prehospital Emerg Care 2015;19(1):143
• Stolz, U., Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Humble, W. O., & Denninghoff, K. R. (2015, Spring). Association Between Lowest Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure and Non-Mortality Outcomes in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Is There a “Hypotension” Threshold?. Prehospital Emergency Care.