Rachel Munn

Interests

Teaching

Emergency Medical Services (EMS)

Research

Emergency Medical Services (EMS)

Courses

Scholarly Contributions

Journals/Publications

• Vandergrift, L. A., Rice, A. D., Primeau, K., Gaither, J. B., Munn, R. D., Hannan, P. L., Knotts, M. C., Hollen, A., Stevens, B., Lara, J., & Glenn, M. (2025). Precipitated withdrawal induced by prehospital naloxone administration. Prehospital emergency care, 1-11.
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  Buprenorphine is becoming a key component of prehospital management of opioid use disorder (OUD). It is unclear how many prehospital patients might be eligible for buprenorphine induction, as traditional induction requires that patients first have some degree of opioid withdrawal. The primary aim of this study was to quantify how many patients developed precipitated withdrawal after receiving prehospital naloxone for suspected overdose, as they could be candidates for prehospital buprenorphine. The secondary objective was to identify associated factors contributing to precipitated withdrawal, including dose of naloxone administered, and identify rate of subsequent transport.
• Karra, R., Rice, A. D., Hardcastle, A., V Lara, J., Hollen, A., Glenn, M., Munn, R., Hannan, P., Arcaris, B., Derksen, D., Spaite, D. W., & Gaither, J. B. (2024). Telemedical Direction to Optimize Resource Utilization in a Rural Emergency Medical Services System. The western journal of emergency medicine, 25(5), 777-783.
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  Telemedicine remains an underused tool in rural emergency medical servces (EMS) systems. Rural emergency medical technicians (EMT) and paramedics cite concerns that telemedicine could increase Advanced Life Support (ALS) transports, extend on-scene times, and face challenges related to connectivity as barriers to implementation. Our aim in this project was to implement a telemedicine system in a rural EMS setting and assess the impact of telemedicine on EMS management of patients with chest pain while evaluating some of the perceived barriers.
• Rice, A. D., Hannan, P. L., Kamara, M. I., Gaither, J. B., Blust, R., Chikani, V., Castro-Marin, F., Bradley, G., Bobrow, B. J., Munn, R., Knotts, M., & Lara, J. (2024). Use of Long Spinal Board Post-Application of Protocol for Spinal Motion Restriction for Spinal Cord Injury. The western journal of emergency medicine, 25(5), 793-799.
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  Historically, prehospital care of trauma patients has included nearly universal use of a cervical collar (C-collar) and long spine board (LSB). Due to recent evidence demonstrating harm in using LSBs, implementation of new spinal motion restriction (SMR) protocols in the prehospital setting should reduce LSB use, even among patients with spinal cord injury. Our goal in this study was to evaluate the rates of and reasons for LSB use in high-risk patients-those with hospital-diagnosed spinal cord injury (SCI)-after statewide implementation of SMR protocols.
• Comp, G., Munn, R., Moffitt, R., & Cortez, E. (2021). Teaching about the Wild: A Survival Course as a Novel Resident Educational Experience. Journal of education & teaching in emergency medicine, 6(2), SG1-SG7.
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  Emergency medicine residents.
• Comp, G., Munn, R., Moffitt, R., & Cortez, E. (2021). Teaching about the Wild: A Survival Course as a Novel Resident Educational Experience.. J Educ Teach Emerg Med. doi:10.21980/j8n06r
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  Emergency medicine residents.Wilderness medicine (WM) is the practice of resource-limited medicine under austere conditions. Emergency physicians in training should gain additional exposure to wilderness medicine knowledge and outdoor skills to allow for the development of problem solving and improvisation abilities. However, there is limited data on the instruction of general survival skills to residents interested in WM.By the end of the session the learner will be able to: 1) differentiate at least three different methods for water purification 2) describe how to erect a temporary survival shelter 3) construct a survival pack for personal use emphasizing multi-use items 4) demonstrate how to make a fire without a direct flame supply.A small group of resident learners progressed through five survival stations designed to allow for an emphasis on select skills, wilderness medicine knowledge, and improvisation. Resident instructors led the discussion and skills demonstration.Participants completed a six item before and after questionnaire. Each item was ranked from 0 for "strongly disagree" to 10 for "strongly agree." Total mean scores before and after were compared.Twelve individuals participated. The total mean score for the six-item analysis increased following the workshop (39.1 before versus 51.0 after, p = 0.0008).General survival skills are traditionally acquired through time-intensive experiences; however, this is often unfeasible during residency training. We developed an alternative, more efficient mechanism for incorporating wilderness medicine skills into residency training that appears to improve understanding and confidence of participants, as well as to provide a teaching opportunity for new resident educators.Wilderness medicine, survival skills, emergency medicine, graduate medical education.

Proceedings Publications

• Gaither, J. B., Hannan, P., Munn, R., Rice, A., & Acuna, J. G. (2024, January). Acuna JG, Snell EW, Rice AD, Hannan PL, Munn R, Wise JN, Bradley G, Zenuk-Garcia R, Gaither JB.Ultrasound-Guidance for Peripheral Intravenous Access Among Paramedics in the Emergency Department. . In Prehosp Emerg Care.
• Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Munn, R., Liu, J., Knotts, M., Ng, V., Bethel, A., Camarillo, R., Shihab, S., DeMers, D., & Hannan, P. (2024, January).

  MCI Triage Accuracy Among Resident Physicians

  . In Prehospital Emergency Care, 28, S1-S111.
• Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Munn, R., Liu, J., Knotts, M., Ng, V., Bethel, A., Camarillo, R., Shihab, S., DeMers, D., & Hannan, P. (2024, January). MCI Triage Accuracy Among Resident Physicians. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 28, S1-S111.
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  2023: Approximately 1.75 hours spent on project
• Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Munn, R., Liu, J., Knotts, M., Ng, V., Bethel, A., Camarillo, R., Shihab, S., DeMers, D., & Hannan, P. (2024, January). MCI Triage Accuracy Among Resident Physicians. In Prehospital Emergency Care.
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  2023: Approximately 1.75 hours spent on project
• Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., Hannan, P., Knotts, M. R., Munn, R., Lara, J. N., Rice, A., & Wise, J. N. (2024, January).

  Young Adult Willingness to use Automated Defibrillators and Perspectives on Early Bystander Defibrillation

  . In Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Rice, A., Spaite, D. W., Munn, R., Hannan, P., & Gaither, J. B. (2024, January). A liberal shocking strategy distorts Utstein survival calculation for out of hospital cardiac arrests: Knotts MC, Gaither JB, Hannan PL, Hollen A, Munn R, Spaite DW, Johnson H, Keeley B, Twilling S, Rice AD.   . In Prehospital Emergency Care.
• Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., French, R. N., Beskind, D. L., Mary, K., Hannan, P., Munn, R., Adrienne, H., & Rice, A. (2023, Jan).

  Improved time to turn around quality improvement feedback to providers using novel integrated quality improvement and feedback system

  . In Prehospital Emergency Care, 27, S74-75.
• Spaite, D. W., Beskind, D. L., French, R. N., McDonough, S., Stevens, B., Knotts, M., Hollen, A., Doty, B., Dolana, B., Munn, R., Hannan, P., Rice, A., & Gaither, J. B. (2023, Jan). Automation of Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Case Review improves EMS provider Performance on Benchmarks. In Prehospital Emergency Care, 27, S1-S96.

Presentations

• Gaither, J. B., Anderson, C., Stevens, B., Rice, A., Spaite, D. W., Fisher, T., Knotts, M., Munn, R., Hannan, P., & Hunt, T. (2025, Sept).

  Impact of an Advance Life Support First Response on Patients with Primary Impression of Chest Pain

  . American College of Emergency Physicians Research Forum. Salt Lake City, UT: American College of Emergency Physicians.
• Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., Hannan, P., Knotts, M. R., Munn, R., Lara, J. N., Rice, A., & Wise, J. N. (2024).

  Young Adult Willingness to use Automated Defibrillators and Perspectives on Early Bystander Defibrillation
  
  

  . Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Austin, Texas: National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., French, R. N., Beskind, D. L., Mary, K., Hannan, P., Munn, R., Adrienne, H., & Rice, A. (2023, Jan).

  Improved time to turn around quality improvement feedback to providers using novel integrated quality improvement and feedback system

  . Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Tampa, Florida: National Association of EMS Physicians.
• Spaite, D. W., Beskind, D. L., French, R. N., McDonough, S., Stevens, B., Knotts, M., Hollen, A., Doty, B., Dolana, B., Munn, R., Hannan, P., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., Beskind, D. L., French, R. N., McDonough, S., Stevens, B., Knotts, M., , Hollen, A., et al. (2023, Jan). Automation of Out-Of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Case Review improves EMS provider Performance on Benchmarks. Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Tampa, Florida: National Association of EMS Physicians.

Poster Presentations

• Gaither, J. B., Beskind, D. L., Smith, J., Fisher, T., Liu, J., Lerman, M. M., Lara, J. V., Wise, J. N., Tsao, R. Y., Hannan, P., Munn, R., Rice, A., & French, R. N. (2024, January).

  A model to identify optimal staffing hours for a physician response vehicle responding to special operations team dispatches

  . Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Austin, Texas.
• Gaither, J. B., Hannan, P., Munn, R., & Rice, A. (2024, January 8 - 13). Comparison of Direct Laryngoscopy and Video Laryngoscopy on Difficult Airway Mannequins in the Prehospital Setting: Knotts MC, Rice AD, Wise JN, Dolana BM, Calton JB, Doty BK, Hannan PL, Munn R, Lerman MM, Gaither JB.  . Presented at the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians.. Austin, Texas.
• Gaither, J. B., Hannan, P., Munn, R., Rice, A., & Acuna, J. G. (2024, January). Acuna JG, Snell EW, Rice AD, Hannan PL, Munn R, Wise JN, Bradley G, Zenuk-Garcia R, Gaither JB.Ultrasound-Guidance for Peripheral Intravenous Access Among Paramedics in the Emergency Department. . National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting.
• Gaither, J. B., Lerman, M., Munn, R., Hannan, P., Doty, B., Joshua, C., Dolana, B., Wise, J. N., Rice, A., & Knotts, M. (2024, January). Comparison of Direct Laryngoscopy and Video Laryngoscopy on Difficult Airway Mannequins in the Prehospital Setting. NAEMSP Annual Conference. Austin, TX.
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  The Menegazzi Scientific Sessions: Research Abstracts for the 2024 National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. (2023). Prehospital Emergency Care, 28(sup1), S1–S111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2023.2273890
• Gaither, J. B., Primeau, K., Hannan, P., Munn, R., Rice, A., & Glenn, M. (2024, January 8-13). Examination of the Relationship between Opiate Overdoses, EMS Refusals, and COVID-19 Case-Spikes: Schwyhart RE, Glenn M, Vandergrift L, Rice AD, Liu J, Munn R, Hannan PL, Hollen A, Primeau K, Gaither JB. . Presented at the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Austin, Texas.
• Gaither, J. B., Primeau, K., Hollen, A., Hannan, P., Munn, R., Liu, J., Rice, A., Vandergrift, L., Glenn, M., & Schwyhart, R. E. (2024, January).

  Examination of the Relationship between Opiate Overdoses, EMS Refusals, and COVID-19 Case-Spikes

  . Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Austin, Texas.
• Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Munn, R., Liu, J., Knotts, M., Ng, V., Bethel, A., Camarillo, R., Shihab, S., DeMers, D., & Hannan, P. (2024, January).

  MCI Triage Accuracy Among Resident Physicians

  . Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Austin, Texas.
• Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., Munn, R., Liu, J., Knotts, M., Ng, V., Bethel, A., Camarillo, R., Shihab, S., DeMers, D., & Hannan, P. (2024, January). MCI Triage Accuracy Among Resident Physicians. The Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians. Austin, Texas: National Association of EMS Physicians.
  More info

  2023: Approximately 1.75 hours spent on project
• Gaither, J. B., Spaite, D. W., Hannan, P., Munn, R., & Rice, A. (2024, January 8 - 13).

  Young Adult Willingness to use Automated Defibrillators and Perspectives on Early Bystander Defibrillation: Wise JN, Rice AD, Lara JV, Munn, Knotts MR, Hannan PL, Spaite DW, Gaither JB.

  . Presented at the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians.. Austin, Texas.
• Rice, A., Leetch, A. N., French, R. N., Fisher, T., Hannan, P., Gaither, J. B., Williams, C., & Munn, R. (2024, January).

  Factors Associated with University Students Successful Completion of the NREMT Certification Process: Munn R, Booth AW, Morrison S, Hartley R, Higgins CJ, Hannan PL, Fisher T, Knotts MC, French R, Leetch A, Williams C, Rice AD, Gaither JB. 

  . Presented at the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians.Austin, Texas.
• Rice, A., Shawn, T., Brian, K., Haley, J., Hollen, A., Munn, R., Hannan, P., Gaither, J. B., & Knotts, M. (2024, January). A Liberal Shocking Strategy Distorts Utstein Survival Calculation for Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrests. NAEMSP Annual Conference. Austin, TX.
  More info

  The Menegazzi Scientific Sessions: Research Abstracts for the 2024 National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. (2023). Prehospital Emergency Care, 28(sup1), S1–S111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10903127.2023.2273890
• Rice, A., Spaite, D. W., Munn, R., Hannan, P., & Gaither, J. B. (2024, January 8 - 13). A liberal shocking strategy distorts Utstein survival calculation for out of hospital cardiac arrests: Knotts MC, Gaither JB, Hannan PL, Hollen A, Munn R, Spaite DW, Johnson H, Keeley B, Twilling S, Rice AD.   . Presented at the Annual Scientific Assembly of the National Association of EMS Physicians.. Austin, Texas.
• Rice, A., Spaite, D. W., Munn, R., Hannan, P., & Gaither, J. B. (2024, January). A liberal shocking strategy distorts Utstein survival calculation for out of hospital cardiac arrests: Knotts MC, Gaither JB, Hannan PL, Hollen A, Munn R, Spaite DW, Johnson H, Keeley B, Twilling S, Rice AD.   . National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Scientific Assembly. Austin, Texas.
• Glenn, M., Munn, R., Stratton, D., & Arcaris, B. (2022, January). Naloxone 911: EMS Distribution of Naloxone Kits to High-Risk Patients in a US-Mexico Border Town. National Association of EMS Physicians Annual Meeting. San Diego, California: NAEMSP.
• Munn, R., Rice, A., Gaither, J. B., Hannan, P., Hannan, P., Gaither, J. B., Rice, A., & Munn, R. (2022, January). Comparison of Various Video Laryngoscope Devices in Indoor and Outdoor Simulated Endotracheal Intubation. NAEMSP Annual Meeting. San Diego, California.

Other Teaching Materials

• Munn, R., & Rice, A. (2021. "Post Resuscitation Care” Education Module for the National Continued Competency Program Curriculum. University of Arizona.
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  National Continued Competency Program Curriculum – Asynchronous, online course for EMTs and Paramedics covering required material for recertification with the National Registry (NREMT) and/or state of Arizona. 2020 – 2021.
• Munn, R., & Rice, A. (2021. "Termination of Resuscitation" Education Module for the National Continued Competency Program Curriculum. University of Arizona.
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  National Continued Competency Program Curriculum – Asynchronous, online course for EMTs and Paramedics covering required material for recertification with the National Registry (NREMT) and/or state of Arizona. 2020 – 2021.
• Munn, R., & Rice, A. (2021. "Ventricular Assist Devices" Education Module for the National Continued Competency Program Curriculum. University of Arizona.
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  National Continued Competency Program Curriculum – Asynchronous, online course for EMTs and Paramedics covering required material for recertification with the National Registry (NREMT) and/or state of Arizona. 2020 – 2021.
• Munn, R., & Rice, A. (2021. “Cardiac Arrest II” Education Module for the National Continued Competency Program Curriculum. University of Arizona.
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  National Continued Competency Program Curriculum – Asynchronous, online course for EMTs and Paramedics covering required material for recertification with the National Registry (NREMT) and/or state of Arizona. 2020 – 2021.
• Munn, R., & Rice, A. (2021. “Cardiac Arrest I” Education Module for the National Continued Competency Program Curriculum. University of Arizona.
  More info

  National Continued Competency Program Curriculum – Asynchronous, online course for EMTs and Paramedics covering required material for recertification with the National Registry (NREMT) and/or state of Arizona. 2020 – 2021.

Others

• Gaither, J. B., Tony, R., Shawn, T., Brian, K., Brian, S., Mary, K., French, R. N., Beskind, D. L., Munn, R., Hannan, P., & Rice, A. (2022, January).

  University Emergency Medical Services Guidelines - Prehospital guidelines for the care of patients with emergency medical conditions

  . https://emergencymed.arizona.edu/ems-private/public/admin-guidelines