Chengcheng Hu

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• Dickinson, S. E., Vaishampayan, P., Jandova, J., Ai, Y. E., Kirschnerova, V., Zhang, T., Calvert, V., Petricoin, E., Chow, H. S., Hu, C., Roe, D., Bode, A., Curiel-Lewandrowski, C., & Wondrak, G. T. (2024). Inhibition of UV-Induced Stress Signaling and Inflammatory Responses in SKH-1 Mouse Skin by Topical Small-Molecule PD-L1 Blockade. JID innovations : skin science from molecules to population health, 4(2), 100255.
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  The immune checkpoint ligand PD-L1 has emerged as a molecular target for skin cancer therapy and might also hold promise for preventive intervention targeting solar UV light-induced skin damage. In this study, we have explored the role of PD-L1 in acute keratinocytic photodamage testing the effects of small-molecule pharmacological inhibition. Epidermal PD-L1 upregulation in response to chronic photodamage was established using immunohistochemical and proteomic analyses of a human skin cohort, consistent with earlier observations that PD-L1 is upregulated in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Topical application of the small-molecule PD-L1 inhibitor BMS-202 significantly attenuated UV-induced activator protein-1 transcriptional activity in SKH-1 bioluminescent reporter mouse skin, also confirmed in human HaCaT reporter keratinocytes. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that BMS-202 antagonized UV induction of inflammatory gene expression. Likewise, UV-induced cleavage of procaspase-3, a hallmark of acute skin photodamage, was attenuated by topical BMS-202. NanoString nCounter transcriptomic analysis confirmed downregulation of cutaneous innate immunity- and inflammation-related responses, together with upregulation of immune response pathway gene expression. Further mechanistic analysis confirmed that BMS-202 antagonizes UV-induced PD-L1 expression both at the mRNA and protein levels in SKH-1 epidermis. These data suggest that topical pharmacological PD-L1 antagonism using BMS-202 shows promise for skin protection against photodamage.
• Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B., Chikani, V., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G. H., Rice, A. D., Howard, J. T., Keim, S. M., & Hu, C. (2024). EMS Treatment Guidelines in Major Traumatic Brain Injury With Positive Pressure Ventilation. JAMA surgery.
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  The Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care (EPIC) study demonstrated improved survival in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) following implementation of the prehospital treatment guidelines. The impact of implementing these guidelines in the subgroup of patients who received positive pressure ventilation (PPV) is unknown.
• Arjuna, A., Cherrier, L., Hu, C., Lam, J. C., Nasar, A., & Nikodem, A. (2023).

  Apixaban for Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation and Venous Thromboembolism After Lung Transplantation

  . Progress in Transplantation, 33(2), 152692482311641. doi:10.1177/15269248231164173
• Galhotra, S., Zeng, K., Hu, C., Norton, T., Mahnert, N., Smith, R., & Mourad, J. (2023). The Effect of Patient Positioning on Ureteral Efflux During Intraoperative Cystoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of minimally invasive gynecology, 30(1), 13-18.
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  To identify the relationship between patient position during surgery and time to confirmation of ureteral patency on cystoscopy.
• Hsu, C., He, Y., Hu, C., & Zhou, W. (2023).

  A multiple imputation‐based sensitivity analysis approach for regression analysis with a missing not at random covariate

  . Statistics in Medicine, 42(14), 2275-2292. doi:10.1002/sim.9723
• Kano, D., Hu, C., Thornley, C. J., Cruz, C. Y., Soper, N. J., & Preston, J. F. (2023). Risk factors associated with venous thromboembolism in laparoscopic surgery in non-obese patients with benign disease. Surgical endoscopy, 37(1), 592-606.
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  Few studies have focused on intraoperative positioning as a risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Positioning that places the legs in a dependent position may be a risk factor. We theorized that the reverse-Trendelenburg position specifically would increase the risk of postoperative VTE.
• Meyers, K. T., Damphousse, C. C., Ozols, A. B., Campbell, J. M., Newbern, J. M., Hu, C., Marrone, D. F., & Gallitano, A. L. (2023). Serial electroconvulsive Seizure alters dendritic complexity and promotes cellular proliferation in the mouse dentate gyrus; a role for Egr3. Brain stimulation, 16(3), 889-900.
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  Despite being one of the safest, most effective treatments for severe mood disorders, the therapeutic mechanisms of electroconvulsive therapy remain unknown. Electroconvulsive seizure (ECS) induces rapid, high-level expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in addition to stimulation of neurogenesis and dendritic remodeling of dentate gyrus (DG) neurons. We have previously shown that this upregulation of BDNF fails to occur in the hippocampus of mice lacking the IEG Egr3. Since BDNF influences neurogenesis and dendritic remodeling, we hypothesized that Egr3-/- mice will exhibit deficits in neurogenesis and dendritic remodeling in response to ECS.
• Rice, A. D., Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G. H., Howard, J. T., Keim, S. M., & Bobrow, B. J. (2023). Correlation between prehospital and in-hospital hypotension and outcomes after traumatic brain injury. The American journal of emergency medicine, 65, 95-103.
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  Hypotension has a powerful effect on patient outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The relative impact of hypotension occurring in the field versus during early hospital resuscitation is unknown. We evaluated the association between hypotension and mortality and non-mortality outcomes in four cohorts defined by where the hypotension occurred [neither prehospital nor hospital, prehospital only, hospital only, both prehospital and hospital].
• Smith, R. B., Biller, E., Hu, C., Mahnert, N. D., Womack, A. S., Galhotra, S., & Mourad, J. (2023). Impact of pneumoperitoneum pressure during laparoscopic hysterectomy: A randomized controlled trial. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 280, 73-77.
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  Minimally invasive hysterectomy is a commonly performed gynecologic procedure with associated postoperative pain managed with opioid medications. Uncontrolled postoperative pain leads to increased opioid use/abuse, longer hospital stays, increase in healthcare visits, and may negatively affect patient satisfaction. Current data suggests that reduced pneumoperitoneum insufflation pressure during laparoscopic surgery may impact postoperative pain. Given the current opioid epidemic, surgeons are proactively finding ways to reduce postoperative pain. It is unclear how reduced pneumoperitoneum pressure impacts the surgeon. We investigated the impact of reduced pneumoperitoneum insufflation pressure on surgeon satisfaction.
• Villarroel, L., Tams, E., Smith, L., Rigler, J., Wilson, D., Hu, C., & Glassberg, M. K. (2023). Arizona Surge Line: An emergent statewide COVID-19 transfer service with equity as an outcome. Frontiers in public health, 10, 1028353..
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  The Arizona Surge Line was an emergent initiative during the COVID-19 pandemic to facilitate COVID-19 patient transfers and load-level hospitals on a statewide level. It was designed and implemented by the Arizona Department of Health Services in preparation for the first hospital surge due to COVID-19, recognizing the disproportionate impact that hospital surge would have on rural and tribal populations.
• Bobrow, B. J., Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Bradley, G. H., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., & Rice, A. (2022). Correlation between prehospital and in-hospital hypotension and outcomes after traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2022.12.015
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  While patients with hypotension in the field or on arrival at the trauma center had markedly increased risk of death compared to those with no hypotension, those with prehospital hypotension that was not resolved before hospital arrival had, by far, the highest odds of death. Furthermore, TBI patients who had prehospital hypotension were five times more likely to arrive hypotensive at the trauma center than those who didnot. Finally, even “near-hypotension” in the field was strongly and independently associated the risk of a hypotensive hospital arrival (
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2022). Optimal Prehospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: A Challenge to the Current Understanding of Hypotension. Annals of Emergency Medicine.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Optimal Prehospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: A Challenge to the Current Understanding of Hypotension. Ann Emerg Med. (In Press)
• Razia, D., Hu, C., Cherrier, L., Nasar, A., Walia, R., & Tokman, S. (2022). Carfilzomib versus rituximab for treatment of de novo donor-specific antibodies in lung transplant recipients. Transplant immunology, 75, 101703.
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  De novo donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) increase the risk of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). Both carfilzomib (CFZ) and rituximab (RTX) lower the mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of DSAs, but comparative data are lacking. We compared CLAD-free survival and the degree and duration of DSA depletion after treatment of LTRs with CFZ or RTX.
• Razia, D., Trahan, A., Hu, C., Giulini, L., Bremner, R. M., & Mittal, S. K. (2022). Association of Bolus Transit Time on Barium Esophagram With Esophageal Peristalsis on High-resolution Manometry and Nonobstructive Dysphagia. Journal of clinical gastroenterology.
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  The goal of this study was to correlate upright and prone bolus transit time (BTT) on barium esophagography (BE) with esophageal peristalsis on high-resolution manometry (HRM) and self-reported dysphagia in patients with normal lower esophageal sphincter parameters on HRM.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G. H., Rice, A. D., Howard, J. T., & Keim, S. M. (2022). Optimal Out-of-Hospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: A Challenge to the Current Understanding of Hypotension. Annals of emergency medicine, 80(1), 46-59. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2022.01.045
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  Little is known about the out-of-hospital blood pressure ranges associated with optimal outcomes in traumatic brain injuries (TBI). Our objective was to evaluate the associations between out-of-hospital systolic blood pressure (SBP) and multiple hospital outcomes without assuming any predefined thresholds for hypotension, normotension, or hypertension..This was a preplanned secondary analysis from the Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care (EPIC) TBI study. Among patients (age ≥10 years) with major TBIs (Barell Matrix type 1 and/or Abbreviated Injury Scale-head severity ≥3) and lowest out-of-hospital SBPs of 40 to 299 mmHg, we utilized generalized additive models to summarize the distributions of various outcomes as smoothed functions of SBP, adjusting for important and significant confounders. The subjects who were enrolled in the study phase after the out-of-hospital TBI guideline implementation were used to validate the models developed from the preimplementation cohort..Among 12,169 included cases, the mortality model revealed 3 distinct ranges: (1) a monotonically decreasing relationship between SBP and the adjusted probability of death from 40 to 130 mmHg, (2) lowest adjusted mortality from 130 to 180 mmHg, and (3) rapidly increasing mortality above 180 mmHg. A subanalysis of the cohorts with isolated TBIs and multisystem injuries with TBIs revealed SBP mortality patterns that were similar to each other and to that of the main analysis. While the specific SBP ranges varied somewhat for the nonmortality outcomes (hospital length of stay, ICU length of stay, discharge to skilled nursing/inpatient rehabilitation, and hospital charges), the patterns were very similar to that of mortality. In each model, validation was confirmed utilizing the postimplementation cohort..Optimal adjusted mortality was associated with a surprisingly high SBP range (130 to 180 mmHg). Below this level, there was no point or range of inflection that would indicate a physiologically meaningful threshold for defining hypotension. Nonmortality outcomes showed very similar patterns. These findings highlight how sensitive the injured brain is to compromised perfusion at SBP levels that, heretofore, have been considered adequate or even normal. While the study design does did not allow us to conclude that the currently recommended treatment threshold (
• Zhao, X., Ozols, A. B., Meyers, K. T., Campbell, J., McBride, A., Marballi, K. K., Maple, A. M., Raskin, C., Mishra, A., Noss, S. M., Beck, K. L., Khoshaba, R., Bhaskara, A., Godbole, M. N., Lish, J. R., Kang, P., Hu, C., Palner, M., Overgaard, A., , Knudsen, G. M., et al. (2022). Acute sleep deprivation upregulates serotonin 2A receptors in the frontal cortex of mice via the immediate early gene Egr3. Molecular psychiatry.
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  Serotonin 2A receptors (5-HTRs) mediate the hallucinogenic effects of psychedelic drugs and are a key target of the leading class of medications used to treat psychotic disorders. These findings suggest that dysfunction of 5-HTRs may contribute to the symptoms of schizophrenia, a mental illness characterized by perceptual and cognitive disturbances. Indeed, numerous studies have found that 5-HTRs are reduced in the brains of individuals with schizophrenia. However, the mechanisms that regulate 5-HTR expression remain poorly understood. Here, we show that a physiologic environmental stimulus, sleep deprivation, significantly upregulates 5-HTR levels in the mouse frontal cortex in as little as 6-8 h (for mRNA and protein, respectively). This induction requires the activity-dependent immediate early gene transcription factor early growth response 3 (Egr3) as it does not occur in Egr3 deficient (-/-) mice. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we show that EGR3 protein binds to the promoter of Htr2a, the gene that encodes the 5-HTR, in the frontal cortex in vivo, and drives expression of in vitro reporter constructs via two EGR3 binding sites in the Htr2a promoter. These results suggest that EGR3 directly regulates Htr2a expression, and 5-HTR levels, in the frontal cortex in response to physiologic stimuli. Analysis of publicly available post-mortem gene expression data revealed that both EGR3 and HTR2A mRNA are reduced in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia patients compared to controls. Together these findings suggest a mechanism by which environmental stimuli alter levels of a brain receptor that may mediate the symptoms, and treatment, of mental illness.
• Curiel-Lewandrowski, C., Myrdal, C. N., Saboda, K., Hu, C., Arzberger, E., Pellacani, G., Legat, F. J., Ulrich, M., Hochfellner, P., Oliviero, M. C., Pasquali, P., Gill, M., & Hofmann-Wellenhof, R. (2021). In Vivo Reflectance Confocal Microscopy as a Response Monitoring Tool for Actinic Keratoses Undergoing Cryotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy. Cancers, 13(21).
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  Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) presents a non-invasive method to image actinic keratosis (AK) at a cellular level. However, RCM criteria for AK response monitoring vary across studies and a universal, standardized approach is lacking. We aimed to identify reliable AK response criteria and to compare the clinical and RCM evaluation of responses across AK severity grades. Twenty patients were included and randomized to receive either cryotherapy ( = 10) or PDT ( = 10). Clinical assessment and RCM evaluation of 12 criteria were performed in AK lesions and photodamaged skin at baseline, 3 and 6 months. We identified the RCM criteria that reliably characterize AK at baseline and display significant reduction following treatment. Those with the highest baseline odds ratio (OR), good interobserver agreement, and most significant change over time were atypical honeycomb pattern (OR: 12.7, CI: 5.7-28.1), hyperkeratosis (OR: 13.6, CI: 5.3-34.9), stratum corneum disruption (OR: 7.8, CI: 3.5-17.3), and disarranged epidermal pattern (OR: 6.5, CI: 2.9-14.8). Clinical evaluation demonstrated a significant treatment response without relapse. However, in grade 2 AK, 10/12 RCM parameters increased from 3 to 6 months, which suggested early subclinical recurrence detection by RCM. Incorporating standardized RCM protocols for the assessment of AK may enable a more meaningful comparison across clinical trials, while allowing for the early detection of relapses and evaluation of biological responses to therapy over time.
• Follis, S., Klimentidis, Y. C., Bea, J., Hu, C., Garcia, D., Wactawski-Wende, J., Kohler, L., Shadyab, A. H., Flores, M., Tindle, H. A., & Chen, Z. (2021). The intersectional role of social stress in fracture risk: results from the Women's Health Initiative. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 75(12), 1208-1214.
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  The biological consequences of stress from the social environment pattern health outcomes. This study investigated whether social stress is prospectively associated with fracture incidence among racially and ethnically diverse, postmenopausal women.
• Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D., Denninghoff, K. R., Mullins, T., Adelson, P. D., Rice, A. D., Viscusi, C., & Hu, C. (2021). Effect of Implementing the Out-of-Hospital Traumatic Brain Injury Treatment Guidelines: The Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care for Children Study (EPIC4Kids). Annals of emergency medicine, 77(2), 139-153.
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  We evaluate the effect of implementing the out-of-hospital pediatric traumatic brain injury guidelines on outcomes in children with major traumatic brain injury.
• Smith, R. B., Mahnert, N. D., Hu, C., Steck-Bayat, K., Womack, A. S., & Mourad, J. (2021). Impact of Retained Cystoscopy Fluid after Laparoscopic Hysterectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of minimally invasive gynecology, 28(2), 288-296.
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  To investigate the impact of retained cystoscopy fluid after laparoscopic hysterectomy on time to spontaneous void, time to discharge, urinary retention, bladder discomfort, and patient satisfaction.
• Hsu, C. H., He, Y., Hu, C., & Zhou, W. (2020). A multiple imputation-based sensitivity analysis approach for data subject to missing not at random. Statistics in medicine, 39(26), 3756-3771.
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  Missingness mechanism is in theory unverifiable based only on observed data. If there is a suspicion of missing not at random, researchers often perform a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of various missingness mechanisms. In general, sensitivity analysis approaches require a full specification of the relationship between missing values and missingness probabilities. Such relationship can be specified based on a selection model, a pattern-mixture model or a shared parameter model. Under the selection modeling framework, we propose a sensitivity analysis approach using a nonparametric multiple imputation strategy. The proposed approach only requires specifying the correlation coefficient between missing values and selection (response) probabilities under a selection model. The correlation coefficient is a standardized measure and can be used as a natural sensitivity analysis parameter. The sensitivity analysis involves multiple imputations of missing values, yet the sensitivity parameter is only used to select imputing/donor sets. Hence, the proposed approach might be more robust against misspecifications of the sensitivity parameter. For illustration, the proposed approach is applied to incomplete measurements of level of preoperative Hemoglobin A1c, for patients who had high-grade carotid artery stenosisa and were scheduled for surgery. A simulation study is conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach.
• Khalil, N., Ducatman, A. M., Sinari, S., Billheimer, D., Hu, C., Littau, S., & Burgess, J. L. (2020). Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance and Cardio Metabolic Markers in Firefighters. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 62(12), 1076-1081.
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  To evaluate if serum polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were associated with cardiometabolic markers.
• Krishna, G., Bromberg, C., Connell, E. C., Mian, E., Hu, C., Lifshitz, J., Adelson, P. D., & Thomas, T. C. (2020). Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Sex-Dependent Changes in Late-Onset Sensory Hypersensitivity and Glutamate Neurotransmission. Frontiers in neurology, 11, 749.
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  Women approximate one-third of the annual 2.8 million people in the United States who sustain traumatic brain injury (TBI). Several clinical reports support or refute that menstrual cycle-dependent fluctuations in sex hormones are associated with severity of persisting post-TBI symptoms. Previously, we reported late-onset sensory hypersensitivity to whisker stimulation that corresponded with changes in glutamate neurotransmission at 1-month following diffuse TBI in male rats. Here, we incorporated intact age-matched naturally cycling females into the experimental design while monitoring daily estrous cycle. We hypothesized that sex would not influence late-onset sensory hypersensitivity and associated amperometric extracellular recordings of glutamate neurotransmission within the behaviorally relevant thalamocortical circuit. At 28 days following midline fluid percussion injury (FPI) or sham surgery, young adult Sprague-Dawley rats were tested for hypersensitivity to whisker stimulation using the whisker nuisance task (WNT). As predicted, both male and female rats showed significantly increased sensory hypersensitivity to whisker stimulation after FPI, with females having an overall decrease in whisker nuisance scores (sex effect), but no injury and sex interaction. In males, FPI increased potassium chloride (KCl)-evoked glutamate overflow in primary somatosensory barrel cortex (S1BF) and ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus (VPM), while in females the FPI effect was discernible only within the VPM. Similar to our previous report, we found the glutamate clearance parameters were not influenced by FPI, while a sex-specific effect was evident with female rats showing a lower uptake rate constant both in S1BF and VPM and longer clearance time (in S1BF) in comparison to male rats. Fluctuations in estrous cycle were evident among brain-injured females with longer diestrus (low circulating hormone) phase of the cycle over 28 days post-TBI. Together, these findings add to growing evidence indicating both similarities and differences between sexes in a chronic response to TBI. A better understanding of the influence of gonadal hormones on behavior, neurotransmission, secondary injury and repair processes after TBI is needed both clinically and translationally, with potential impact on acute treatment, rehabilitation, and symptom management.
• Miller, M. L., Roe, D. J., Hu, C., & Bell, M. L. (2020). Power difference in a χ test vs generalized linear mixed model in the presence of missing data - a simulation study. BMC medical research methodology, 20(1), 50.
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  Longitudinal randomized controlled trials (RCTs) often aim to test and measure the effect of treatment between arms at a single time point. A two-sample χ test is a common statistical approach when outcome data are binary. However, only complete outcomes are used in the analysis. Missing responses are common in longitudinal RCTs and by only analyzing complete data, power may be reduced and estimates could be biased. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) with a random intercept can be used to test and estimate the treatment effect, which may increase power and reduce bias.
• Sharma, M., Gunasekaran, M., Ravichandran, R., Fisher, C. E., Limaye, A. P., Hu, C., McDyer, J., Kaza, V., Bharat, A., Tokman, S., Omar, A., Arjuna, A., Walia, R., Bremner, R. M., Smith, M. A., Hachem, R. R., & Mohanakumar, T. (2020). Circulating exosomes with lung self-antigens as a biomarker for chronic lung allograft dysfunction: A retrospective analysis. The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation.
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  Exosomes isolated from plasma of lung transplant recipients (LTxRs) with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) contain human leukocyte antigens and lung self-antigens (SAgs), K-alpha 1 tubulin (Kα1T) and collagen type V (Col-V). The aim was to determine the use of circulating exosomes with lung SAgs as a biomarker for BOS.
• Smith, R. B., Brink, J., Hu, C., Gerkin, R., Perlow, J. H., & Mourad, J. (2020). Robotic Transabdominal Cerclage vs Laparotomy: A Comparison of Obstetric and Surgical Outcomes. Journal of minimally invasive gynecology, 27(5), 1095-1102.
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  To compare obstetric and surgical outcomes of transabdominal cerclage (TAC) via laparotomy (TAC-LAP) versus robotic-assisted (TAC-RA) approaches.
• Spaite, D. W., Rice, A. D., Keim, S. M., Jorgenson, D., Hu, C., Helfenbein, E., Gaither, J. B., Bradley, G., Barnhart, B. J., & Babaeizadeh, S. (2020). Abstract 200: Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Circulation, 142. doi:10.1161/circ.142.suppl_4.200
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  Background: Respiratory rate (RR) is a key component in commonly-used trauma scoring systems [e.g., Revised Trauma Score (RTS), TRISS]. Imprecise documentation of RR introduces misclassification wh...
• Spaite, D. W., Rice, A. D., Keim, S. M., Jorgenson, D., Hu, C., Helfenbein, E., Gaither, J. B., Bradley, G., Barnhart, B. J., & Babaeizadeh, S. (2020). Abstract 277: Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and Ems Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension?. Circulation, 142. doi:10.1161/circ.142.suppl_4.277
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  Background: Recent studies have shown that prehospital systolic blood pressure (SBP) is strongly associated with mortality across a remarkably wide range (far above 90 mmHg) in traumatic brain inju...
• Spaite, D. W., Silver, A., Rice, A. D., Mullins, T., Mullins, M., Mcdannold, R., Keim, S. M., Hu, C., Glenn, M., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bradley, G., Bobrow, B. J., & Barnhart, B. J. (2020). Abstract 156: Capnographic Differences in Out-of-hospital Overdose-related, Respiratory, and Cardiac Arrests. Circulation, 142. doi:10.1161/circ.142.suppl_4.156
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  Background: Little is known about the ventilatory aspects of overdose-related OHCA (OD-OHCA). We compared maximum ETCO2 (mETCO2; each patient’s highest CO2 level) and mean for each recorded minute ...
• Beger, S., Sutter, J., Vadeboncoeur, T., Silver, A., Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., & Bobrow, B. (2019). Chest compression release velocity factors during out-of-hospital cardiac resuscitation. Resuscitation, 145, 37-42.
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  Higher chest compression release velocity (CCRV) has been associated with better outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), and patient factors have been associated with variations in chest wall compliance and compressibility. We evaluated whether patient sex, age, weight, and time in resuscitation were associated with CCRV during pre-hospital resuscitation from OHCA.
• Bui, D. P., Griffin, S. C., French, D. D., Hu, C., Pollack Porter, K., Jung, A. M., Crothers, S., & Burgess, J. L. (2019). The use of proactive risk management to reduce emergency service vehicle crashes among firefighters. Journal of safety research, 71, 103-109.
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  Emergency service vehicle crashes (ESVCs), including rollovers and collisions with other vehicles and fixed objects, are a leading cause of death among U.S. firefighters. Risk management (RM) is a proactive intervention to identifying and mitigating occupational risks and hazards. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of RM in reducing ESVCs.
• Cook, A., Hu, C., Ward, J., Schultz, S., Moore Iii, F. O., Funk, G., Juern, J., Turay, D., Ahmad, S., Pieri, P., Allen, S., Berne, J., & , A. A. (2019). Presumptive antibiotics in tube thoracostomy for traumatic hemopneumothorax: a prospective, Multicenter American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Study. Trauma surgery & acute care open, 4(1), e000356.
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  Thoracic injuries are common in trauma. Approximately one-third will develop a pneumothorax, hemothorax, or hemopneumothorax (HPTX), usually with concomitant rib fractures. Tube thoracostomy (TT) is the standard of care for these conditions, though TTs expose the patient to the risk of infectious complications. The controversy regarding antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of TT placement remains unresolved. This multicenter study sought to reconcile divergent evidence regarding the effectiveness of antibiotics given as prophylaxis with TT placement.
• Follis, S. L., Bea, J., Klimentidis, Y., Hu, C., Crandall, C. J., Garcia, D. O., Shadyab, A. H., Nassir, R., & Chen, Z. (2019). Psychosocial stress and bone loss among postmenopausal women: results from the Women's Health Initiative. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 73(9), 888-892.
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  Bone loss is a major public health concern with large proportions of older women experiencing osteoporotic fractures. Previous research has established a relationship between psychosocial stressors and fractures. However, few studies have investigated bone loss as an intermediary in this relationship. This study investigates whether social stress is associated with bone loss during a 6-year period in postmenopausal women.
• Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Sherrill, D., Denninghoff, K. R., Mullins, T., Adelson, P. D., Rice, A. D., Viscusi, C., & Hu, C. (2019). Association of Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Treatment Guidelines With Patient Survival Following Traumatic Brain Injury: The Excellence in Prehospital Injury Care (EPIC) Study. JAMA surgery, 154(7), e191152.
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  Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a massive public health problem. While evidence-based guidelines directing the prehospital treatment of TBI have been promulgated, to our knowledge, no studies have assessed their association with survival.
• Vasquez, M. M., Hu, C., Roe, D. J., Halonen, M., & Guerra, S. (2019). Measurement error correction in the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator model when validation data are available. Statistical methods in medical research, 28(3), 670-680.
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  Measurement of serum biomarkers by multiplex assays may be more variable as compared to single biomarker assays. Measurement error in these data may bias parameter estimates in regression analysis, which could mask true associations of serum biomarkers with an outcome. The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) can be used for variable selection in these high-dimensional data. Furthermore, when the distribution of measurement error is assumed to be known or estimated with replication data, a simple measurement error correction method can be applied to the LASSO method. However, in practice the distribution of the measurement error is unknown and is expensive to estimate through replication both in monetary cost and need for greater amount of sample which is often limited in quantity. We adapt an existing bias correction approach by estimating the measurement error using validation data in which a subset of serum biomarkers are re-measured on a random subset of the study sample. We evaluate this method using simulated data and data from the Tucson Epidemiological Study of Airway Obstructive Disease (TESAOD). We show that the bias in parameter estimation is reduced and variable selection is improved.
• Bapat, A., Keita, N., Martelly, W., Kang, P., Seet, C., Jacobsen, J. R., Stoilov, P., Hu, C., Crooks, G. M., & Sharma, S. (2018). Myeloid Disease Mutations of Splicing Factor SRSF2 Cause G2-M Arrest and Skewed Differentiation of Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells. Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio), 36(11), 1663-1675.
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  Myeloid malignancies, including myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, and acute myeloid leukemia, are characterized by abnormal proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Reports on analysis of bone marrow samples from patients have revealed a high incidence of mutations in splicing factors in early stem and progenitor cell clones, but the mechanisms underlying transformation of HSPCs harboring these mutations remain unknown. Using ex vivo cultures of primary human CD34 cells as a model, we find that mutations in splicing factors SRSF2 and U2AF1 exert distinct effects on proliferation and differentiation of HSPCs. SRSF2 mutations cause a dramatic inhibition of proliferation via a G2-M phase arrest and induction of apoptosis. U2AF1 mutations, conversely, do not significantly affect proliferation. Mutations in both SRSF2 and U2AF1 cause abnormal differentiation by skewing granulo-monocytic differentiation toward monocytes but elicit diverse effects on megakaryo-erythroid differentiation. The SRSF2 mutations skew differentiation toward megakaryocytes whereas U2AF1 mutations cause an increase in the erythroid cell populations. These distinct functional consequences indicate that SRSF2 and U2AF1 mutations have cell context-specific effects and that the generation of myeloid disease phenotype by mutations in the genes coding these two proteins likely involves different intracellular mechanisms. Stem Cells 2018;36:1663-1675.
• Bui, D. P., Hu, C., Jung, A. M., Pollack Porter, K. M., Griffin, S. C., French, D. D., Crothers, S., & Burgess, J. L. (2018). Driving behaviors associated with emergency service vehicle crashes in the U.S. fire service. Traffic injury prevention, 19(8), 849-855.
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  Emergency service vehicle incidents are a leading cause of firefighter fatalities and are also hazardous to civilian road users. Modifiable driving behaviors may be associated with emergency service vehicle incidents. The goal of this study was to use telematics to identify driving behaviors associated with crashes in the fire service.
• Griffin, S. C., Bui, D. P., Gowrisankaran, G., Lutz, E. A., He, C., Hu, C., & Burgess, J. L. (2018). Risk Management Interventions to Reduce Injuries and Maximize Economic Benefits in U.S. Mining. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 60(3), 226-233.
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  Risk management (RM) is a cyclical process of identifying and ranking risks, implementing controls, and evaluating their effectiveness. This study aims to identify effective RM interventions in the U.S. mining industry.
• Huang, S., Hu, C., Bell, M. L., Billheimer, D., Guerra, S., Roe, D., Vasquez, M. M., & Bedrick, E. J. (2018). Regularized continuous-time Markov Model via elastic net. Biometrics, 74(3), 1045-1054.
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  Continuous-time Markov models are commonly used to analyze longitudinal transitions between multiple disease states in panel data, where participants' disease states are only observed at multiple time points, and the exact state paths between observations are unknown. However, when covariate effects are incorporated and allowed to vary for different transitions, the number of potential parameters to estimate can become large even when the number of covariates is moderate, and traditional maximum likelihood estimation and subset model selection procedures can easily become unstable due to overfitting. We propose a novel regularized continuous-time Markov model with the elastic net penalty, which is capable of simultaneous variable selection and estimation for large number of parameters. We derive an efficient coordinate descent algorithm to solve the penalized optimization problem, which is fully automatic and data driven. We further consider an extension where one of the states is death, and time of death is exactly known but the state path leading to death is unknown. The proposed method is extensively evaluated in a simulation study, and demonstrated in an application to real-world data on airflow limitation state transitions.
• McCartan, S., Paul, K., Hu, C., & Grimaldi, L. (2018). Mock interviews with video-stimulated recall to prepare medical students for residency interviews. AMEE MedEdPublish. doi:https://doi.org/10.15694/mep.2018.0000168.1
• Pham, T., Bajaj, A., Berberi, L., Hu, C., & Taleban, S. (2018). Mis-sizing of Adenomatous Polyps is Common among Endoscopists and Impacts Colorectal Cancer Screening Recommendations. Clinical endoscopy, 51(5), 485-490.
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  To determine the accuracy of identifying ≥6-mm adenomatous polyps during colonoscopy and define its impact on subsequent interval screening.
• Poplin, G. S., Griffin, S., Pollack Porter, K., Mallett, J., Hu, C., Day-Nash, V., & Burgess, J. L. (2018). Efficacy of a proactive health and safety risk management system in the fire service. Injury epidemiology, 5(1), 18.
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  This study evaluated the efficacy of a fire department proactive risk management program aimed at reducing firefighter injuries and their associated costs.
• Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., & Bobrow, B. J. (2018). Association between coronary angiography with or without percutaneous coronary intervention and outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation, 127, 21-25.
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  The aim of our study was to assess the impact of coronary angiography (CAG) after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) without ST-elevation (STE).
• Vasquez, M. M., Zhou, M., Hu, C., Martinez, F. D., & Guerra, S. (2018). Reply to Bush: Low Lung Function in Young Adult Life Is Associated with Early Mortality. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 197(4), 539.
• Wu, Z., Panczyk, M., Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Fukushima, H., Langlais, B., Sutter, J., & Bobrow, B. J. (2018). Telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation is independently associated with improved survival and improved functional outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation, 122, 135-140.
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  This study aims to quantify the relative impact of Dispatcher-Initiated Telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation (TCPR) on survival and survival with favorable functional outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in a population of patients served by multiple emergency dispatch centers and more than 130 emergency medical services (EMS) agencies.
• Chen, Z., Klimentidis, Y. C., Bea, J. W., Ernst, K. C., Hu, C., Jackson, R., & Thomson, C. A. (2017). Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Mortality in a Large Multiethnic Postmenopausal Cohort-Results from the Women's Health Initiative. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 65(9), 1907-1915.
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  To determine whether the relationship between anthropometric measurements of obesity and mortality varies according to age, race, and ethnicity in older women.
• Einspahr, J. G., Curiel-Lewandrowski, C., Calvert, V. S., Stratton, S. P., Alberts, D. S., Warneke, J., Hu, C., Saboda, K., Wagener, E. L., Dickinson, S., Dong, Z., Bode, A. M., & PetricoinIII, E. F. (2017). Protein activation mapping of human sun-protected epidermis after an acute dose of erythemic solar simulated light. NPJ precision oncology, 1.
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  Ultraviolet radiation is an important etiologic factor in skin cancer and a better understanding of how solar stimulated light (SSL) affects signal transduction pathways in human skin which is needed in further understanding activated networks that could be targeted for skin cancer prevention. We utilized Reverse Phase Protein Microarray Analysis (RPPA), a powerful technology that allows for broad-scale and quantitative measurement of the activation/phosphorylation state of hundreds of key signaling proteins and protein pathways in sun-protected skin after an acute dose of two minimal erythema dose (MED) of SSL. RPPA analysis was used to map the altered cell signaling networks resulting from acute doses of solar simulated radiation (SSL). To that end, we exposed sun-protected skin in volunteers to acute doses of two MED of SSL and collected biopsies pre-SSL and post-SSL irradiation. Frozen biopsies were subjected to laser capture microdissection (LCM) and then assessed by RPPA. The activation/phosphorylation or total levels of 128 key signaling proteins and drug targets were selected for statistical analysis. Coordinate network-based analysis was performed on specific signaling pathways that included the PI3k/Akt/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathways. Overall, we found early and sustained activation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR and MAPK pathways. Cell death and apoptosis-related proteins were activated at 5 and 24 h. Ultimately, expression profile patterns of phosphorylated proteins in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), AKT, mTOR, and other relevant pathways may be used to determine pharmacodynamic activity of new and selective topical chemoprevention agents administered in a test area exposed to SSL to determine drug-induced attenuation or reversal of skin carcinogenesis pathways.
• Fukushima, H., Panczyk, M., Hu, C., Dameff, C., Chikani, V., Vadeboncoeur, T., Spaite, D. W., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017). Description of Abnormal Breathing Is Associated With Improved Outcomes and Delayed Telephone Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Instructions. Journal of the American Heart Association, 6(9).
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  Emergency 9-1-1 callers use a wide range of terms to describe abnormal breathing in persons with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). These breathing descriptors can obstruct the telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) process.
• Hastings, K. T., Elizalde, D., Muppana, L., Levine, S., Kamel, C. M., Ingram, W. M., Kirkpatrick, J. T., Hu, C., Rausch, M. P., & Gallitano, A. L. (2017). Nab2 maintains thymus cellularity with aging and stress. Molecular immunology, 85, 185-195.
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  Thymic cellularity is influenced by a variety of biological and environmental factors, such as age and stress; however, little is known about the molecular genetic mechanisms that regulate this process. Immediate early genes of the Early growth response (Egr) family have critical roles in immune function and response to environmental stress. The transcription factors, Egr1, Egr2 and Egr3, play roles in the thymus and in peripheral T-cell activation. Nab2, which binds Egrs 1, 2, and 3 as a co-regulator of transcription, also regulates peripheral T-cell activation. However, a role for Nab2 in the thymus has not been reported. Using Nab2-deficient (KO) mice we found that male Nab2KO mice have reduced thymus size and decreased numbers of thymocytes, compared with age-matched wildtype (WT) mice. Furthermore, the number of thymocytes in Nab2KO males decreases more rapidly with age. This effect is sex-dependent as female Nab2KO mice show neither reduced thymocyte numbers nor accelerated thymocyte loss with age, compared to female WT littermates. Since stress induces expression of Nab2 and the Egrs, we examined whether loss of Nab2 alters stress-induced decrease in thymic cellularity. Restraint stress induced a significant decrease in thymic cellularity in Nab2KO and WT mice, with significant changes in the thymocyte subset populations only in the Nab2KO mice. Stress reduced the percentage of DP cells by half and increased the percentage of CD4SP and CD8SP cells by roughly three-fold in Nab2KO mice. These findings indicate a requirement for Nab2 in maintaining thymocyte number in male mice with age and in response to stress.
• Lacombe, J., Brooks, C., Hu, C., Menashi, E., Korn, R., Yang, F., & Zenhausern, F. (2017). Analysis of Saliva Gene Expression during Head and Neck Cancer Radiotherapy: A Pilot Study. Radiation research, 188(1), 75-81.
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  Saliva, a biological fluid, is a promising candidate for novel approaches to prognosis, clinical diagnosis, monitoring and management of patients with both oral and systemic diseases. However, to date, saliva has not been widely investigated as a biomarker for radiation exposure. Since white blood cells are also present in saliva, it should theoretically be possible to investigate the transcriptional biomarkers of radiation exposure classically studied in whole blood. Therefore, we collected whole blood and saliva samples from eight head and neck cancer patients before the start of radiation treatment, at mid-treatment and after treatment. We then used a panel of five genes: BAX, BBC3, CDKN1A, DDB2 and MDM2, designated for assessing radiation dose in whole blood to evaluate gene expression changes that can occur during radiotherapy. The results revealed that the expression of the five genes did not change in whole blood. However, in saliva, CDKN1A and DDB2 were significantly overexpressed at the end, compared to the start, of radiotherapy, and MDM2 was significantly underexpressed between mid-treatment and at the end of treatment. Interestingly, CDKN1A and DDB2 expressions also showed an increasing monotonic relationship with total radiation dose received during radiotherapy. To our knowledge, these results show for the first time the ability to detect gene expression changes in saliva after head and neck cancer radiotherapy, and pave the way for further promising studies validating saliva as a minimally invasive means of biofluid collection to directly measure radiation dose escalation during treatment.
• Sabir, M. S., Khan, Z., Hu, C., Galligan, M. A., Dussik, C. M., Mallick, S., Stone, A. D., Batie, S. F., Jacobs, E. T., Whitfield, G. K., Haussler, M. R., Heck, M. C., & Jurutka, P. W. (2017). SIRT1 enzymatically potentiates 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin Dsignaling via vitamin D receptor deacetylation. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 172, 117-129.
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  The hormonal metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(1,25D), binds to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and promotes heterodimerization of VDR with a retinoid-X-receptor (RXR) to genomically regulate diverse cellular processes. Herein, it is revealed for the first time that VDR is post-translationally acetylated, and that VDR immunoprecipitated from human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells displays a dramatic decrease in acetylated receptor in the presence of 1,25D-ligand, sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) deacetylase, or the resveratrol activator of SIRT1. To elucidate the functional significance of VDR deacetylation, vitamin-d-responsive-element (VDRE)-based transcriptional assays were performed to determine if deacetylase overexpression affects VDR/VDRE-driven transcription. In HEK293 kidney and TE85 bone cells, co-transfection of low amounts (1-5ng) of a SIRT1-expression vector elicits a reproducible and statistically significant enhancement (1.3- to 2.6-fold) in transcription mediated by VDREs from the CYP3A4 and cyp24a1 genes, where the magnitude of response to 1,25D-ligand is 6- to 30-fold. Inhibition of SIRT1 via EX-527, or utilization of a SIRT1 loss-of-function mutant (H363Y), resulted in abrogation of SIRT1-mediated VDR potentiation. Studies with a novel, non-acetylatable VDR mutant (K413R) showed that the mutant VDR possesses enhanced responsiveness to 1,25D, in conjunction with reduced, but still significant, sensitivity to exogenous SIRT1, indicating that acetylation of lysine 413 is relevant, but that other acetylated residues in VDR contribute to modulation of its activity. We conclude that the acetylation of VDR comprises a negative feedback loop that attenuates 1,25D-VDR signaling. This regulatory loop is reversed by SIRT1-catalyzed deacetylation of VDR to amplify VDR signaling and 1,25D actions.
• Shrestha, M. P., Hu, C., & Taleban, S. (2017). Appointment Wait Time, Primary Care Provider Status, and Patient Demographics are Associated With Nonattendance at Outpatient Gastroenterology Clinic. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY, 51(5), 433-438.
• Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Gaither, J. B., & Hu, C. (2017). In reply. Annals of emergency medicine, 70(2), 263-264.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C., Mullins, T., & Sherrill, D. (2017). The Effect of Combined Out-of-Hospital Hypotension and Hypoxia on Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Annals of emergency medicine, 69(1), 62-72.
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  Survival is significantly reduced by either hypotension or hypoxia during the out-of-hospital management of major traumatic brain injury. However, only a handful of small studies have investigated the influence of the combination of both hypotension and hypoxia occurring together. In patients with major traumatic brain injury, we evaluate the associations between mortality and out-of-hospital hypotension and hypoxia separately and in combination.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C., Mullins, T., Rice, A. D., & Sherrill, D. (2017). Association of Out-of-Hospital Hypotension Depth and Duration With Traumatic Brain Injury Mortality. Annals of emergency medicine, 70(4), 522-530.e1.
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  Out-of-hospital hypotension has been associated with increased mortality in traumatic brain injury. The association of traumatic brain injury mortality with the depth or duration of out-of-hospital hypotension is unknown. We evaluated the relationship between the depth and duration of out-of-hospital hypotension and mortality in major traumatic brain injury.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C., Mullins, T., & Adelson, P. D. (2017). Mortality and Prehospital Blood Pressure in Patients With Major Traumatic Brain Injury Implications for the Hypotension Threshold. JAMA SURGERY, 152(4), 360-368.
• Vasquez, M. M., Zhou, M., Hu, C., Martinez, F. D., & Guerra, S. (2017). Low Lung Function in Young Adult Life Is Associated with Early Mortality. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 195(10), 1399-1401.
• Yanez, N. D., Aljasser, I., Andre, M., Hu, C., Juraska, M., & Lumley, T. (2017). Assessing the impact of measurement error in modeling change in the absence of auxiliary data. COMMUNICATIONS IN STATISTICS-THEORY AND METHODS, 46(6), 2667-2680.
• Bobrow, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Hu, C., Mullins, T., Tormala, W., Dameff, C., Gallagher, J., Smith, G., & Panczyk, M. (2016). Implementation of a Regional Telephone Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Program and Outcomes After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. JAMA cardiology, 1(3), 294-302.
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  Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) significantly improves survival from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest but is provided in less than half of events on average. Telephone CPR (TCPR) can significantly increase bystander CPR rates and improve clinical outcomes.
• Dickinson, S. E., Janda, J., Criswell, J., Blohm-Mangone, K., Olson, E. R., Liu, Z., Barber, C., Petricoin, E. F., Calvert, V. S., Einspahr, J., Dickinson, J. E., Stratton, S. P., Curiel-Lewandrowski, C., Saboda, K., Hu, C., Bode, A. M., Dong, Z., Alberts, D. S., & Timothy Bowden, G. (2016). Inhibition of Akt Enhances the Chemopreventive Effects of Topical Rapamycin in Mouse Skin. Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.), 9(3), 215-24.
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  The PI3Kinase/Akt/mTOR pathway has important roles in cancer development for multiple tumor types, including UV-induced nonmelanoma skin cancer. Immunosuppressed populations are at increased risk of aggressive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Individuals who are treated with rapamycin (sirolimus, a classical mTOR inhibitor) have significantly decreased rates of developing new cutaneous SCCs compared with those that receive traditional immunosuppression. However, systemic rapamycin use can lead to significant adverse events. Here, we explored the use of topical rapamycin as a chemopreventive agent in the context of solar-simulated light (SSL)-induced skin carcinogenesis. In SKH-1 mice, topical rapamycin treatment decreased tumor yields when applied after completion of 15 weeks of SSL exposure compared with controls. However, applying rapamycin during SSL exposure for 15 weeks, and continuing for 10 weeks after UV treatment, increased tumor yields. We also examined whether a combinatorial approach might result in more significant tumor suppression by rapamycin. We validated that rapamycin causes increased Akt (S473) phosphorylation in the epidermis after SSL, and show for the first time that this dysregulation can be inhibited in vivo by a selective PDK1/Akt inhibitor, PHT-427. Combining rapamycin with PHT-427 on tumor prone skin additively caused a significant reduction of tumor multiplicity compared with vehicle controls. Our findings indicate that patients taking rapamycin should avoid sun exposure, and that combining topical mTOR inhibitors and Akt inhibitors may be a viable chemoprevention option for individuals at high risk for cutaneous SCC.
• Fukushima, H., Panczyk, M., Spaite, D. W., Chikani, V., Dameff, C., Hu, C., Birkenes, T. S., Myklebust, H., Sutter, J., Langlais, B., Wu, Z., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016). Barriers to telephone cardiopulmonary resuscitation in public and residential locations. Resuscitation, 109, 116-120.
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  Emergency medical telecommunicators can play a key role in improving outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) by providing instructions for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to callers. Telecommunicators, however, frequently encounter barriers that obstruct the Telephone CPR (TCPR) process. The nature and frequency of these barriers in public and residential locations have not been well investigated. The aim of this study is to identify the barriers to TCPR in public and residential locations.
• Griffin, S., Regan, T. L., Harber, P. I., Lutz, E. A., Hu, C., & Burgess, J. L. (2016). Evaluation of a fitness intervention for new firefighters: injury reduction and economic benefits. Inj Prev, 22(3), 181-8.
• Hu, C., Harber, P., & Su, J. (2016). Predicting future protection of respirator users: Statistical approaches and practical implications. Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene, 13(5), 393-400.
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  The purpose of this article is to describe a statistical approach for predicting a respirator user's fit factor in the future based upon results from initial tests. A statistical prediction model was developed based upon joint distribution of multiple fit factor measurements over time obtained from linear mixed effect models. The model accounts for within-subject correlation as well as short-term (within one day) and longer-term variability. As an example of applying this approach, model parameters were estimated from a research study in which volunteers were trained by three different modalities to use one of two types of respirators. They underwent two quantitative fit tests at the initial session and two on the same day approximately six months later. The fitted models demonstrated correlation and gave the estimated distribution of future fit test results conditional on past results for an individual worker. This approach can be applied to establishing a criterion value for passing an initial fit test to provide reasonable likelihood that a worker will be adequately protected in the future; and to optimizing the repeat fit factor test intervals individually for each user for cost-effective testing.
• Jeter, J. M., Curiel-Lewandrowski, C., Stratton, S. P., Myrdal, P. B., Warneke, J. A., Einspahr, J. G., Bartels, H. G., Yozwiak, M., Bermudez, Y., Hu, C., Bartels, P., & Alberts, D. S. (2016). Phase IIB Randomized Study of Topical Difluoromethylornithine and Topical Diclofenac on Sun-Damaged Skin of the Forearm. Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.), 9(2), 128-34.
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  Prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancers remains a health priority due to high costs associated with this disease. Diclofenac and difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) have demonstrated chemopreventive efficacy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. We designed a randomized study of the combination of DFMO and diclofenac in the treatment of sun-damaged skin. Individuals with visible cutaneous sun damage were eligible. Subjects were randomized to one of the three groups: topical DFMO applied twice daily, topical diclofenac applied daily, or DFMO plus diclofenac. The treatment was limited to an area on the left forearm, and the duration of use was 90 days. We hypothesized that combination therapy would have increased efficacy compared with single-agent therapy. The primary outcome was change in karyometric average nuclear abnormality (ANA) in the treated skin. Individuals assessing the biomarkers were blinded regarding the treatment for each subject. A total of 156 subjects were randomized; 144 had baseline and end-of-study biopsies, and 136 subjects completed the study. The ANA unexpectedly increased for all groups, with higher values correlating with clinical cutaneous inflammation. Nearly all of the adverse events were local cutaneous effects. One subject had cutaneous toxicity that required treatment discontinuation. Significantly more adverse events were seen in the groups taking diclofenac. Overall, the study indicated that the addition of topical DFMO to topical diclofenac did not enhance its activity. Both agents caused inflammation on a cellular and clinical level, which may have confounded the measurement of chemopreventive effects. More significant effects may be observed in subjects with greater baseline cutaneous damage.
• Klimentidis, Y. C., Bea, J. W., Thompson, P., Klimecki, W. T., Hu, C., Wu, G., Nicholas, J. S., Ryckman, K. K., & Chen, Z. (2016). Genetic Variant in ACVR2B Is Associated with Lean Mass. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 48(7), 1270-5.
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  Low lean mass (LM) is a risk factor for chronic disease, a major cause of disability and diminished quality of life, and is a heritable trait. However, relatively few specific genetic factors have been identified as potentially influencing this trait.
• Murphy, R. A., Bobrow, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., McDannold, R., & Vadeboncoeur, T. F. (2016). Association between Prehospital CPR Quality and End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Levels in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital emergency care : official journal of the National Association of EMS Physicians and the National Association of State EMS Directors, 20(3), 369-77.
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  International Guidelines recommend measurement of end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2) to enhance cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality and optimize blood flow during CPR. Numerous factors impact EtCO2 (e.g., ventilation, metabolism, cardiac output), yet few clinical studies have correlated CPR quality and EtCO2 during actual out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) resuscitations. The purpose of this study was to describe the association between EtCO2 and CPR quality variables during OHCA.
• Nguyen, J., Bernert, R., In, K., Kang, P., Sebastiao, N., Hu, C., & Hastings, K. T. (2016). Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase is upregulated in human melanoma. Melanoma Research, 26(2), 125-37.
• Sherrill, D. L., Bobrow, B. J., Viscusi, C., Spaite, D. W., Sherrill, D. L., Perez, O., Keim, S. M., Hu, C., Helfenbein, E., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., & Babaeizadeh, S. (2016). Abstract 13835: Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
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  Background: It is well established that prehospital hypoxia dramatically increases mortality in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Thus, in EMS TBI research, case ascertainment and risk-adjustment are highly dependent upon documentation of in-field O2 saturation. Objective: To compare the rate of hypoxia identified by EMS personnel and documented in EMS patient care records (PCR) vs the actual rate of hypoxia recorded by continuous, non-invasive monitor in TBI. Methods: A subset of major TBI cases (moderate/severe) in the EPIC EMS TBI Study (NIH 1R01NS071049) were evaluated (3/30/13-6/26/15). Cases from 4 EMS agencies that report continuous monitor data (Philips MRx™) as part of EPIC were included. All monitor data available for post-hoc review were displayed and accessible to the providers during EMS care. We compared PCR documentation of hypoxia (O2 sat
• Shrestha, M. P., Hu, C., & Taleban, S. (2016). Appointment Wait Time, Primary Care Provider Status, and Patient Demographics are Associated With Nonattendance at Outpatient Gastroenterology Clinic. Journal of clinical gastroenterology, [Epub ahead of print].
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  We intended to identify the factors associated with missed appointments at a gastroenterology (GI) clinic in an academic setting.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C., Mullins, T., & Adelson, P. D. (2016). Mortality and Prehospital Blood Pressure in Patients With Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for the Hypotension Threshold. JAMA surgery, [Epub ahead of print].
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  Current prehospital traumatic brain injury guidelines use a systolic blood pressure threshold of less than 90 mm Hg for treating hypotension for individuals 10 years and older based on studies showing higher mortality when blood pressure drops below this level. However, the guidelines also acknowledge the weakness of the supporting evidence.
• Vasquez, M. M., Hu, C., Roe, D. J., Chen, Z., Halonen, M., & Guerra, S. (2016). Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator type methods for the identification of serum biomarkers of overweight and obesity: simulation and application. BMC medical research methodology, 16(1), 154.
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  The study of circulating biomarkers and their association with disease outcomes has become progressively complex due to advances in the measurement of these biomarkers through multiplex technologies. The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) is a data analysis method that may be utilized for biomarker selection in these high dimensional data. However, it is unclear which LASSO-type method is preferable when considering data scenarios that may be present in serum biomarker research, such as high correlation between biomarkers, weak associations with the outcome, and sparse number of true signals. The goal of this study was to compare the LASSO to five LASSO-type methods given these scenarios.
• Vyles, D., Gnagi, F., Bulloch, B., Muenzer, J., & Hu, C. (2016). Procalcitonin as a Marker of Bacteremia in Patients With Fever and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Pediatric emergency care, 32(9), 590-3.
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  Children undergoing treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) often present to the emergency department (ED) with a fever. They are at high risk of bacteremia secondary to being immunocompromised. Recent reports indicate that procalcitonin (PCT) is a useful marker of bacteremia in children.
• Aweeka, F. T., Hu, C. -., Huang, L., Best, B. M., Stek, A., Lizak, P., Burchette, S. K., Read, J., Watts, H., Mirochnick, M., Capparelli, E. V., & IMPAACT P1026S Protocol Team, . (2015). Alteration in cytochrome P450 3A4 activity in HIV-1-infected pregnant women and relationship to antiretroviral pharmacokinetics. HIV Medicine, 16(3), 176-83.
• Bea, J. W., Thomson, C. A., Wertheim, B. C., Nicholas, J. S., Ernst, K. C., Hu, C., Jackson, R. D., Cauley, J. A., Lewis, C. E., Caan, B., Roe, D. J., & Chen, Z. (2015). Risk of Mortality According to Body Mass Index and Body Composition Among Postmenopausal Women. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, 182(7), 585-596.
• Bermudez, Y., Stratton, S. P., Curiel-Lewandrowski, C., Warneke, J., Hu, C., Bowden, G. T., Dickinson, S. E., Dong, Z., Bode, A. M., Saboda, K., Brooks, C. A., Petricoin, E. F., Hurst, C. A., Alberts, D. S., & Einspahr, J. G. (2015). Activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK Signaling Pathways in Response to Acute Solar-Simulated Light Exposure of Human Skin. Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.), 8(8), 720-8.
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  The incidence of skin cancer is higher than all other cancers and continues to increase, with an average annual cost over $8 billion in the United States. As a result, identifying molecular pathway alterations that occur with UV exposure to strategize more effective preventive and therapeutic approaches is essential. To that end, we evaluated phosphorylation of proteins within the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways by immunohistochemistry in sun-protected skin after acute doses of physiologically relevant solar-simulated ultraviolet light (SSL) in 24 volunteers. Biopsies were performed at baseline, 5 minutes, 1, 5, and 24 hours after SSL irradiation. Within the PI3K/Akt pathway, we found activation of Akt (serine 473) to be significantly increased at 5 hours while mTOR (serine 2448) was strongly activated early and was sustained over 24 hours after SSL. Downstream, we observed a marked and sustained increase in phospho-S6 (serine 235/S236), whereas phospho-4E-BP1 (threonines 37/46) was increased only at 24 hours. Within the MAPK pathway, SSL-induced expression of phospho-p38 (threonine 180/tyrosine 182) peaked at 1 to 5 hours. ERK 1/2 was observed to be immediate and sustained after SSL irradiation. Phosphorylation of histone H3 (serine 10), a core structural protein of the nucleosome, peaked at 5 hours after SSL irradiation. The expression of both p53 and COX-2 was increased at 5 hours and was maximal at 24 hours after SSL irradiation. Apoptosis was significantly increased at 24 hours as expected and indicative of a sunburn-type response to SSL. Understanding the timing of key protein expression changes in response to SSL will aid in development of mechanistic-based approaches for the prevention and control of skin cancers.
• Best, B. M., Burchett, S., Li, H., Stek, A., Hu, C., Wang, J., Hawkins, E., Byroads, M., Watts, D. H., Smith, E., Fletcher, C. V., Capparelli, E. V., Mirochnick, M., & , I. M. (2015). Pharmacokinetics of tenofovir during pregnancy and postpartum. HIV medicine, 16(8), 502-11.
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  Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is increasingly used in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens of pregnant women, but limited data exist on the pregnancy pharmacokinetics of chronically dosed TDF. This study described tenofovir pharmacokinetics during pregnancy and postpartum.
• Best, B., Burchette, S., Li, H., Stek, A., Hu, C. -., Wang, J., Hawkins, E., Byroads, M., Watts, H., Smith, E., Fletcher, C. V., Mirochnick, M., Capparelli, E. V., & IMPAACT P1026S Protocol Team, . (2015). Pharmacokinetics of Tenofovir during Pregnancy and Postpartum. HIV Medicine.
• Griffin, S. C., Regan, T. L., Harber, P., Lutz, E. A., Hu, C., Peate, W. F., & Burgess, J. L. (2015). Evaluation of a fitness intervention for new firefighters: injury reduction and economic benefits. Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention.
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  Firefighting is a hazardous profession and firefighters suffer workplace injury at a higher rate than most US workers. Decreased physical fitness is associated with injury in firefighters. A physical fitness intervention was implemented among Tucson Fire Department recruit firefighters with the goals of decreasing injury and compensation claims frequency and costs during the recruit academy, and over the subsequent probationary year.
• Hsu, C., Taylor, J. M., & Hu, C. (2015). Analysis of accelerated failure time data with dependent censoring using auxiliary variables via nonparametric multiple imputation. Statistics in medicine, 34(19), 2768-80.
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  We consider the situation of estimating the marginal survival distribution from censored data subject to dependent censoring using auxiliary variables. We had previously developed a nonparametric multiple imputation approach. The method used two working proportional hazards (PH) models, one for the event times and the other for the censoring times, to define a nearest neighbor imputing risk set. This risk set was then used to impute failure times for censored observations. Here, we adapt the method to the situation where the event and censoring times follow accelerated failure time models and propose to use the Buckley-James estimator as the two working models. Besides studying the performances of the proposed method, we also compare the proposed method with two popular methods for handling dependent censoring through the use of auxiliary variables, inverse probability of censoring weighted and parametric multiple imputation methods, to shed light on the use of them. In a simulation study with time-independent auxiliary variables, we show that all approaches can reduce bias due to dependent censoring. The proposed method is robust to misspecification of either one of the two working models and their link function. This indicates that a working proportional hazards model is preferred because it is more cumbersome to fit an accelerated failure time model. In contrast, the inverse probability of censoring weighted method is not robust to misspecification of the link function of the censoring time model. The parametric imputation methods rely on the specification of the event time model. The approaches are applied to a prostate cancer dataset.
• Jacobson, S. A., Simpson, R. G., Lubahn, C., Hu, C., Belden, C. M., Davis, K. J., Nicholson, L. R., Long, K. E., Osredkar, T., & Lorton, D. (2015). Characterization of fibromyalgia symptoms in patients 55-95 years old: a longitudinal study showing symptom persistence with suboptimal treatment. Aging clinical and experimental research, 27(1), 75-82.
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  Fibromyalgia (FM) has been understudied in the elderly population, a group with particular vulnerabilities to pain, reduced mobility, and sleep disruption.
• Kopp, L. M., Hu, C., Rozo, B., White-Collins, A., Huh, W. W., Yarborough, A., Herzog, C. E., & Hingorani, P. (2015). Utility of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy in initial staging of Ewing sarcoma. Pediatric blood & cancer, 62(1), 12-5.
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  The current standard of care for initial staging of pediatric Ewing sarcoma (EWS) patients is to obtain a bilateral bone marrow aspiration and biopsy (BMAB). The incidence of bone marrow (BM) disease in patients deemed non-metastatic by conventional and metabolic imaging and the concordance of BM positivity with other clinical characteristics are not well established.
• Lutz, E. A., Reed, R. J., Turner, D., Littau, S. R., Lee, V., & Hu, C. (2015). Effectiveness Evaluation of Existing Noise Controls in a Deep Shaft Underground Mine. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE, 12(5), 287-293.
• Lutz, E. A., Reed, R. J., Turner, D., Littau, S. R., Lee, V., & Hu, C. (2015). Effectiveness evaluation of existing noise controls in a deep shaft underground mine. Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene, 12(5), 287-93.
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  Noise exposures and hearing loss in the mining industry continue to be a major problem, despite advances in noise control technologies. This study evaluated the effectiveness of engineering, administrative, and personal noise controls using both traditional and in-ear dosimetry by job task, work shift, and five types of earplug. The noise exposures of 22 miners performing deep shaft-sinking tasks were evaluated during 56 rotating shifts in an underground mine. Miners were earplug-insertion trained, earplug fit-tested, and monitored utilizing traditional and in-ear dosimetry. The mean TWA8 noise exposure via traditional dosimetry was 90.1 ± 8.2 dBA, while the mean in-ear TWA8 was 79.6 ± 13.8 dBA. The latter was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) personal exposure limit (PEL) of 90 dBA. Dosimetry mean TWA8 noise exposures for bench blowing (103.5 ± 0.9 dBA), jumbo drill operation (103.0 ± 0.8 dBA), and mucking tasks (99.6 ± 4.7 dBA) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than other tasks. For bench blowing, cable pulling, grinding, and jumbo drill operation tasks, the mean in-ear TWA8 was greater than 85 dBA. Those working swing shift had a significantly higher (p < 0.001) mean TWA8 noise exposure (95.4 ± 7.3 dBA) than those working day shift. For percent difference between traditional vs. in-ear dosimetry, there was no significant difference among types of earplug used. Reflective of occupational hearing loss rate trends across the mining industry, this study found that, despite existing engineering and administrative controls, noise exposure levels exceeded regulatory limits, while the addition of personal hearing protection limited excessive exposures.
• Mehus, A. A., Reed, R. J., Lee, V. S., Littau, S. R., Hu, C., Lutz, E. A., & Burgess, J. L. (2014). Comparison of acute health effects from exposures to diesel and biodiesel fuel emissions. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57(7), 705-12.
• Mehus, A. A., Reed, R. J., Lee, V. S., Littau, S. R., Hu, C., Lutz, E. A., & Burgess, J. L. (2015). Comparison of Acute Health Effects From Exposures to Diesel and Biodiesel Fuel Emissions. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57(7), 705-12.
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  To investigate the comparative acute health effects associated with exposures to diesel and 75% biodiesel/25% diesel (B75) blend fuel emissions.
• Miller, J. A., Pappan, K., Thompson, P. A., Want, E. J., Siskos, A. P., Keun, H. C., Wulff, J., Hu, C., Lang, J. E., & Chow, H. S. (2015). Plasma Metabolomic Profiles of Breast Cancer Patients after Short-term Limonene Intervention. Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.), 8(1), 86-93.
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  Limonene is a lipophilic monoterpene found in high levels in citrus peel. Limonene demonstrates anticancer properties in preclinical models with effects on multiple cellular targets at varying potency. While of interest as a cancer chemopreventive, the biologic activity of limonene in humans is poorly understood. We conducted metabolite profiling in 39 paired (pre/postintervention) plasma samples from early-stage breast cancer patients receiving limonene treatment (2 g QD) before surgical resection of their tumor. Metabolite profiling was conducted using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a linear trap quadrupole system and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Metabolites were identified by comparison of ion features in samples to a standard reference library. Pathway-based interpretation was conducted using the human metabolome database and the MetaCyc database. Of the 397 named metabolites identified, 72 changed significantly with limonene intervention. Class-based changes included significant decreases in adrenal steroids (P < 0.01), and significant increases in bile acids (P ≤ 0.05) and multiple collagen breakdown products (P < 0.001). The pattern of changes also suggested alterations in glucose metabolism. There were 47 metabolites whose change with intervention was significantly correlated to a decrease in cyclin D1, a cell-cycle regulatory protein, in patient tumor tissues (P ≤ 0.05). Here, oral administration of limonene resulted in significant changes in several metabolic pathways. Furthermore, pathway-based changes were related to the change in tissue level cyclin D1 expression. Future controlled clinical trials with limonene are necessary to determine the potential role and mechanisms of limonene in the breast cancer prevention setting. Cancer Prev Res; 8(1); 86-93. ©2014 AACR.
• Muñoz-Rodríguez, J. L., Vrba, L., Futscher, B. W., Hu, C., Komenaka, I. K., Meza-Montenegro, M. M., Gutierrez-Millan, L. E., Daneri-Navarro, A., Thompson, P. A., & Martinez, M. E. (2015). Differentially expressed microRNAs in postpartum breast cancer in Hispanic women. PloS one, 10(4), e0124340.
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  The risk of breast cancer transiently increases immediately following pregnancy; peaking between 3-7 years. The biology that underlies this risk window and the effect on the natural history of the disease is unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that have been shown to be dysregulated in breast cancer. We conducted miRNA profiling of 56 tumors from a case series of multiparous Hispanic women and assessed the pattern of expression by time since last full-term pregnancy. A data-driven splitting analysis on the pattern of 355 miRNAs separated the case series into two groups: a) an early group representing women diagnosed with breast cancer ≤ 5.2 years postpartum (n = 12), and b) a late group representing women diagnosed with breast cancer ≥ 5.3 years postpartum (n = 44). We identified 15 miRNAs with significant differential expression between the early and late postpartum groups; 60% of these miRNAs are encoded on the X chromosome. Ten miRNAs had a two-fold or higher difference in expression with miR-138, miR-660, miR-31, miR-135b, miR-17, miR-454, and miR-934 overexpressed in the early versus the late group; while miR-892a, miR-199a-5p, and miR-542-5p were underexpressed in the early versus the late postpartum group. The DNA methylation of three out of five tested miRNAs (miR-31, miR-135b, and miR-138) was lower in the early versus late postpartum group, and negatively correlated with miRNA expression. Here we show that miRNAs are differentially expressed and differentially methylated between tumors of the early versus late postpartum, suggesting that potential differences in epigenetic dysfunction may be operative in postpartum breast cancers.
• Harber, P., Su, J., & Hu, C. C. (2014). Persistence of respirator use learning. Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene, 11(12), 826-32.
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  Although retraining and repeat fit-testing are needed for respirator users, the optimal frequency is uncertain. The persistence of proper respirator donning/doffing techniques and changes in quantitative fit factor over 6 months after initial training were measured in this study. Initial training was designed for rapid rollout situations in which direct contact with well-trained occupational health professionals may be infeasible. Subjects (n = 175) were assigned randomly to use either a filtering facepiece N95 (FFR) or dual cartridge half facemask (HFM) respirator. Each was assigned randomly to one of three training methods-printed brochure, video, or computer-based training. Soon after initial training, quantitative fit and measures of proper technique were determined. These measurements were repeated 6 months later. In the six-month followup, subjects were randomized to receive either a brief reminder card or a placebo card. Total performance score, major errors, and quantitative fit all became significantly worse at 6 months. An individual's result soon after training was the most important predictor of performance 6 months later. There was a marginal not statistically significant tendency for those initially trained by video to have better protection 6 months later. The study suggests that persons who use respirators intermittently should be thoroughly retrained and reevaluated periodically. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene for the following free supplemental resource: Additional statistical analyses.
• Jacobson, S. A., Morshed, T., Dugger, B. N., Beach, T. G., Hentz, J. G., Adler, C. H., Shill, H. A., Sabbagh, M. N., Belden, C. M., Sue, L. I., Caviness, J. N., & Hu, C. (2014). Plaques and tangles as well as Lewy-type alpha synucleinopathy are associated with formed visual hallucinations. Parkinsonism & related disorders, 20(9), 1009-14.
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  Previous research has linked complex or formed visual hallucinations (VH) to Lewy-type alpha-synucleinopathy (LTS) in neocortical and limbic areas. As Alzheimer's disease pathology often co-occurs with LTS, we questioned whether this pathology - amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles - might also be linked to VH.
• Skubic, J., Vanhoy, S., Hu, C., Patel, N., Johnson, S. B., & Salvino, C. (2014). Impact of speed cameras on trauma centers. The journal of trauma and acute care surgery, 77(2), 193-7.
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  While studies, mostly from Europe and Australia, have examined the effect of speed cameras on motor vehicle collisions, limited data exist regarding their impact on charges and number of patients taken to Level 1 trauma centers (L1TCs). Because of conflicting perceptions and data on their value, speed cameras were implemented along select Arizona highways in 2008 but then removed in 2010. The hypotheses of our study were twofold. (1) Speed cameras reduce admissions to L1TCs, and (2) speed cameras reduce crash kinetic energy, resulting in lower Injury Severity Score (ISS), mortality, hospital costs, and length of stay (LOS).
• Banerjee, B., Rial, N. S., Renkoski, T., Graves, L. R., Reid, S. A., Hu, C., Tsikitis, V. L., Nfonsom, V., Pugh, J., & Utzinger, U. (2013). Enhanced visibility of colonic neoplasms using formulaic ratio imaging of native fluorescence. Lasers in surgery and medicine, 45(9).
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  Colonoscopy is the preferred method for colon cancer screening, but can miss polyps and flat neoplasms with low color contrast. The objective was to develop a new autofluorescence method that improves image contrast of colonic neoplasms.
• Burgess, J. L., Hill, J. R., Hu, C., Sottile, J., Miller, H., & Poplin, G. S. (2013). Enhancing severe injury surveillance: The association between severe injury events and fatalities in US coal mines. Journal of Safety Research, 44(1), 31-35.
• Dickinson, S. E., Dickinson, S. E., Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Saboda, K., Saboda, K., Rusche, J. J., Rusche, J. J., Olson, E. R., Olson, E. R., Hu, C., Hu, C., Dong, Z., Dong, Z., Dickinson, S. E., Dickinson, S. E., Criswell, P. J., Criswell, P. J., Bowden, G. T., , Bowden, G. T., et al. (2013). Abstract 1077: Dominant negative PI3-Kinase inhibits UV-induced squamous cell carcinoma in vivo.. Cancer Research, 73, 1077-1077. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-1077
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  Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase (PI3-Kinase) is an upstream regulator of cellular proliferation and anti-apoptotic signaling that has been implicated in cancer induction in many tissues, including skin. Pharmacological inhibition of PI3-Kinase is effective at inhibiting both chemical and UV-driven skin carcinogenesis. However, the specificity of these pharmacological inhibitors is often questioned. Therefore, specific genetic inhibition of PI3-Kinase in the epidermis needs to be carried out in mice. We report here on the generation of a new transgenic mouse which constitutively expresses the dominant negative mutant form of the regulatory subunit of the PI3-Kinase dimer, p85, in the epidermis under control of the keratin-5 promoter. These p85DN transgenic mice were derived on the SKH-1 hairless genetic background. A chronic UVB exposure experiment showed significant inhibition of both tumor size (p=0.0012) and tumor burden (p=0.0003) for mice carrying the transgene compared to wildtype littermates. The time to first tumor was also delayed in transgenic mice, but with only marginal significance (p=0.07). p85DN mice also showed significant inhibition of epidermal Activator Protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor activity after acute UVB treatment (p=0.046). UVB induced activation of AP-1 in the epidermis has been shown to play a functional role in UVB mouse skin carcinogenesis. Further analysis of protein expression after acute treatment with UVB suggests that Akt signaling and COX-2 activation are both downregulated in p85DN transgenic mice. To our knowledge, this is the first report of genetic inhibition of PI3-Kinase in mouse skin carcinogenesis studies. Together, these data suggest a functional role of PI3-Kinase in UVB-induced squamous cell carcinoma and support the assertion that inhibition of this pathway is beneficial in chemoprevention of non-melanoma skin cancer. This work was supported in part by the following NIH grants: K07CA132956, K07CA132956-02S1, P01CA27502 and P30CA23074. Citation Format: Sally E. Dickinson, Erik R. Olson, Jadrian J. Rusche, P. Jane Criswell, Jack Zhang, Zagong Dong, Chengcheng Hu, Kathylynn Saboda, David S. Alberts, G. Timothy Bowden. Dominant negative PI3-Kinase inhibits UV-induced squamous cell carcinoma in vivo. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1077. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1077
• Poplin, G. S., Miller, H., Sottile, J., Hu, C., Hill, J. R., & Burgess, J. L. (2013). Enhancing severe injury surveillance: the association between severe injury events and fatalities in US coal mines. Journal of safety research, 44.
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  This report evaluates the potential of using high degree (or severe) injuries as a proxy for fatal events. Injuries occurring at bituminous coal mines within the United States during the years 1996-2006 were classified by the degree of severity according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). Using multivariate discrete and logistic models (via generalized estimating equations) and adjusting for number of employees and underground v. surface status, high degree (AIS≥3) injuries in the prior year were associated with an increased risk (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.17 to 3.46) of fatalities within the same mine. While there is a need for improvements and standardization of injury surveillance and reporting, the findings support the study hypothesis that mining conditions resulting in high degree injuries can also result in fatalities, thus expanding the use and versatility of high degree injury surveillance data. With an improved understanding of the conditions and activities behind these two injury event types, these results enhance the ability for industry to more readily identify and develop technological advancements for safety and mitigating disasters.
• Spivak-Kroizman, T. R., Hostetter, G., Posner, R., Aziz, M., Hu, C., Demeure, M. J., Von Hoff, D., Hingorani, S. R., Palculict, T. B., Izzo, J., Kiriakova, G. M., Abdelmelek, M., Bartholomeusz, G., James, B. P., & Powis, G. (2013). Hypoxia triggers hedgehog-mediated tumor-stromal interactions in pancreatic cancer. Cancer research, 73(11).
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  Pancreatic cancer is characterized by a desmoplastic reaction that creates a dense fibroinflammatory microenvironment, promoting hypoxia and limiting cancer drug delivery due to decreased blood perfusion. Here, we describe a novel tumor-stroma interaction that may help explain the prevalence of desmoplasia in this cancer. Specifically, we found that activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) by tumor hypoxia strongly activates secretion of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) ligand by cancer cells, which in turn causes stromal fibroblasts to increase fibrous tissue deposition. In support of this finding, elevated levels of HIF-1α and SHH in pancreatic tumors were determined to be markers of decreased patient survival. Repeated cycles of hypoxia and desmoplasia amplified each other in a feed forward loop that made tumors more aggressive and resistant to therapy. This loop could be blocked by HIF-1α inhibition, which was sufficient to block SHH production and hedgehog signaling. Taken together, our findings suggest that increased HIF-1α produced by hypoxic tumors triggers the desmoplasic reaction in pancreatic cancer, which is then amplified by a feed forward loop involving cycles of decreased blood flow and increased hypoxia. Our findings strengthen the rationale for testing HIF inhibitors and may therefore represent a novel therapeutic option for pancreatic cancer.
• Burgess, J. L., Duncan, M. D., Hu, C., Littau, S. R., Caseman, D., Kurzius-Spencer, M., Davis-Gorman, G., & McDonagh, P. F. (2012). Acute cardiovascular effects of firefighting and active cooling during rehabilitation. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 54(11), 1413-20.
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  To determine the cardiovascular and hemostatic effects of fire suppression and postexposure active cooling.
• Diep, C. H., Zucker, K. M., Hostetter, G., Watanabe, A., Hu, C., Munoz, R. M., Von Hoff, D. D., & Han, H. (2012). Down-regulation of Yes Associated Protein 1 expression reduces cell proliferation and clonogenicity of pancreatic cancer cells. PloS one, 7(3), e32783.
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  The Hippo pathway regulates organ size by inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting cell apoptosis upon its activation. The Yes Associated Protein 1 (YAP1) is a nuclear effector of the Hippo pathway that promotes cell growth as a transcription co-activator. In human cancer, the YAP1 gene was reported as amplified and over-expressed in several tumor types.
• Hibler, E. A., Hu, C., Jurutka, P. W., Martinez, M. E., & Jacobs, E. T. (2012). Polymorphic Variation in the GC and CASR Genes and Associations with Vitamin D Metabolite Concentration and Metachronous Colorectal Neoplasia. CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION, 21(2), 368-375.
• Hibler, E. A., Hu, C., Jurutka, P. W., Martinez, M. E., & Jacobs, E. T. (2012). Polymorphic variation in the GC and CASR genes and associations with vitamin D metabolite concentration and metachronous colorectal neoplasia. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology, 21(2), 368-75.
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  Vitamin D levels and calcium intake have been associated with risk of colorectal neoplasia, and genetic variation in vitamin D pathway genes may affect circulating vitamin D metabolite concentrations and/or risk for colorectal lesions. This study evaluated associations between polymorphic variation in the Gc-globulin (GC) and calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) and odds for metachronous colorectal neoplasia and vitamin D metabolite concentrations.
• McDonagh, P. F., Davis-Gorman, G., Kurzius-Spencer, M., Caseman, D., Littau, S. R., Hu, C., Duncan, M. D., & Burgess, J. L. (2012). Acute cardiovascular effects of firefighting and active cooling during rehabilitation. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 54(11), 1413-1420.
• Bea, J. W., Wright, N. C., Thompson, P., Hu, C., Guerra, S., & Chen, Z. (2011). Performance evaluation of a multiplex assay for future use in biomarker discovery efforts to predict body composition. Clinical chemistry and laboratory medicine, 49(5), 817-24.
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  Interest in biomarker patterns and disease has led to the development of immunoassays that evaluate multiple analytes in parallel while using little sample. However, there are no current standards for multiplex configuration, validation, and quality. Thus, validation by platform, population, and question of interest is recommended. We sought to determine the best blood fraction for multiplex evaluation of circulating biomarkers in post-menopausal women, and to explore body composition phenotype discrimination by biomarkers.
• Dickinson, S. E., Olson, E. R., Zhang, J., Cooper, S. J., Melton, T., Criswell, P. J., Casanova, A., Dong, Z., Hu, C., Saboda, K., Jacobs, E. T., Alberts, D. S., & Bowden, G. T. (2011). p38 MAP kinase plays a functional role in UVB-induced mouse skin carcinogenesis. Molecular carcinogenesis, 50(6), 469-78.
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  UVB irradiation of epidermal keratinocytes results in the activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and subsequently activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor activation and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression. AP-1 and COX-2 have been shown to play functional roles in UVB-induced mouse skin carcinogenesis. In this study, the experimental approach was to express a dominant negative p38α MAPK (p38DN) in the epidermis of SKH-1 hairless mice and assess UVB-induced AP-1 activation, COX-2 expression, and the skin carcinogenesis response in these mice compared to wild-type littermates. We observed a significant inhibition of UVB-induced AP-1 activation and COX-2 expression in p38DN transgenic mice, leading to a significant reduction of UVB-induced tumor number and growth compared to wild-type littermates in a chronic UVB skin carcinogenesis model. A potential mechanism for this reduction in tumor number and growth rate is an inhibition of chronic epidermal proliferation, observed as reduced Ki-67 staining in p38DN mice compared to wild-type. Although we detected no difference in chronic apoptotic rates between transgenic and nontransgenic mice, analysis of acutely irradiated mice demonstrated that expression of the p38DN transgene significantly inhibited UVB-induced apoptosis of keratinocytes. These results counter the concerns that inhibition of p38 MAPK in a chronic situation could compromise the ability of the skin to eliminate potentially tumorigenic cells. Our data indicate that p38 MAPK is a good target for pharmacological intervention for UV-induced skin cancer in patients with sun damaged skin, and suggest that inhibition of p38 signaling reduces skin carcinogenesis by inhibiting COX-2 expression and proliferation of UVB-irradiated cells.
• Garvie, P. A., Flynn, P. M., Belzer, M., Britto, P., Hu, C., Graham, B., Neely, M., McSherry, G. D., Spector, S. A., Gaur, A. H., & , P. A. (2011). Psychological factors, beliefs about medication, and adherence of youth with human immunodeficiency virus in a multisite directly observed therapy pilot study. The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, 48(6), 637-40.
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  This study examined psychological functioning and beliefs about medicine in adolescents with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on highly active antiretroviral therapy in a community-based directly observed therapy (DOT) pilot feasibility study. Participants were youth with behaviorally acquired HIV (n = 20; 65% female; median age, 21 years) with adherence problems, who received once-daily DOT. Youth were assessed at baseline, week 12 (post-DOT), and week 24 (follow-up). At baseline, 55% of youth reported having clinical depressive symptoms compared to 27% at week 12 with sustained improvements at week 24. At baseline, substance use was reported within the borderline clinical range (T(score) = 68), with clinical but statistically nonsignificant improvement (T(score) = 61) at week 12. Hopelessness scores reflected optimism for the future. Coping strategies showed significantly decreased cognitive avoidance (p = .02), emotional discharge (p = .004), and acceptance/resignation ("nothing I can do," p = .004), whereas positive reappraisal and seeking support emerged. With the exception of depressive symptoms, week 12 improvements were not sustained at week 24. DOT adherence was predicted by higher baseline depression (p = .05), beliefs about medicine (p = .006) and perceived threat of illness scores (p = .03). Youth with behaviorally acquired HIV and adherence problems who participated in a community-based DOT intervention reported clinically improved depressive symptoms, and temporarily reduced substance use and negative coping strategies. Depressive symptoms, beliefs about medicine, and viewing HIV as a potential threat predicted better DOT adherence.
• Hu, C., & Degruttola, V. (2011). Recursive partitioning of resistant mutations for longitudinal markers based on a U-type score. Biostatistics (Oxford, England), 12(4), 750-62.
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  Development of human immunodeficiency virus resistance mutations is a major cause of failure of antiretroviral treatment. We develop a recursive partitioning method to correlate high-dimensional viral sequences with repeatedly measured outcomes. The splitting criterion of this procedure is based on a class of U-type score statistics. The proposed method is flexible enough to apply to a broad range of problems involving longitudinal outcomes. Simulation studies are performed to explore the finite-sample properties of the proposed method, which is also illustrated through analysis of data collected in 3 phase II clinical trials testing the antiretroviral drug efavirenz.
• LeRoy, E. C., Moore, J. H., Hu, C., Martínez, M. E., Lance, P., Duggan, D., & Thompson, P. A. (2011). Genes in the insulin and insulin-like growth factor pathway and odds of metachronous colorectal neoplasia. Human genetics, 129(5), 503-12.
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  Insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) genes are implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis. Gene-by-gene interactions that influence the insulin/IGF pathways were hypothesized as modifiers of colorectal neoplasia risk. We built a classification tree to detect interactions in 18 IGF and insulin pathway-related genes and metachronous colorectal neoplasia among 1,439 subjects pooled from two chemoprevention trials. The probability of colorectal neoplasia was greatest (71.8%) among carriers of any A allele for rs7166348 (IGF1R) and AA genotype for rs1823023 (PIK3R1). In contrast, carriers of any A at rs7166348 (IGF1R), any G for the PIK3R1 variant, and AA for rs10426094 (INSR) had the lowest probability (14.3%). Logistic regression modeling showed that any A at rs7166348 (IGF1R) with the AA genotype at rs1823023 (PIK3R1) conferred the highest odds of colorectal neoplasia (OR 3.7; 95% CI 2.2-6.5), compared with carriage of GG at rs7166348 (IGF1R). Conversely, any A at rs7166348 (IGFR1), any G allele at rs1823023 (PIK3R1), and the AA genotype at rs10426094 (INSR) conferred the lowest odds (OR 0.22; 95% CI 0.07-0.66). Stratifying the analysis by parent study and intervention arm showed highly consistent trends in direction and magnitude of associations, with preliminary evidence of genotype effects on measured IGF-1 levels in a subgroup of subjects. These results were compared to those from multifactor dimensionality reduction, which identified different single nucleotide polymorphisms in the same genes (INSR and IGF1R) as effect modifiers for colorectal neoplasia. These results support a role for genetic interactions in the insulin/IGF pathway genes in colorectal neoplasia risk.
• McKenzie, N. E., Saboda, K., Duckett, L. D., Goldman, R., Hu, C., & Curiel-Lewandrowski, C. N. (2011). Development of a photographic scale for consistency and guidance in dermatologic assessment of forearm sun damage. Archives of dermatology, 147(1), 31-6.
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  To develop a photographic sun damage assessment scale for forearm skin and test its feasibility and utility for consistent classification of sun damage.
• Mirochnick, M., Best, B. M., Stek, A. M., Capparelli, E. V., Hu, C., Burchett, S. K., Rossi, S. S., Hawkins, E., Basar, M., Smith, E., Read, J. S., & , I. 1. (2011). Atazanavir pharmacokinetics with and without tenofovir during pregnancy. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 56(5), 412-9.
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  Few data are available describing atazanavir exposure during pregnancy, especially when used in combination with tenofovir, whose coadministration with atazanavir results in decreased atazanavir exposure.
• Stratton, S. P., Alberts, D. S., Einspahr, J. G., Sagerman, P. M., Warneke, J. A., Curiel-Lewandrowski, C., Myrdal, P. B., Karlage, K. L., Nickoloff, B. J., Brooks, C., Saboda, K., Yozwiak, M. L., Krutzsch, M. F., Hu, C., Lluria-Prevatt, M., Dong, Z., Bowden, G. T., & Bartels, P. H. (2010). A phase 2a study of topical perillyl alcohol cream for chemoprevention of skin cancer. Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.), 3(2), 160-9.
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  The chemopreventive and antitumor properties of perillyl alcohol (POH) that were studied preclinically indicate that topical POH inhibits both UVB-induced murine skin carcinogenesis (squamous cell tumor models) and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced murine melanoma (transgenic models involving tyrosinase-driven Ras). A previous phase 1 clinical trial in participants with normal-appearing skin showed that topical POH cream was well tolerated at a dose of 0.76% (w/w). Here, we performed a 3-month, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2a trial of two different doses of topical POH in individuals with sun-damaged skin. Participants applied POH cream twice daily to each dorsal forearm. Baseline and end-of-study biopsies were taken from each participant to evaluate whether the topical application of POH was effective in reversing actinic damage as evidenced by normalization of quantitative skin histopathologic scores and change in nuclear chromatin pattern as measured by karyometric analysis. There was a borderline reduction in the histopathologic score of the lower-dose POH group compared with the placebo (P = 0.1), but this was not observed in the high-dose group. However, in the high-dose group, a statistically significant reduction in the proportion of nuclei deviating from normal was observed by the use of karyometric analysis (P < 0.01). There was no statistical significance shown in the lower-dose group. No changes were observed in p53 expression, cellular proliferation (by proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression), or apoptosis in either treatment group compared with the placebo group. These results suggest that whereas our karyometric analyses can detect a modest effect of POH in sun-damaged skin, improved delivery into the epidermis may be necessary.

Proceedings Publications

• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Seiver, A., Burgett, K., Jorgenson, D., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2023, November). End-Tidal CO2 and Glasgow Coma Scale in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury: Evaluation of Prehospital Nasal Capnography and Level of Consciousness
  . In Circulation, 147, Suppl.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Seiver, A., Burgett, K., Jorgenson, D., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2023, September). End-Tidal CO2 and Glasgow Coma Scale in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury: Evaluation of Prehospital Nasal Capnography and Level of Consciousness
  . In Resuscitation.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2023, Jan). The Risk of Arriving With Hypoxia at the Trauma Center Among Major TBI Patients Who Were Never Hypoxic in the Field: Support for “Hyper-oxic” Prehospital Treatment?. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 27, S1-S96.
• Spaite, D. W., Howard, J. T., Keim, S. M., Bradley, G. H., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Rice, A. (2023, Jan). New normal: the association between prehospital “near hypotension” and trauma center hypotension in traumatic brain injury.. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 27, S1-S96.
• Spaite, D. W., Jansen, J., Barnhart, B. J., Hu, C., & Wang, H. (2023, Jan). Long-Term Trajectory of Neurologic Outcome after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 27, S1-S96.
• Spaite, D. W., Jeffrey, H. T., Keim, S. M., Gail, B., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Rice, A. (2023, January). New normal: the association between prehospital “near hypotension” and trauma center hypotension in traumatic brain injury.. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 27, S1-S96.
• Spaite, D. W., Keim, S. M., Gail, B., Gaither, J. B., AnnMarie, S., Josh, L., Bruce, B., Lyra, C., Robyn, M., Hu, C., & Rice, A. (2023, Jan).

  Patient bodyweight association with CPR quality and outcome

  . In Prehospital Emergency Care, 27, S97-S105.
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  1.     Rice AD, Hu C, McDannold R, Clark L, Barnhart BJ, Lampe J, Silver A, Gaither JB, Bradley G, Keim SM, Spaite DW. P
• Bradley, G. H., Hu, C., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Keim, S. M., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., & Wohlford, L. (2022, Jan). Law Enforcement-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 26, Abs #178.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Bradley, G., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., & Wohlford, L. (2021, Aug). Law Enforcement-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 26, 155.
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  Wohlford L, Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Bradley GH, Keim SM, Hu C: Law Enforcement-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:155 (Abs #178)
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Bradley, G., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., & Wohlford, L. (2022, Jan). Law Enforcement-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 26, 155.
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  Wohlford L, Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Bradley GH, Keim SM, Hu C: Law Enforcement-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:155 (Abs #178)
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Helfenbein, E., Adam, S., Jorgenson, D., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2022, Nov). Nasal Sensor Capnographic Differences in Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Receiving Non-Rebreather Mask Versus Nasal Cannula Oxygen Delivery. In Circulation, 146, Abs 167.
• Hu, C., Liu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Adam, S., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2022, Aug). Discrepancies Between Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation: Are We Missing Hypotension?. In European Resuscitation Congress, 175, S55.
• Hu, C., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Bobrow, B. J., Spaite, D. W., & Gaither, J. B. (2022, January). Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines in Severe TBI Patients with Positive Pressure Ventilation: The EPIC Airway Sub-Analysis. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 26, 109 (Abs #5).
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  Gaither JB, Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Keim SM, Barnhart BJ, Chikani J, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Hu C: Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines in Severe TBI Patients with Positive Pressure Ventilation: The EPIC Airway Sub-Analysis. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:109 (Abs #5)
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, Aug). Hyperoxia and Outcome Before and After Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 26, 111-112 (Abs #13).
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Chikani V, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Howard JT, Keim SM: Hyperoxia and Outcome Before and After Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:111-112 (Abs #13)
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2022, Jan). Hyperoxia and Outcome Before and After Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 26, 111-112 (Abs #13).
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Chikani V, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Howard JT, Keim SM: Hyperoxia and Outcome Before and After Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:111-112 (Abs #13)
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2022, Nov). Hypoxia on Arrival at the Hospital Among Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Who Were Non-Hypoxic in the Field: Support for “Hyper-oxic” Prehospital Treatment?. In Circulation, 146, Abs 168.
• Spaite, D. W., Howard, J. T., Keim, S. M., Bradley, G., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Rice, A. (2022, Jan). In-Field and Early Hospital Hypotension in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Correlations and Effects on Outcome. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 26, 110 (Abs #6).
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  Rice AD, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Chikani V, Bradley GH, Keim SM, Howard JT, Spaite DW. In-Field and Early Hospital Hypotension in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Correlations and Effects on Outcome. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:110 (Abs #6)
• Spaite, D. W., Jansen, J., Barnhart, B. J., Hu, C., & Wang, H. (2022, Nov). Long-Term Trajectory of Neurologic Outcome After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
  . In Circulation, 146, Abs 226.
• Hu, C., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Sept). Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension?. In Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
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  Spaite DW, Barnhart B, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discrepancies Between Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension? Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Hu, C., Hu, C., Bradley, G., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., & Barnhart, B. J. (2020, Sep). Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. In Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
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  Barnhart B, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Hu, C., Hu, C., Bradley, G., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., & Barnhart, B. J. (2021, Jan). Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 24.
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  Barnhart B, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Abstracts for the 2021 NAEMSP Scientific Assembly, Prehospital Emergency Care, 25:1, 125-170, DOI:10.1080/10903127.2020.1837312
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Bradley, G. H., McDannold, R., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., & Wohlford, L. (2020, Sep). Disparities in Rural CPR Delivery and Outcomes from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Arizona. In Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
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  Wohlford L, Barnhart B, Spaite DW, McDannold R, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Gaither JB, Keim SM, Hu C: Disparities in Rural CPR Delivery and Outcomes from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Arizona. Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. January 13-16, 2021.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, November). Enhanced Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Monitor Data Analysis for Intubated Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Striking Findings from the EPIC Study. In Circulation.
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  Spaite DW, Barnhart B, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Hu C. Enhanced Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Monitor Data Analysis for Intubated Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Striking Findings From the EPIC Study. Circulation, 144(Suppl_2), A13737-A13737. https://doi.org/doi:10.1161/circ.144.suppl_2.13737
• Hu, C., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Bobrow, B. J., Spaite, D. W., & Gaither, J. B. (2021, Aug). Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines in Severe TBI Patients with Positive Pressure Ventilation: The EPIC Airway Sub-Analysis. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 26, 109 (Abs #5).
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  Gaither JB, Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Keim SM, Barnhart BJ, Chikani J, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Hu C: Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines in Severe TBI Patients with Positive Pressure Ventilation: The EPIC Airway Sub-Analysis. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:109 (Abs #5)
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Sep). Effect of Implementing the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Severe TBI Patients Transported by Air and Ground EMS. In Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Effect of Implementing the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Severe TBI Patients Transported by Air and Ground EMS. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 93.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Sep). Optimal Prehospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Prospective Model Validation Using the Post-Intervention Cohort of the EPIC Study. In National Association of EMS Physicians (NAEMSP) 2020 Annual Meeting.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Optimal Prehospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Prospective Model Validation Using the Post-Intervention Cohort of the EPIC Study. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 45.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Sep). Optimal Prehospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Prospective Model Validation Using the Post-Intervention Cohort of the EPIC Study. In Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Optimal Prehospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Prospective Model Validation Using the Post-Intervention Cohort of the EPIC Study. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 45.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, Jan). Effect of Implementing the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Severe TBI Patients Transported by Air and Ground EMS. In Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Effect of Implementing the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Severe TBI Patients Transported by Air and Ground EMS. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 93.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, Jan). Optimal Prehospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Prospective Model Validation Using the Post-Intervention Cohort of the EPIC Study. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 25, Abs 41.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Optimal Prehospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Prospective Model Validation Using the Post-Intervention Cohort of the EPIC Study. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 45.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G., Mullins, T., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Sep). Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines on Outcome in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. In Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physician.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines on Outcome in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Keim, S. M., Keim, S. M., Wang, H., Wang, H., Howard, J. T., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., , Bobrow, B. J., et al. (2021, Jan). Inability of Prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale to Accurately Classify Brain Injury Severity: Has it Doomed TBI Clinical Trials to Failure?. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 24.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Wang H, Keim SM: Inability of Prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale to Accurately Classify Brain Injury Severity: Has it Doomed TBI Clinical Trials to Failure? Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Keim, S. M., Wang, H., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Sep). Inability of Prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale to Accurately Classify Brain Injury Severity: Has it Doomed TBI Clinical Trials to Failure?. In Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physician.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Wang H, Keim SM: Inability of Prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale to Accurately Classify Brain Injury Severity: Has it Doomed TBI Clinical Trials to Failure? Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Keim, S. M., Wang, H., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Sep). Inability of Prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale to Accurately Classify Brain Injury Severity: Has it Doomed TBI Clinical Trials to Failure?. In Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Wang H, Keim SM: Inability of Prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale to Accurately Classify Brain Injury Severity: Has it Doomed TBI Clinical Trials to Failure? Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Spaite, D. W., Howard, J. T., Keim, S. M., Bradley, G., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Rice, A. (2021, Aug). In-Field and Early Hospital Hypotension in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Correlations and Effects on Outcome. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 26, 110 (Abs #6).
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  Rice AD, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Chikani V, Bradley GH, Keim SM, Howard JT, Spaite DW. In-Field and Early Hospital Hypotension in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Correlations and Effects on Outcome. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:110 (Abs #6)
• Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Glenn, M., Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Bradley, G., Chikani, V., Mullins, T., Mullins, M., Silver, A. E., Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., & McDannold, R. (2020, Nov). Capnographic Differences in Out-of-hospital Overdose-related, Respiratory, and Cardiac Arrests. In Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association Scientific Sessions.
• Hu, C., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, November). Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension?. In Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association.
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  Spaite DW, Barnhart BJ, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension? Presented at the Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association. November 14-16, 2020.
• Hu, C., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2020, November). Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. In Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association Scientific Sessions.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson D, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association Scientific Sessions. Circulation. November, 2020.
• Hu, C., Hu, C., Viscusi, C. D., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A., Rice, A., Adelson, P. D., Adelson, P. D., Mullins, T., Mullins, T., Denninghoff, K. R., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Chikani, V., Keim, S. M., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., , Gaither, J. B., et al. (2020, Jan). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: Results of the EPIC4Kids Study. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
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  Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Gaither JB, Barnhart BJ, Keim SM, Chikani V, Denninghoff K, Mullins T, Adelson PD, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Hu C: Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: Results of the EPIC4Kids Study. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 7-11, 2020, San Diego, California.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaieizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring In Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
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  Spaite DW, Barnhart BJ, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson D, Babaieizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice A, Keim SM, Hu C: End-Tidal CO2. Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring In Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 7-11, 2020, San Diego, California
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaieizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2020, Jan). Prehospital Capnography in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Association Between End-tidal CO2 and Level of Consciousness. In National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting.
• Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G., Mullins, T., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, November). Differential Effect of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. In Circulation.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Chikani V, Mullins T, Bradley G, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Keim SM: Differential Effect of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation, 2020. 142(Suppl_4): p. A362-A362.
• Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G., Mullins, T., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, November). Differential Effect of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. In Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Chikani V, Mullins T, Bradley G, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Keim SM: Differential Effect of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented at the Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association. November 14-16, 2020.
• Kwoh, C. K., Roemer, F., Ashbeck, E., Hu, C., Bedrick, E., Sharma, L., & Guermazi, A. (2019, OCT). MRI-detected Abnormalities in Prediction Models of Incident Radiographic Knee Osteoarthritis over 10 Years of Follow-up. In ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATOLOGY, 71.
• Kwoh, C. K., Roemer, F., Sharma, L., Ashbeck, E., Hu, C., & Guermazi, A. (2019, JUN). MRI-DETECTED STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES AND DEVELOPMENT OF INCIDENT RADIOGRAPHIC KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS OVER 10 YEARS OF FOLLOW-UP. In ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES, 78, 174-175.
• Wycoff, J., Kim, D., Hu, C., Aggarwal, A., Kemmerly, T., & Banerjee, B. (2019, MAY). NOVEL MULTI-VIEW IMAGING DEVICE TO IMPROVE COLON POLYP DETECTION. In GASTROENTEROLOGY, 156 Supplement: 1, S701-S701 Meeting Abstract: Su2059.
• Barnhart, B., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D. B., Hu, C., Rice, A. D., Keim, S. M., & Perez, O. (2018, Nov). End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Receiving O2 via Nasal Cannula vs. Non-Rebreather Mask. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS).
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  Barnhart B, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson DB, Hu C, Rice AD, Keim SM, Perez O: End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Receiving O2 via Nasal Cannula vs. Non-Rebreather Mask. Presented to the American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS), November 10-11, 2018, Chicago, Illinois.
• Bobrow, B. J., Mullins, T., George, T., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Spaite, D. W., Mullins, M., McDannold, R., Hu, C., Rice, A., & Gaither, J. B. (2018, Jan). Comparison of Manual Vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality During Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. In NAEMSP National Scientific Assembly.
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  Gaither J, Rice A, Hu C, McDannold R, Mullins M, Spaite D, Vadeboncoeur T, George T, Mullins T, Bobrow B: Comparison of Manual Vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality During Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 10-13, 2018, San Diego, California.
• Keim, S. M., Sherrill, D. L., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2018, Jan). Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In NAEMSP National Scientific Assembly.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Keim SM: Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented to the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 10-13, 2018, San Diego, California.
• Perez, O., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D. B., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A. D., Keim, S. M., & Barnhart, B. (2018, Nov). Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS).
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  Perez O, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Babaeizadeh S, Jorgenson DB, Hu C, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Barnhart B: Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Presented to the American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS), November 10-11, 2018, Chicago, Illinois.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Rice, A. D., & Keim, S. M. (2018, Nov). Differential Effects of Prehospital Hypotension and Injury Severity in Isolated vs. Multisystem Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS).
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart B, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Keim SM: Differential Effects of Prehospital Hypotension and Injury Severity in Isolated vs. Multisystem Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented to the American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS), November 10-11, 2018, Chicago, Illinois.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Rice, A. D., & Keim, S. M. (2018, Nov). Three-Dimensional Models of Complex Interactions Between Age, Prehospital Blood Pressure, and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS).
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart B, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Keim SM: Three-Dimensional Models of Complex Interactions Between Age, Prehospital Blood Pressure, and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented to the American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS), November 10-11, 2018, Chicago, Illinois.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Chikani, V., George, T., Brazil, P., Blust, R., Panczyk, M., & Bobrow, B. J. (2018, Jan). Death by Suicide: The EMS Profession Compared to the General Public. In NAEMSP National Scientific Assembly.
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  Bobrow BJ, Panczyk M, Blust R, Brazil P, George T, Chikani V, Hu C, Spaite DW: Death by Suicide: The EMS Profession Compared to the General Public. Presented to the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 10-13, 2018, San Diego, California.
• Sutter, J. H., Beger, S., Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Silver, A., McDannold, R., Mullins, M., Vadeboncoeur, T., & Bobrow, B. J. (2018, Nov). Associations of Chest Compression Release Velocity and Age, Weight, and Gender During Cardiac Resuscitation. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS).
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  Sutter JH, Beger S, Hu C, Spaite DW, Silver A, McDannold R, Mullins M, Vadeboncoeur T, Bobrow BJ: Associations of Chest Compression Release Velocity and Age, Weight, and Gender During Cardiac Resuscitation. Presented to the American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS), November 10-11, 2018, Chicago, Illinois.
• Bobrow, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A., Sherrill, D. L., Sherrill, D. L., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Barnhart, B. J., , Babaeizadeh, S., et al. (2017, September). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major TBI Patients. In Mediterranean Emergency Medicine Congress.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ: Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major TBI Patients. Presented to the Mediterranean Emergency Medicine Congress, September 6-10, 2017, Lisbon, Portugal.
• Bobrow, B. J., Mulllins, T., George, T. A., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Spaite, D. W., Mullins, M., McDannold, R., Silver, A., Hu, C., Rice, A., & Gaither, J. B. (2017, Nov). Comparison of Manual vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality during Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS).
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  Gaither JB, Rice AD, Hu C, Silver A, McDannold R, Mullins M, Spaite DW, Vadeboncoeur TF, George TA, Mullins T, Bobrow BJ: Comparison of Manual vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality during Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. Presented to the American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium (ReSS), November 11-13, 2017, Anaheim, California.
• Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A. D., Sherrill, D. L., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Babaeizadeh, S., Barnhart, B., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Perez, O. (2017, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal Co2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. In National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting.
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  Perez O, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Barnhart BJ, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Sherrill D, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ: Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 24-26, 2017, New Orleans, LA.
• Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A. D., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Sherrill, D. L., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Babaeizadeh, S., Perez, O., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. (2017, Jan). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Sherrill D, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ: Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 24-26, 2017, New Orleans, LA.
• Bobrow, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Panczyk, M., Bohm, K., Sutter, J., & Langlais, B. (2017, Jan). Telecommunicator Breathing Assessment Techniques in Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. In National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting.
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  Langlais B, Sutter J, Bohm K, Panczyk M, Hu C, Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ: Telecommunicator Breathing Assessment Techniques in Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 24-26, 2017, New Orleans, LA.
• Bobrow, B. J., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Mullins, M., McDannold, R., Gaither, J. B., Silver, A., Spaite, D. W., & Hu, C. (2017, Jan). Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. In National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting.
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  Hu C, Spaite DW, Silver A, Gaither J, McDannold R, Mullins M, Vadeboncoeur T, Bobrow B. Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 24-26, 2017, New Orleans, LA.
• Bobrow, B. J., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Mullins, M., McDannold, R., Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Sutter, J., & Beger, S. (2017, Jan). Decline in Chest Compression Velocity Over Time is Related to Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcome. In National Association of Emergency Physicians Annual Meeting.
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  Beger S, Sutter J, Hu C, Spaite D, McDannold R, Mullins M: Decline in Chest Compression Velocity Over Time is Related to Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcome. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 24-26, 2017, New Orleans, LA.
• Keim, S. M., Grady, K., Rice, A. D., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2017, Sept). Effect of Prehospital Hypoxia “Depth-Duration Dose” on Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Mediterranean Emergency Medicine Congress.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart BJ, Adelson PD, Rice AD, Grady K, Keim SM: Effect of Prehospital Hypoxia “Depth-Duration Dose” on Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented to the Mediterranean Emergency Medicine Congress, September 6-10, 2017, Lisbon, Portugal.
• Sherrill, D. L., Mullins, T., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Grady, K., Rice, A. D., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2017, Jan). Evaluation Of Prehospital Hypoxia "Depth-Duration Dose'' and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart BJ, Adelson PD, Rice AD, Grady K, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Sherrill D: Evaluation of Prehospital Hypoxia “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 24-26, 2017, New Orleans, LA.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B., Adelson, P. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Rice, A. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Sherrill, D. L., & Keim, S. M. (2017, November). Evaluation of the Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Sherrill D, Keim SM: Evaluation of the Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented to American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions, November, 2017, Anaheim, CA.
• Bobrow, B. J., Silver, A., Murphy, R., Hypes, C., Vadeboncoeur, T., Spaite, D. W., & Hu, C. (2016, January 14-16). ETCO2 Alone is Inadequate to Verify CPR Quality. In National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting.
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  Hu C, Spaite DW, Vadeboncoeur T, Hypes C, Murphy R, Silver A, and Bobrow BJ. 2016. ETCO2 alone is inadequate to verify CPR quality. Prehospital Emerg Care, 2016;20(1):144-145.
• Stolz, U., Denninghoff, K. R., Mullins, T., Viscusi, C. D., Adelson, P. D., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2016, January). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study.. In Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Bradley, G. H., McDannold, R., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., & Wohlford, L. (2021, Sep). Disparities in Rural CPR Delivery and Outcomes from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Arizona. In Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Wohlford L, Barnhart B, Spaite DW, McDannold R, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Gaither JB, Keim SM, Hu C: Disparities in Rural CPR Delivery and Outcomes from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Arizona. Prehospital Emergency Care, 25:1, 125-170, DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2020.1837312
• Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Hypes, C. D., Murphy, R. A., Silver, A., & Bobrow, B. J. (2015, November). ETCO2 Alone is Inadequate to Verify CPR Quality. In Resuscitation Science Symposium of the American Heart Association, 132, A18435.
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  Hu C, Spaite D, Vadeboncoeur T, Hypes C, Murphy RA, Silver A, Bobrow B: ETCO2 alone is inadequate to verify CPR quality. Circulation 2015;132:A18435
• Hypes, C. D., Spaite, D. W., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Murphy, R. A., Hu, C., McDannold, R., Silver, A., & Bobrow, B. J. (2015, November). Elevated PETCO2 During Cardiac Resuscitation Without Return of Spontaneous Circulation. In Resuscitation Science Symposium of the American Heart Association, 132, A19572.
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  Hypes C, Spaite D, Vadeboncoeur T, Murphy RA, Hu C, McDannold R, Silver A, Bobrow B: Elevated petco2 during cardiac resuscitation without return of spontaneous circulation. Circulation 2015;132:A19572
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Martinez, R. A., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Stolz, U. (2015, November). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. In Resuscitation Science Symposium of the American Heart Association, 132, A14938..
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  Spaite DW, Hu Chengcheng, Bobrow BJ, Sherrill D, Chikani V, Barnhart B, Martinez R, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Stolz U: Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2015;132:A14938.
• Skubic, J., Johnson, S. B., Salvino, C., Vanhoy, S., & Hu, C. (2013, Fall). Do speed cameras reduce collisions?. In Annals of advances in automotive medicine / Annual Scientific Conference ... Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Scientific Conference, 57.
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  We investigated the effects of speed cameras along a 26 mile segment in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona. Motor vehicle collisions were retrospectively identified according to three time periods - before cameras were placed, while cameras were in place and after cameras were removed. A 14 mile segment in the same area without cameras was used for control purposes. Five cofounding variables were eliminated. In this study, the placement or removal of interstate highway speed cameras did not independently affect the incidence of motor vehicle collisions.

Presentations

• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Seiver, A., Burgett, K., Jorgenson, D., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2023, November). End-Tidal CO2 and Glasgow Coma Scale in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury: Evaluation of Prehospital Nasal Capnography and Level of Consciousness
  . European Resuscitation Council Congress. Barcelona, Spain: European Resuscitation Council Congress.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Seiver, A., Burgett, K., Jorgenson, D., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2023, November). End-Tidal CO2 and Glasgow Coma Scale in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury: Evaluation of Prehospital Nasal Capnography and Level of Consciousness
  . Resuscitation Science Symposium. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: American Heart Association.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2023, Jan). The Risk of Arriving With Hypoxia at the Trauma Center Among Major TBI Patients Who Were Never Hypoxic in the Field: Support for “Hyper-oxic” Prehospital Treatment?
  . Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Tampa, Florida: National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Spaite, D. W., Howard, J. T., Keim, S. M., Bradley, G. H., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Rice, A. (2023, Jan). New normal: the association between prehospital “near hypotension” and trauma center hypotension in traumatic brain injury
  . Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Tampa, Florida: National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Spaite, D. W., Jansen, J., Barnhart, B. J., Hu, C., & Wang, H. (2023, Jan). Long-Term Trajectory of Neurologic Outcome after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Tampa, Florida: National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Spaite, D. W., Keim, S. M., Gail, B., Gaither, J. B., AnnMarie, S., Josh, L., Bruce, B., Lyra, C., Robyn, M., Hu, C., & Rice, A. (2023, Jan).

  Patient bodyweight association with CPR quality and outcome

  . Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Tampa, Florida: National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Bradley, G. H., Hu, C., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Keim, S. M., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., & Wohlford, L. (2022, Jan). Law Enforcement-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego, CA.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Bradley, G., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., & Wohlford, L. (2021, January). Law Enforcement-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Conference. San Diego, California: NAEMSP.
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  Wohlford L, Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Bradley GH, Keim SM, Hu C: Law Enforcement-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:155 (Abs #178)
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Helfenbein, E., Adam, S., Jorgenson, D., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2022, Nov). Nasal Sensor Capnographic Differences in Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Receiving Non-Rebreather Mask Versus Nasal Cannula Oxygen Delivery. Circulation. Chicago, IL.
• Hu, C., Liu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Adam, S., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2022, Aug). Discrepancies Between Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation: Are We Missing Hypotension?. European Resuscitation Congress. Antwerp, Belgium.
• Hu, C., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Bobrow, B. J., Spaite, D. W., & Gaither, J. B. (2022, Jan). Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines in Severe TBI Patients with Positive Pressure Ventilation: The EPIC Airway Sub-Analysis. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego, CA: NAEMSP.
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  Gaither JB, Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Keim SM, Barnhart BJ, Chikani J, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Hu C: Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines in Severe TBI Patients with Positive Pressure Ventilation: The EPIC Airway Sub-Analysis. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:109 (Abs #5)
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, Aug). Hyperoxia and Outcome Before and After Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego, CA: NAEMSP.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Chikani V, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Howard JT, Keim SM: Hyperoxia and Outcome Before and After Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:111-112 (Abs #13)
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2022, Jan). Hyperoxia and Outcome Before and After Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego, CA: NAEMSP.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Chikani V, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Howard JT, Keim SM: Hyperoxia and Outcome Before and After Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:111-112 (Abs #13)
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2022, Nov). Hypoxia on Arrival at the Hospital Among Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients Who Were Non-Hypoxic in the Field: Support for “Hyper-oxic” Prehospital Treatment?. Circulation. Chicago, IL.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G., Rice, A., Howard, J. T., & Keim, S. M. (2022, Sep). Performance of Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure Versus Calculated Mean Arterial Pressure for Predicting Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury . Military Health Systems Research Symposium. Orlando, FL: U.S. Department of Defense.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G., Rice, A., Howard, J. T., & Keim, S. M. (2022, Sep). The Search for a Physiologically-Meaningful Prehospital Hypotension Threshold in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Military Health Systems Research Symposium. Orlando, FL: U.S. Department of Defense.
• Spaite, D. W., Jansen, J., Barnhart, B. J., Hu, C., & Wang, H. (2022, Nov). Long-Term Trajectory of Neurologic Outcome After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
  . Resuscitation Science Symposium. Chicago, IL.
• Spaite, D. W., Rice, A., Howard, J. T., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B. J., Bradley, G., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Bradley, G., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Hu, C., Rice, A., & Spaite, D. W. (2022, Jan). In-Field and Early Hospital Hypotension in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Correlations and Effects on Outcome. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego, CA: NAEMSP.
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  Rice AD, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Chikani V, Bradley GH, Keim SM, Howard JT, Spaite DW. In-Field and Early Hospital Hypotension in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Correlations and Effects on Outcome. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:110 (Abs #6)
• Hu, C., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Sept). Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension?. Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
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  Spaite DW, Barnhart B, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discrepancies Between Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension? Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Hu, C., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, Jan). Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension?. Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians.
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  Spaite DW, Barnhart B, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discrepancies Between Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension? Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Hu, C., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2020, Sep). Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Virtual National Scientific Assembly.
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  Barnhart B, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Hu, C., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2021, Jan). Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Virtual National Scientific Assembly.
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  Barnhart B, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Bradley, G., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., & Wohlford, L. (2021, Aug). Law Enforcement-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital Emergency Care. NAEMSP, San Diego, California: NAEMSP.
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  Wohlford L, Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Bradley GH, Keim SM, Hu C: Law Enforcement-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:155 (Abs #178)
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Bradley, G. H., McDannold, R., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., & Wohlford, L. (2020, Sep). Disparities in Rural CPR Delivery and Outcomes from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Arizona. Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Virtual National Scientific Assembly.
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  Wohlford L, Barnhart B, Spaite DW, McDannold R, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Gaither JB, Keim SM, Hu C. Disparities in Rural CPR Delivery and Outcomes from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Arizona. Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Bradley, G. H., McDannold, R., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., & Wohlford, L. (2021, Jan). Disparities in Rural CPR Delivery and Outcomes from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Arizona. Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Virtual National Scientific Assembly.
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  Wohlford L, Barnhart B, Spaite DW, McDannold R, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Gaither JB, Keim SM, Hu C. Disparities in Rural CPR Delivery and Outcomes from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Arizona. Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Bradley, G. H., McDannold, R., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., & Wohlford, L. (2021, Jan). Disparities in Rural CPR Delivery and Outcomes from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Arizona. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS PhysiciansNAEMSP.
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  Wohlford L, Barnhart B, Spaite DW, McDannold R, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Gaither JB, Keim SM, Hu C: Disparities in Rural CPR Delivery and Outcomes from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Arizona. Prehospital Emergency Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 39
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, November). Enhanced Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Monitor Data Analysis for Intubated Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Striking Findings from the EPIC Study. Resuscitation Science Symposium.
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  Spaite DW, Barnhart B, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Hu C: Enhanced Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Monitor Data Analysis for Intubated Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Striking Findings from the EPIC Study. Circulation 2021 (Abstract)
• Hu, C., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Bobrow, B. J., Spaite, D. W., & Gaither, J. B. (2021, Aug). Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines in Severe TBI Patients with Positive Pressure Ventilation: The EPIC Airway Sub-Analysis. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego, CA: NAEMSP.
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  Gaither JB, Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Keim SM, Barnhart BJ, Chikani J, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Hu C: Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines in Severe TBI Patients with Positive Pressure Ventilation: The EPIC Airway Sub-Analysis. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:109 (Abs #5)
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Sep). Effect of Implementing the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Severe TBI Patients Transported by Air and Ground EMS. Prehospital Emergency Care. Virtual National Scientific Assembly.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Effect of Implementing the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Severe TBI Patients Transported by Air and Ground EMS. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 93.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Sep). Optimal Prehospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Prospective Model Validation Using the Post-Intervention Cohort of the EPIC Study. Prehospital Emergency Care. Virtual National Scientific Assembly.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Optimal Prehospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Prospective Model Validation Using the Post-Intervention Cohort of the EPIC Study. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 45.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, Jan). Effect of Implementing the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Severe TBI Patients Transported by Air and Ground EMS. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Virtual National Scientific Assembly.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Effect of Implementing the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Severe TBI Patients Transported by Air and Ground EMS. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 93.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, Jan). Optimal Prehospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Prospective Model Validation Using the Post-Intervention Cohort of the EPIC Study. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Virtual National Scientific Assembly: NAEMSP.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Optimal Prehospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Prospective Model Validation Using the Post-Intervention Cohort of the EPIC Study. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 45.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G., Mullins, T., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Sep). Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines on Outcome in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physician. Virtual National Scientific Assembly.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines on Outcome in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G., Mullins, T., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, Jan). Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines on Outcome in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physician. Virtual National Scientific Assembly.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines on Outcome in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Keim, S. M., Wang, H., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Sep). Inability of Prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale to Accurately Classify Brain Injury Severity: Has it Doomed TBI Clinical Trials to Failure?. Prehospital Emergency Care. Virtual National Scientific Assembly.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Wang H, Keim SM: Inability of Prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale to Accurately Classify Brain Injury Severity: Has it Doomed TBI Clinical Trials to Failure? Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Keim, S. M., Wang, H., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, Jan). Inability of Prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale to Accurately Classify Brain Injury Severity: Has it Doomed TBI Clinical Trials to Failure?. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Virtual National Scientific Assembly.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Wang H, Keim SM: Inability of Prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale to Accurately Classify Brain Injury Severity: Has it Doomed TBI Clinical Trials to Failure? Presented to the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians, January 13-16, 2021.
• Spaite, D. W., Howard, J. T., Keim, S. M., Bradley, G., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Rice, A. (2021, Aug). In-Field and Early Hospital Hypotension in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Correlations and Effects on Outcome. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego, CA: NAEMSP.
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  Rice AD, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Chikani V, Bradley GH, Keim SM, Howard JT, Spaite DW. In-Field and Early Hospital Hypotension in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Correlations and Effects on Outcome. Prehospital Emerg Care 2022;26(1)Jan:110 (Abs #6)
• Hu, C., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, November). Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension?. Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association.
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  Spaite DW, Barnhart BJ, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension? Presented at the Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association. November 14-16, 2020.
• Hu, C., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2020, November). Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association Scientific Sessions. Virtual National Scientific Conference.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson D, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association Scientific Sessions. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, November, 2020.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaieizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2020, Jan). Prehospital Capnography in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Association Between End-tidal CO2 and Level of Consciousness. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. January 7-11, 2020, San Diego, CA.
• Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B. J., Helfenbein, E., Rice, A., Jorgenson, D., Gaither, J. B., Babaieizadeh, S., Babaieizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Gaither, J. B., Helfenbein, E., Rice, A., Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Spaite, D. W., & Hu, C. (2020, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring In Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. January 7-11, 2020, San Diego, CA.
• Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Viscusi, C. D., Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Adelson, D., Barnhart, B. J., Mullins, T., Keim, S. M., Chikani, V., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Denninghoff, K. R., Mullins, T., Keim, S. M., Adelson, D., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., , Rice, A., et al. (2020, Jan). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. January 6-11, 2020, San Diego, CA.
• Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G., Mullins, T., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, November). Differential Effect of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Chikani V, Mullins T, Bradley G, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Keim SM: Differential Effect of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented at the Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association. November 14-16, 2020.
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Perez, O. (2019, Jan). End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury: Patients Receiving O2 Via Nasal Cannula Versus Non-Rebreather Mask. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. January 7-12, 2019, Austin, TX..
• Morris, M., Hu, C., Verma, D., Schwemmer, C., Schmiedeskamp, H., & Pershad, A. (2019, Fall). Diagnostic Performance of a Machine Learning FFRct Prototype Across Multiple CT Vendors. Radiological Society of North America's 106th Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting. November 27 - December 2, 2020, Chicago, IL.
• He, Y., Hu, C., & Hsu, C. (2018, 08). An Alternatve Sensitivy Analysis Approach for Missing Not At Random. CompStat. Iasi, Romania.
• Hsu, C., Hu, C., & He, Y. (2018, December). An Alternatve Sensitivy Analysis Approach for Missing Not at Random. 11th International Conference of the ERCIM WG on Computational and Methodological Statistics (CMStatistics 2018). Pisa, Italy.
• Barnhart, B., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Sherrill, D. L., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, Jan). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Sherrill D, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ. 2017. Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care, 2017;21(1):95.
• Flicek, K., Hu, C., Holemon, S., Matthees, N., Kalinkin, O., & Hibner, M. (2017, May). Pelvic floor intrinsic dyssynergy in pudendal neuralgia patients with hyper tonicity on dynamic MRI. The American Roentgen Ray Society (ARRS) 2017 Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA.
• Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Silver, A., Gaither, J. B., McDannold, R., Mullins, M., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, Jan). Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. New Orleans, Louisiana.
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  Hu C, Spaite DW, Silver A, Gaither J, McDannold R, Mullins M, Vadeboncoeur T, Bobrow BJ. Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. Prehospital Emerg Care 2017:21(1):92
• Hu, C., Taylor, J., & Hsu, C. (2017, December). Survival analysis with informative censoring via nonparametric multiple imputation. 10th International Conference of the ERCIM WG on Computational and Methodological Statistics,. London, UK: European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics Working Group.
• Hu, C., Taylor, J., & Hsu, C. (2017, June). Survival analysis with presence of informative censoring via nonparametric multiple imputation. 2017 ICSA Applied Statistics Symposium. Chicago, IL: International Chinese Statistical Association.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B., Adelson, P. D., Rice, A. D., Grady, K., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Sherrill, D. L. (2017, Jan). Evaluation Of Prehospital Hypoxia "Depth-Duration Dose'' and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart BJ, Adelson PD, Rice AD, Grady K, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Sherrill D. 2017. Evaluation Of Prehospital Hypoxia "Depth-Duration Dose'' and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care, 2017;21(1):91.
• Bobrow, B. J., Vadeboncoeur, T., Mullins, M., McDannold, R., Gaither, J. B., Silver, A., Spaite, D. W., & Hu, C. (2016, Nov). Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
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  Hu C, Spaite D, Silver A, Gaither J, McDannold R, Mullins M, Vadeboncoeur T, Bobrow BJ. 2016. Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. Circulation. 134 (Suppl 1): A20338.
• Bobrow, B. J., Vadeboncoeur, T., Mullins, M., McDannold, R., Silver, A., Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Sutter, J., & Beger, S. (2016, Nov). Decline in Chest Compression Release Velocity Over Time is Associated With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcomes. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
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  Beger S, Sutter J, Hu C, Spaite D, Silver A, McDannold R, Mullins M, Vadeboncoeur T, Bobrow B. 2016. Decline in Chest Compression Release Velocity Over Time is Associated With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcomes. Circulation. 134 (Suppl 1): A20257.
• Bobrow, B. J., Viscusi, C. D., Keim, S. M., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Hu, C., Babaeizadeh, S., Perez, O., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2016, Nov). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Bobrow BJ: Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Circulation 2016;133:A15795
• Hu, C., Pope, B., & Harber, P. I. (2016, December). Event Time Analysis in the Study of Chronic Beryllium Disease. The 10th ICSA International Conference on Global Growth of Modern Statistics in the 21st Century. Shanghai, China: International Chinese Statistical Association.
• Panczyk, M., Sutter, J., Langlais, B., Hu, C., Vadeboncoeur, T., Mullins, T., Spaite, D. W., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, Nov). Telephone CPR is Independently Associated With an Increase in Initial Shockable Rhythms in Patients With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
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  Panczyk M, Sutter J, Langlais B, Hu C, Vadeboncoeur T, Mullins T, Spaite D, Bobrow B. 2016. Telephone CPR is Independently Associated With an Increase in Initial Shockable Rhythms in Patients With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Circulation. 134 (Suppl 1): A13846.
• Perez, O. P., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Sherrill, D. L., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, Nov). Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
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  Perez O, Spaite D, Helfenbein E, Barnhart B, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Bobrow BJ. 2016. Accuracy of Prehospital Documentation of Hypoxia Compared to Continuous Non-Invasive Monitor Data Tracking in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation. 134 (Suppl 1): A13835.
• Spaite, D. W., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C. D., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Gaither, J. B. (2016, January 14-16). Age-Related Risk of Death in Patients With Major TBI: Implications for Trauma Triage Guidelines.. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA.
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  Gaither JB, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Sherrill D, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Denninghoff KR, Spaite DW. 2016. Age-Related Risk of Death in Patients With Major TBI: Implications for Trauma Triage Guidelines. Prehospital Emerg Care 2016;20(1):164.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Sherrill, D. L. (2016, November). Evaluation of Prehospital Hypotension Depth-Duration Dose and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Adelson PD, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Sherrill D: Evaluation of Prehospital Hypotension Depth-Duration Dose and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2016;A15910
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Martinez, R. A., & Adelson, P. D. (2016, January 14-16). Comparison of the Performance of Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure Versus Calculated Mean Arterial Pressure in Predicting Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Sherrill DL, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Viscusi CD, Mullins T, Martinez RA, and Adelson PD. 2016. Comparison of the performance of prehospital systolic blood pressure versus calculated mean arterial pressure in predicting mortality in major traumatic brain injury. Prehospital Emerg Care, 2016;20(1):137.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Stolz, U. (2016, January 14-16). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study.. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Sherrill DL, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Adelson PD, Viscusi CD, Mullins T, and Stolz U. 2016. Association between survival and increases in prehospital systolic blood pressure after its nadir in major traumatic brain injury: new findings from the EPIC study. Prehospital Emerg Care, 2016;20(1):140-141.
• Vadeboncoeur, T., Chikani, V., Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Mullins, M., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, Nov). Association Between Coronary Angiography With or Without Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Outcomes After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
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  Vadeboncoeur T, Chikani V, Spaite D, Hu C, Mullins M, Bobrow B. 2016. Association Between Coronary Angiography With or Without Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Outcomes After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Circulation. 134 (Suppl 1): A13806.
• Nguyen, J., Bernert, R., In, K., Kang, P., Sebastiao, N., Hu, C., & Hastings, K. T. (2015, Winter). Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase is upregulated in human melanoma. Molecular and Cellular Biology and Microbiology Graduate Program Retreat. Tempe, AZ.
• Nguyen, J., Bernert, R., Ko, C., Sebastiao, N., Hu, C., & Hastings, K. T. (2015, March). Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase is upregulated in human melanoma. American Academy of Dermatology Annual Meeting. San Francisco, CA.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., & Stolz, U. (2015, November). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury.. Resuscitation Science Symposium of the American Heart Association. Orlando, Florida: American Heart Association.
• Stolz, U., Denninghoff, K. R., Mullins, T., Viscusi, C. D., Adelson, P. D., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2016, January). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study.. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. San Diego, California.
• Hu, C. -., Skubic, J., Vanhoy, S., Johnson, S. B., & Salvino, C. K. (2013, September). Do speed cameras impact trauma centers?. The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma 2013 Annual Meeting. San Francisco, CA..
• Kopp, L. M., Huh, W. W., Herzog, C. E., Hu, C. -., White-Collins, A., Bozo, B., Yarbrough, A., & Hingorani, P. (2013, Fall). Utility of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy (BMAB) in initial staging of Ewing’s sarcoma (EWS). Connective Tissue Oncology Society 18th Annual Meeting. New York, NY.

Poster Presentations

• Bellis, C., Bellis, C., Moffitt, M. P., Moffitt, M. P., Coulston, J. B., Coulston, J. B., Heath, A., Heath, A., Shah, S., Shah, S., Hu, C., Hu, C., Castro, M. D., & Castro, M. D. (2022, October). Integrating Antiracist Medicine into Clinical Skills Teaching. UA COMP Research Office for Medical Education Forum. Phoenix, AZ: UA COMP.
• Bellis, C., Moffitt, M. P., Coulston, J. B., Heath, A., Shah, S., Hu, C., & Castro, M. D. (2021, November). Integrating Antiracist Medicine into Clinical Skills Teaching. Directors of Clinical Skills Courses (DOCS) Annual Meeting. Virtual/Washington D.C.: Directors of Clinical Skills Courses.
• Coulston, J. B., Heath, A., Moffitt, M. P., Thijm, C., Corry, M., Kurtz, M., Farber, L., Castro, M. D., Hu, C., & Shah, S. (2021). Mission Possible: A Novel Introduction to the Components of the Medical History. 2021 AAMC: Learn, serve, Lead, DOCS 2021. Virtual.
• Moffitt, M. P., Castro, M. D., Coulston, J. B., Shah, S., Hu, C., & Heath, A. (2021). Transitioning to a virtual clinical skills curriculum increased average oral presentation scores in 2nd year medical students.. 2021 AAMC: Learn, serve, Lead, DOCS 2021. Virtual.
• Moffitt, M. P., Castro, M. D., Shah, S., Heath, A., Hu, C., & Coulston, J. B. (2021). Interpreting Entrustable Professional Activity(EPA) Assessments Before and After Remote Learning During COVID-19 Pandemic. 2021 AAMC: Learn, serve, Lead, DOCS 2021. Virtual.
• Moffitt, M. P., Moffitt, M. P., Castro, M. D., Castro, M. D., Shah, S., Shah, S., Heath, A., Heath, A., Hu, C., Hu, C., Coulston, J. B., & Coulston, J. B. (2021). Interpreting Entrustable Professional Activity (EPA) Assessments Before and After Remote Learning During COVID-19 Pandemic. 2021 AAMC: Learn, serve, Lead, DOCS 2021. Virtual.
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Jorgenson, D., Babaieizadeh, S., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Hu, C. (2020, Jan). Prehospital Capnography in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Association Between End-tidal CO2 and Level of Consciousness. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. January 7-11, 2020, San Diego, CA.
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A. M., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, October). Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension?. Annual meeting of the American Heart Association.
• Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G., Mullins, T., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, November). Differential Effect of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Chikani V, Mullins T, Bradley G, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Keim SM: Differential Effect of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Presented at the Resuscitation Science Symposium, American Heart Association. November 14-16, 2020.
• Keim, S. M., Spaite, D. W., Rice, A. M., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Barnhart, B. J., & Keim, S. M. (2020, Oct). Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association.
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Jorgenson, D., Babaieizadeh, S., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Hu, C. (2019, Fall). Prehospital Capnography in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Association Between End-Tidal CO2 and Level of Consciousness. Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association, Resuscitation Science Symposium. Nov. 16–17, 2019 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• Maher, S. A., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Mullins, M., Spaite, D. W., & Bobrow, B. J. (2019, Nov). Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Prior to Arrival of Emergency Medical Services in Arizona Extended Care Facilities. Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association, Resuscitation Science Symposium. Nov. 16–17, 2019, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• Perez, O., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Barnhart, B. J. (2019, Jan). Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. January 7-12, 2019, Austin, TX..
• Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., Helfenbein, E., Jorgenson, D., Babaieizadeh, S., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Hu, C. (2019, Fall). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring In Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association, Resuscitation Science Symposium. Nov. 16–17, 2019 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B. J., V, C., Denninghoff, K. R., T, M., D, A., Rice, A., Viscusi, C. D., & Hu, C. (2019, Fall). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. Annual Meeting of the American Heart Association, Resuscitation Science Symposium. Nov. 16–17, 2019 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Rice, A., & Keim, S. M. (2019, Jan). Differential Effects of Prehospital Hypotension and Injury Severity in Isolated versus Multisystem Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Annual Meeting of the National Association of EMS Physicians. January 7-12, 2019, Austin, TX..
• Zhou, W., Hu, C., He, Y., & Hsu, C. (2019, 7). An alternative sensitivity analysis approach for data subject to missing not at random. The 34th International Workshop on Statistical Modelling. Porto: Portugal.
• Beger, S., Sutter, J., Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., McDannold, R., Mullins, M., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, Jan). Decline in Chest Compression Velocity Over Time is Related to Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcome. National Association of Emergency Physicians Annual Meeting. New Orleans, Louisiana.
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  Beger S, Sutter J, Hu C, Spaite D, McDannold R, Mullins M, Vadeboncoeur TF, Bobrow BJ: Decline in Chest Compression Velocity Over Time is Related to Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcome. Prehospital Emerg Care 2017:21(1):100.
• Langlais, B., Sutter, J., Bohm, K., Panczyk, M., Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, Jan). Telecommunicator Breathing Assessment Techniques in Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. New Orleans, Louisiana.
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  Langlais B, Sutter J, Bohm K, Panczyk M, Hu C, Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ: Telecommunicator Breathing Assessment Techniques in Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital Emerg Care 2017:21(1):124-125.
• Perez, O., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., Sherrill, D. L., Rice, A. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2017, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal Co2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. New Orleans, LA.
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  Perez O, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Barnhart BJ, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Rice AD, Bobrow BJ. 2017. Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal Co2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Prehospital Emerg Care, 2017;21(1):97.
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Perez, O., Babaeizadeh, S., Hu, C., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Keim, S. M., Viscusi, C. D., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, Nov). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
  More info

  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Perez O, Babaeizadeh S, Hu C, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Keim SM, Viscusi C, Bobrow BJ: Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Circulation 2016;133:A15795
• Beger, S., Sutter, J., Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Silver, A., McDannold, R., Mullins, M., Vadeboncoeur, T., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, Nov). Decline in Chest Compression Release Velocity Over Time is Associated With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcomes. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
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  Beger S, Sutter J, Hu C, Spaite D, Silver A, McDannold R, Mullins M, Vadeboncoeur T, Bobrow B. 2016. Decline in Chest Compression Release Velocity Over Time is Associated With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcomes. Circulation. 134 (Suppl 1): A20257.
• Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Sherrill, D. L., Barnhart, B. J., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., & Spaite, D. W. (2016, January 14-16). Age-Related Risk of Death in Patients With Major TBI: Implications for Trauma Triage Guidelines.. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA.
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  Gaither JB, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Sherrill D, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Denninghoff KR, Spaite DW. 2016. Age-Related Risk of Death in Patients With Major TBI: Implications for Trauma Triage Guidelines. Prehospital Emerg Care 2016;20(1):164.
• Grimaldi, L., Hu, C., Kang, P., & Kaib, S. (2016, Nov). Effectiveness of Mock Interviews with Immediate Feedback and Video Review in Preparing Fourth Year Medical Students for Residency Interviews. Association of American Medical Colleges Annual Meeting. Seattle, WA.
• Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Silver, A., Gaither, J. B., McDannold, R., Mullins, M., Vadeboncoeur, T., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, Nov). Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. American Heart Association (AHA) Resuscitation Science Symposium, Scientific Sessions. New Orleans, LA.
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  Hu C, Spaite D, Silver A, Gaither J, McDannold R, Mullins M, Vadeboncoeur T, Bobrow BJ. 2016. Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. Circulation. 134 (Suppl 1): A20338.
• Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Vadeboncoeur, T., Hypes, C., Murphy, R., Silver, A., & Bobrow, B. J. (2016, January 14-16). ETCO2 Alone is Inadequate to Verify CPR Quality. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA.
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  Hu C, Spaite DW, Vadeboncoeur T, Hypes C, Murphy R, Silver A, and Bobrow BJ. 2016. ETCO2 alone is inadequate to verify CPR quality. Prehospital Emerg Care, 2016;20(1):144-145.
• In, K., Menon, H., Nguyen, J., Sebastiao, N., Kang, P., Hu, C., Bernert, R., DiCaudo, D. J., & Hastings, K. T. (2016, August). Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase is upregulated in human melanoma. Internationa Congress of Immunology. Melbourne, Australia.
• In, K., Menon, H., Nguyen, J., Sebastiao, N., Kang, P., Hu, C., Bernert, R., DiCaudo, D. J., & Hastings, K. T. (2016, May). Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase is upregulated in human melanoma. Society for Investigative Dermatology Annual Meeting. Phoenix, AZ.
• In, K., Nguyen, J., Bernert, R., Kang, P., Sebastiao, N., Hu, C., & Hastings, K. T. (2016, March). Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase is upregulated in human melanoma. 11th Annual Frontiers in Immunobiology and Immunopathogenesis Symposium. Tucson, AZ.
• Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Vadeboncoeur, T., Hypes, C. D., Murphy, R. A., Silver, A., & Bobrow, B. J. (2015, November). ETCO2 Alone is Inadequate to Verify CPR Quality. Resuscitation Science Symposium of the American Heart Association. Orlando, Florida: the American Heart Association.
• Hypes, C. D., Spaite, D. W., Vadeboncoeur, T., Murphy, R., Hu, C., McDannold, R., Silver, A., & Bobrow, B. J. (2015, November). Elevated PETCO2 During Cardiac Resuscitation Without Return of Spontaneous Circulation. Resuscitation Science Symposium of the American Heart Association. Orlando, Florida: the American Heart Association.
• Nguyen, J., Bernert, R., Ko, C., Sebastiao, N., Hu, C., & Hastings, K. T. (2015, March). Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase is upregulated in human melanoma. 10th Annual Frontiers in Immunobiology and Immunopathogenesis Symposium. Tucson, AZ.
• Nguyen, J., Bernert, R., Ko, C., Sebastiao, N., Hu, C., & Hastings, K. T. (2015, May). Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase is upregulated in human melanoma. American Association of Immunologists. New Orleans, LA.
• Vasquez, M., Zhou, M., Hu, C., Martinez, F., & Guerra, S. (2015, May). Lung Function in Young Adult Life and Mortality Risk. American Thoracic Society International Conference.
• Morshed, T., Jacobson, S., Beach, T. G., Adler, C., Hu, C., Shill, H., Caviness, J., Belden, C., Davis, K. J., Sue, L. I., & Sabbagh, M. N. (2014, MAR). Clinical and Neuropathological Correlates of Visual Hallucinations in Parkinsonism. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY.
• Chen, Z. -., Chen, Z. -., Grant, A., Grant, A., Klimecki, W. -., Klimecki, W. -., Wright, N., Wright, N., Hu, C. -., Hu, C. -., Wright, J., Wright, J., Going, S. B., Going, S. B., Nicholas, J. S., Nicholas, J. S., Thompson, P., & Thompson, P. (2013, Fall). Possible pathways for the association of appendicular skeletal muscle mass with leptin, insulin, myoglobin and inflammatory Markers. The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) 2013 Annual Meeting. Baltimore, MD.
• Einspahr, J. G., Curiel-Lewandrowski, C., Petricoin, E. F., Bermudez, Y., Hu, C. -., Alberts, D. S., Bowden, G. T., Saboda, K., Calvert, V., Liotta, L., & Stratton, S. P. (2013, Spring). Functional protein pathway activation mapping of normal skin exposed to solar simulated light. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 133, S220..
• Klimentidis, Y. C., Klimentidis, Y. C., Thompson, P., Thompson, P., Klimecki, W. -., Klimecki, W. -., Hu, C. -., Hu, C. -., Wu, G., Wu, G., Bea, J., Bea, J., Nicholas, J. S., Nicholas, J. S., Allison, D., Allison, D., Chen, Z. -., Chen, Z. -., Klimentidis, Y. C., , Thompson, P., et al. (2013, Fall). Genetic variants in CAPN3 and ACVR2B are associated with lean body mass in postmenopausal women. The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) 2013 Annual Meeting. Baltimore, MD.
• Missoum, S. -., Missoum, S. -., Jiang, P., Jiang, P., Hu, C. -., Hu, C. -., Hsieh, P. S., Hsieh, P. S., Chen, Z. -., & Chen, Z. -. (2013, Fall). Towards hip fracture prediction using finite element analysis and machine learning. The American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR) 2013 Annual Meeting. Baltimore, MD.
• Morshed, T., Jacobson, S., Beach, T. G., Alder, C., Hu, C. -., Shill, H., Caviness, J., Belden, C., Davis, K. J., Sue, L. I., & Sabbagh, M. N. (2013, Spring). Clinical and neuropathological correlates of visual hallucinations in parkinsonism. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(3), S86-S87..
• Morshed, T., Jacobson, S., Beach, T. G., Alder, C., Shill, H., Caviness, J., Belden, C., Sue, L. I., Sabbagh, M. N., Hu, C. -., & Davis, K. J. (2013, Spring). Neuropathological correlates of visual hallucinations in Parkinsonism. The American Academy of Neurology 65th Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA.
• Vyles, D., Bakerman, P., Carpentieri, D., Souza-Morones, S., Hu, C. -., Balasuriya, L., & Dalton, H. (2013, Spring). Increased predictive value of biomarkers for identifying. Pediatric Academic Societies 2013 Annual Meeting. Washington DC.

Others

• Bradley, G. H., Hu, C., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Keim, S. M., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., & Wohlford, L. (2022, Jan). Law Enforcement-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Care of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Hu, C., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Sep). Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension?. Prehospital Emergency Care.
  More info

  Spaite DW, Barnhart B, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discrepancies Between Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension? Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 100.
• Hu, C., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, Jan). Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension?. Prehospital Emergency Care.
  More info

  Spaite DW, Barnhart B, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discrepancies Between Non-Invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension? Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 100.
• Hu, C., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2020, Sep). Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Barnhart B, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 24.
• Hu, C., Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Rice, A., Bradley, G. H., Bradley, G. H., McDannold, R., McDannold, R., Spaite, D. W., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Wohlford, L., & Wohlford, L. (2021, Jan). Disparities in Rural CPR Delivery and Outcomes from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Arizona. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Wohlford L, Barnhart B, Spaite DW, McDannold R, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Gaither JB, Keim SM, Hu C: Disparities in Rural CPR Delivery and Outcomes from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Arizona. Prehospital Emergency Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 39
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Bradley, G. H., McDannold, R., Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., & Wohlford, L. (2020, Sep). Disparities in Rural CPR Delivery and Outcomes from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Arizona. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Wohlford L, Barnhart B, Spaite DW, McDannold R, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Gaither JB, Keim SM, Hu C: Disparities in Rural CPR Delivery and Outcomes from Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Arizona. Prehospital Emergency Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 39
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, November). Enhanced Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Monitor Data Analysis for Intubated Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Striking Findings from the EPIC Study. Circulation.
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  Spaite DW, Barnhart B, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Hu C: Enhanced Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Monitor Data Analysis for Intubated Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Striking Findings from the EPIC Study. Circulation 2021 (Abstract)
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Sep). Effect of Implementing the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Severe TBI Patients Transported by Air and Ground EMS. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Effect of Implementing the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Severe TBI Patients Transported by Air and Ground EMS. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 93.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Sep). Optimal Prehospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Prospective Model Validation Using the Post-Intervention Cohort of the EPIC Study. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Optimal Prehospital Blood Pressure in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Prospective Model Validation Using the Post-Intervention Cohort of the EPIC Study. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 45.
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G., Mullins, T., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Sep). Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines on Outcome in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines on Outcome in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 125
• Keim, S. M., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G., Mullins, T., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2021, Jan). Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines on Outcome in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Keim SM: Impact of Implementing the Prehospital Treatment Guidelines on Outcome in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 125
• Keim, S. M., Wang, H., Howard, J. T., Rice, A., Bradley, G., Denninghoff, K. R., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Sep). Inability of Prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale to Accurately Classify Brain Injury Severity: Has it Doomed TBI Clinical Trials to Failure?. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Bradley GH, Rice AD, Howard JT, Wang H, Keim SM: Inability of Prehospital Glasgow Coma Scale to Accurately Classify Brain Injury Severity: Has it Doomed TBI Clinical Trials to Failure? Prehosp Emerg Care 2021;25(1)Jan: Abs 34.
• Barnhart, B. J., Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Keim, S. M., Helfenbein, E., Rice, A., Jorgenson, D., Gaither, J. B., Babaieizadeh, S., Babaieizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Gaither, J. B., Helfenbein, E., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., & Barnhart, B. J. (2020, Jan). Prehospital Capnography in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Association Between End-tidal CO2 and Level of Consciousness. Prehospital Emergency Care, 24(1), 100-156 (Abstracts for the 2020 NAEMSP Scientific Assembly).
• Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Glenn, M., Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Bradley, G., Chikani, V., Mullins, T., Mullins, M., Silver, A. E., Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., & McDannold, R. (2020, Nov). Capnographic Differences in Out-of-hospital Overdose-related, Respiratory, and Cardiac Arrests. Circulation. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/circ.142.suppl_4.156
• Hu, C., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, November). Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension?. Circulation.
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  Spaite DW, Barnhart BJ, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson DB, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension? Circulation 2020 (Abstract)
• Hu, C., Bradley, G., Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Helfenbein, E., Spaite, D. W., & Barnhart, B. J. (2020, November). Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Circulation.
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  Barnhart BJ, Spaite DW, Helfenbein E, Jorgenson D, Babaeizadeh S, Gaither JB, Rice AD, Keim SM, Bradley G, Hu C: Discordance Between Monitor-measured and EMS Documented Respiratory Rates in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Implications for Injury Scoring Systems. Circulation. November, 2020. Abstract
• Hu, C., Keim, S. M., Rice, A. M., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, October). Discrepancies Between Non-invasive Blood Pressure Monitor Data and EMS Provider Documentation in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Are We Missing Hypotension?. Circulation.
• Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Viscusi, C. D., Bobrow, B. J., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Adelson, D., Barnhart, B. J., Mullins, T., Keim, S. M., Chikani, V., Denninghoff, K. R., Chikani, V., Denninghoff, K. R., Mullins, T., Keim, S. M., Adelson, D., Barnhart, B. J., Gaither, J. B., , Rice, A., et al. (2020, Jan). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. Prehospital Emergency Care, 24(1), 100-156 (Abstracts for the 2020 NAEMSP Scientific Assembly).
• Hu, C., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A., D, A., T, M., Denninghoff, K. R., V, C., Barnhart, B. J., Keim, S. M., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, Jan). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. Prehospital Emerency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ, Gaither JB, Barnhart BJ, Keim SM, Chikani V, Denninghoff K, Mullins T, Adelson D, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Hu C: Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: Results of the EPIC4Kids Study. Prehospital Emerg Care 2020 (in press).
• Keim, S. M., Rice, A., Denninghoff, K. R., Bradley, G., Mullins, T., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B. J., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2020, November). Differential Effect of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Barnhart BJ, Gaither JB, Chikani V, Mullins T, Bradley G, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Keim SM: Differential Effect of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines on Survival in Isolated and Multisystem Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2020 (Nov)
• Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., Helfenbein, E., Jorgenson, D., Babaieizadeh, S., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Hu, C. (2020, Jan). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring In Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Prehospital Emergency Care, 24(1), 100-156 (Abstracts for the 2020 NAEMSP Scientific Assembly).
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Perez, O. (2019, Jan). End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury: Patients Receiving O2 Via Nasal Cannula Versus Non-Rebreather Mask. Prehospital Emergency Care, 23(1)..
• Barnhart, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Jorgenson, D., Babaieizadeh, S., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Hu, C. (2019, Fall). Prehospital Capnography in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Association Between End-Tidal CO2 and Level of Consciousness. Circulation. 2019;140:A386.
• Maher, S. A., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Hu, C., Mullins, M., Spaite, D. W., & Bobrow, B. J. (2019, Nov). Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Prior to Arrival of Emergency Medical Services in Arizona Extended Care Facilities. Circulation. 2019;140:A291.
• Perez, O., Spaite, D. W., Helfenbein, E., Babaeizadeh, S., Jorgenson, D., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Barnhart, B. J. (2019, Jan). Prehospital End-Tidal CO2 Measurement in Non-Intubated Traumatic Brain Injury Patients: Concordance Between EMS Provider Documentation and Non-invasive Monitor Data Tracking. Prehospital Emergency Care, 23(1)..
• Spaite, D. W., Barnhart, B. J., Helfenbein, E., Jorgenson, D., Babaieizadeh, S., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Keim, S. M., & Hu, C. (2019, Fall). Prehospital Use of Nasal Cannula End-Tidal CO2 Monitoring In Non-Intubated Major Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Circulation. 2019;140:A326.
• Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Gaither, J. B., Keim, S. M., Barnhart, B. J., V, C., Denninghoff, K. R., T, M., D, A., Rice, A., Viscusi, C. D., & Hu, C. (2019, Fall). Statewide Implementation of the Prehospital Traumatic Brain Injury Guidelines in Children: EPIC4Kids Study. Circulation. 2019;140:A320.
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  Circulation. 2019;140:A291
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Barnhart, B. J., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Denninghoff, K. R., Rice, A., & Keim, S. M. (2019, Jan). Differential Effects of Prehospital Hypotension and Injury Severity in Isolated versus Multisystem Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care, 23(1)..
• Bobrow, B. J., Mullins, T., George, T., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Spaite, D. W., Mullins, M., McDannold, R., Hu, C., Rice, A., & Gaither, J. B. (2018, Jan). Comparison of Manual Vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality During Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Gaither J, Rice A, Hu C, McDannold R, Mullins M, Spaite D, Vadeboncoeur T, George T, Mullins T, Bobrow B: Comparison of Manual Vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality During Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. Prehospital Emerg Care 2018;22(1):122-123.
• Bobrow, B. J., Panczyk, M., Blust, R., Brazil, P., George, T., Chikani, V., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2018, Jan). Death by Suicide: The EMS Profession Compared to the General Public. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Bobrow BJ, Panczyk M, Blust R, Brazil P, George T, Chikani V, Hu C, Spaite DW: Death by Suicide: The EMS Profession Compared to the General Public. Prehospital Emerg Care 2018;22(1):102.
• Bobrow, B. J., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Mullins, M., McDannold, R., Silver, A., Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Beger, S., & Sutter, J. H. (2018, Nov). Associations of Chest Compression Release Velocity and Age, Weight, and Gender During Cardiac Resuscitation. Circulation.
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  Sutter JH, Beger S, Hu C, Spaite DW, Silver A, McDannold R, Mullins M, Vadeboncoeur T, Bobrow BJ: Associations of Chest Compression Release Velocity and Age, Weight, and Gender During Cardiac Resuscitation. Circulation 2018;138 (Suppl 2); Abs 260
• Keim, S. M., Sherrill, D. L., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2017, Sept). Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Keim SM: Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2018;22(1):105-106.
• Keim, S. M., Sherrill, D. L., Viscusi, C. D., Rice, A. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Adelson, P. D., Barnhart, B., Gaither, J. B., Chikani, V., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., & Spaite, D. W. (2018, Jan). Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart B, Adelson PD, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Sherrill D, Keim SM: Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Prehospital Emerg Care 2018;22(1):105-106.
• Bobrow, B. J., Mulllins, T., George, T. A., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Spaite, D. W., Mullins, M., McDannold, R., Silver, A., Hu, C., Rice, A., & Gaither, J. B. (2017, Nov). Comparison of Manual vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality during Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. Circulation.
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  Gaither JB, Rice AD, Hu C, Silver A, McDannold R, Mullins M, Spaite DW, Vadeboncoeur TF, George TA, Mullins T, Bobrow BJ: Comparison of Manual vs. Mechanical Chest Compression Quality during Prehospital Cardiac Resuscitation. Circulation 2017 (in press)
• Bobrow, B. J., Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Panczyk, M., Bohm, K., Sutter, J., & Langlais, B. (2017, Jan). Telecommunicator Breathing Assessment Techniques in Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Langlais B, Sutter J, Bohm K, Panczyk M, Hu C, Spaite DW, Bobrow BJ: Telecommunicator Breathing Assessment Techniques in Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. Prehospital Emerg Care 2017:21(1):124-125.
• Bobrow, B. J., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Mullins, M., McDannold, R., Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Sutter, J., & Beger, S. (2017, Jan). Decline in Chest Compression Velocity Over Time is Related to Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcome. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Beger S, Sutter J, Hu C, Spaite D, McDannold R, Mullins M, Vadeboncoeur TF, Bobrow BJ: Decline in Chest Compression Velocity Over Time is Related to Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Outcome. Prehospital Emerg Care 2017:21(1):100.
• Bobrow, B. J., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Mullins, T., McDannold, R., Gaither, J. B., Silver, A., Spaite, D. W., & Hu, C. (2017, Jan). Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  Hu C, Spaite DW, Silver A, Gaither J, McDannold R, Mullins M, Vadeboncoeur T, Bobrow B. Differential Correlation of ETCO2 and CPR Quality Between Out-of-Hospital Arrests of Cardiac and Respiratory Etiology. Prehospital Emerg Care 2017:21(1):92.
• Spaite, D. W., Hu, C., Bobrow, B. J., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Barnhart, B., Adelson, P. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Rice, A. D., Viscusi, C. D., Mullins, T., Sherrill, D. L., & Keim, S. M. (2017, November). Evaluation of the Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension “Depth-Duration Dose” and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2017;136(Suppl 1):A14729..
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  Spaite DW, Hu C, Bobrow BJ, Chikani V, Gaither JB, Barnhart BJ, Adelson PD, Denninghoff KR, Rice AD, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Sherrill D, Keim SM. Evaluation of the Combined Prehospital Hypoxia-Hypotension ``Depth-Duration Dose'' and Mortality in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2017;136(Suppl 1):A14729
• Hastings, K. T., Nguyen, J., Bernert, R., Ko, C., Sebastiao, N., & Hu, C. (2015, MAY). Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase is upregulated in human melanoma. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY.
• Hu, C., Spaite, D. W., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Hypes, C., Murphy, R. A., Silver, A., & Bobrow, B. J. (2015, Nov). ETCO2 alone is inadequate to verify CPR quality. Circulation.
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  Hu C, Spaite D, Vadeboncoeur T, Hypes C, Murphy RA, Silver A, Bobrow B: ETCO2 alone is inadequate to verify CPR quality. Circulation 2015;132:A18435.
• Hypes, C. D., Spaite, D. W., Vadeboncoeur, T. F., Murphy, R. A., Hu, C., McDannold, R., Silver, A., & Bobrow, B. J. (2015, November). Elevated PETCO2 During Cardiac Resuscitation Without Return of Spontaneous Circulation. Resuscitation Science Symposium of the American Heart Association.
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  Hypes C, Spaite D, Vadeboncoeur T, Murphy RA, Hu C, McDannold R, Silver A, Bobrow B: Elevated petco2 during cardiac resuscitation without return of spontaneous circulation. Circulation 2015;132:A19572
• Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., Stolz, U., Barnhart, B., Sherrill, D., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C., Mullins, T., Humble, W., & Denninghoff, K. R. (2015, MAY-JUN). Increases in Pre-hospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Association With Mortality. JOURNAL OF HEAD TRAUMA REHABILITATION.
• Spaite, D. W., Bobrow, B. J., Hu, C., Stolz, U., Barnhart, B., Sherrill, D., Chikani, V., Gaither, J. B., Adelson, P. D., Viscusi, C., Mullins, T., Humble, W., & Denninghoff, K. R. (2015, MAY-JUN). Pre-hospital Systolic Blood Pressure and Non-Mortality Outcomes in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: Is There a "Hypotension Threshold"?. JOURNAL OF HEAD TRAUMA REHABILITATION.
• Spaite, D. W., Viscusi, C. D., Denninghoff, K. R., Barnhart, B. J., Stolz, U., Hu, C., Gaither, J. B., Bobrow, B. J., Sherrill, D. L., Chikani, V., Adelson, P. D., & Mullins, T. (2015, November). Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury: New Findings From the EPIC Study.. Circulation.
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  Spaite DW, Hu Chengcheng, Bobrow BJ, Sherrill D, Chikani V, Barnhart B, Martinez R, Gaither JB, Denninghoff KR, Adelson PD, Viscusi C, Mullins T, Stolz U: Association Between Survival and Increases in Prehospital Systolic Blood Pressure After Its Nadir in Major Traumatic Brain Injury. Circulation 2015;132:A14938.