Aaron Lien

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Scholarly Contributions

Chapters

• Zachos, F. E., Conix, S., Christidis, L., Lien, A. M., & Garnett, S. T. (2025). A Single Authoritative List of the World’s Species: Background and Road Map. In A single authoritative list of the world’s species – background and road map. CRC Press. doi:10.1201/b22822-12
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  Taxonomy, or systematics, 1 is perhaps the most fundamental biological discipline – more or less all other realms of the life sciences, from molecular biology and genetics to physiology, morphology and ecology, depend in one way or another on taxonomic information. Among the first of the biological sciences to develop modern standards – to this day, we by and large follow the procedures standardised by Linnaeus in the 18th century – taxonomy was for a long time the core discipline of what is today called biology. However, taxonomy's appeal has waned. Other disciplines have taken the lead in biology, and most of the public funding with it. While support for these disciplines is well justified, taxonomy's wallflower image is not. Many biological disciplines still rely heavily on the classifications (and related understanding of the evolutionary relationships among taxa) provided by taxonomists. While less popular than it was, taxonomy remains a cutting-edge scientific discipline that uses the latest theoretically and technologically rigorous methods to bring order to the Tree of Life.

Journals/Publications

• Antaya, A., Dalke, A., Mayer, B., Blouin, C., Noelle, S., Blum, B., Beard, J. K., Ruyle, G., & Lien, A. (2025). Challenges and opportunities to leverage virtual fence data for rangeland management. Rangelands, 47(Issue 1). doi:10.1016/j.rala.2024.05.003
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  • Most virtual fence (VF) devices use the Global Positioning System (GPS) to locate and track the position of livestock. • VF devices transmit GPS data across the internet to the VF software, and users can monitor the location and distribution of livestock across a pasture or grazing allotment in near real time. • Data from VF devices can be used to address resource management concerns as they occur rather than after, and managers can potentially use VF devices to alter livestock distribution if an undesirable grazing distribution occurs. • Users of VF devices should be aware of GPS errors and screen for erroneous data points when interpreting data from VF devices. • Large datasets generated by VF devices and lack of standardization present challenges for users of VF device data.
• Cheng, H., Baldwin, E., Ponce, A., Lien, A., Henry, A. D., Gornish, E., & Soto, J. R. (2025). Wildfire Evacuations Prompt Increased Support for Wildfire Mitigation Policies in Pima County, Arizona. Society and Natural Resources, 38(Issue 8). doi:10.1080/08941920.2025.2475503
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  While environmental disasters like wildfires have grown in frequency and impose significant recovery costs, policymakers often under-invest in cost-effective disaster mitigation policies. Disasters sometimes act as “focusing events” that can capture public attention and increase public support for disaster mitigation, yet not all disasters have a meaningful effect on public attitudes, and the mechanisms behind attitude differences remain underexplored. Drawing on the Values-Beliefs-Norms framework, we propose that disasters influence support for mitigation policies by altering peoples’ underlying beliefs about disasters if and when those disasters directly threaten something that people value. Using a post-wildfire online choice experiment survey in Pima County, Arizona, we assess how wildfire exposure affects support for local wildfire risk reduction and preferences for referendum policies. Results showed that those who personally knew evacuees were more likely to vote “yes” for referendum policies, were less sensitive to program costs, and favored policies that prioritize homes over ecological goals.
• Hovanes, K. A., Gornish, E. S., Thies, S., Baldwin, E., Ossanna, L., Dosamantes, E., & Lien, A. (2025). Hot child in the city: Drivers of urban buffelgrass presence in Tucson, Arizona. Conservation Science and Practice, 7(Issue 2). doi:10.1111/csp2.13297
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  Invasive species distributions and ecological impacts in natural ecosystems have been broadly studied, but invasive species urban distributions and impacts on human populations warrant further investigation. Urban areas are highly disturbed environments at high risk of invasion by non-native species, and urban infrastructure can influence the dispersal and abundance of invasive species. Furthermore, in areas with concentrated human populations, invasive species may pose a risk to human as well as native biota. Here, we examine (1) how high-traffic roadways and the presence of suitable habitat influence buffelgrass abundance in residential areas and (2) whether buffelgrass differentially invades residential areas across socioeconomic levels and racial diversity indices in Tucson, Arizona. We found that, within residential areas, the presence of vacant lots was positively associated with buffelgrass abundance; however, there was no relationship between other suitable habitat types and buffelgrass abundance. We found no relationship between road type and buffelgrass abundance in residential areas. We found that lower-income communities were more likely to be invaded by buffelgrass, but there was no relationship between racial diversity index and buffelgrass abundance. Understanding drivers of invasive species presence and abundance in urban areas is necessary to inform urban management strategies to prevent spread to surrounding wildlands.
• Lien, A. M., Fletcher, A., Lin, A., Mackey, E., Cousins, K., Kachergis, E., Metz, L. J., & Houdeshell, C. A. (2025). Developing a valuation framework for rangeland conservation investments and ecosystem services. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 80(Issue 1). doi:10.1080/00224561.2024.2433924
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  In recent years, federal policies and executive level guidance have directed agencies to determine ways to estimate the dollar value of ecosystem services. Integrating the economic value of nature into conservation planning and range management could result in (1) more informed decisions about resource allocation, (2) unique strategies to balance agricultural productivity and ecosystem health, (3) accounting for intangible benefits derived from sound conservation decisions, and (4) establishment of policies that integrate benefit-driven conservation actions with payment incentives. Full consideration of ecosystem services in conservation planning and policy decision-making is often limited by the lack of comprehensive, rigorous empirical information regarding the potential economic value of the services provided, as well as a lack of inventory and monitoring data related to conservation practice outcomes. To address this gap, we assessed the impacts of conservation practices on 13 ecosystem services provided by rangelands and the economic value of the change in these services. Using benefit transfer techniques, we relied on available federal conservation practice and statistical inventory data, peer-reviewed research, and published nonmarket ecosystem service values to estimate the public benefits of three common conservation practices in the “Western Range and Irrigated” Land Resource Region. In total, we conservatively estimate that Prescribed Grazing, Brush Management, and Herbaceous Weed Treatment practices provide ecosystem service cobenefits valued at between US$8 million and US$21 million per year on nonfederal rangelands and between US$6 million and US$9 million per year on Bureau of Land Management-managed rangelands. Linking conservation practices to changes in ecosystem service values offers federal agencies a compelling way to communicate conservation successes and accomplishments to the American public, especially to the farmers and ranchers who voluntarily implement these practices.
• Lien, A., Blum, B. C., Quintero, J., Antaya, A., Mayer, B., Dalke, A., Audoin, F., & Duval, D. F. (2025).

  Foundations of Virtual Fencing: Economics of Virtual Fence (VF) Systems

  . University of Arizona Cooperative Extension, 7.
• May, T. M., Burnidge, W. S., Vorster, A. G., Dalke, A. M., Aljoe, H., Lien, A. M., & Noelle, S. M. (2025). Is virtual fencing right for you? Producer considerations for successfully deploying and managing livestock with a virtual fence system. Rangelands, 47(Issue 1). doi:10.1016/j.rala.2024.06.003
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  • Virtual fencing (VF) is a recent development in agriculture technology with a high potential to improve management outcomes on public and private grazing lands. Adoption is expected to accelerate as the technology improves in providing safe and effective management capabilities for diverse operating contexts. • Although the applications of VF are numerous, it is not a silver bullet to solve grazing management issues and is not always beneficial for farm and ranch operations. • We reflect on the operational characteristics that tend to lead to successful VF deployment based on direct experience using VF on working ranches in the United States over the last three years. • We provide a set of questions and considerations and a decision tree to help producers determine their suitability for adopting and benefiting from VF as well as highlight when producers may need to adapt to realize the full potential of VF. These questions also elucidate when producers may be better served to look to other management approaches or tools rather than investing in VF at this time. • Our goal is to provide realistic expectations of what VF can and cannot do and help producers be well prepared and succeed with deploying and using VF.
• Mayer, B., Dalke, A., Antaya, A., Noelle, S., Blum, B., Blouin, C., Ruyle, G., Beard, J. K., & Lien, A. (2025). Using virtual fence to manage livestock in arid and semi-arid rangelands. Rangelands, 47(Issue 1). doi:10.1016/j.rala.2024.05.002
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  • The emergence of virtual fence (VF) as a precision livestock technology presents an opportunity to move beyond physical fences and alter grazing distribution over expansive arid and semi-arid rangelands. • VF can be used to gather and move livestock through a grazing rotation by using passive capture techniques, which enhance predictability and reliability in rotation management. • VF can effectively influence livestock distribution by dividing large, expansive pastures into smaller sub-pastures and help reduce livestock access to riparian ecosystems. • Although preliminary results suggest VF has promise as a dynamic grazing-management tool, more controlled research in the desert Southwest is needed to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of the system.
• Stava, A., Thogmartin, W. E., Merideth, R., Bethard, S., Currim, F., Derbridge, J. J., Emerson, K., Laparra, E., Lien, A., McGovern, E., Pidot, J., Miller, M., Romero-Cardenas, K., Smith, B., Winnebald, C., & López-Hoffman, L. (2025). Quantifying the substantive influence of public comment on United States federal environmental decisions under NEPA. Environmental Research Letters, 20(Issue 7). doi:10.1088/1748-9326/addee5
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  A citizen’s right to comment on, and criticize, government decisions makes a difference. The U.S. National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) institutionalized public engagement in environmental review in the belief it would lead to better decisions and more sustainable outcomes. But, 50 years later, NEPA’s public comment process has been criticized as costly and slow, while doing little to change outcomes. Data science now makes it possible to track progress and evaluate the influence of public participation. We examined 108 environmental impact statement (EIS) processes spanning 22 years. Our analysis revealed that public comments resulted in substantive decision alterations in 62% of cases, with 64% showing modifications to alternatives, 42% showing modifications to mitigation plans and 11% leading to the selection of an entirely new preferred alternative. When federal agencies changed project alternatives (78 EISs), 88% of the time (69 of the 78 EISs) they credited public comments as the reason. In 45 of the 108 EISs, agencies modified mitigation plans and credited public comments as the reason 100% of the time. Agencies only occasionally selected a new preferred alternative (21 out of 104 EISs), but when they did, they credited public comments as the reason 100% of the time. As the United States and the 190+ states and countries that have adopted NEPA’s example consider how to address environmental change, it is important to assess the role of public participation in environmental decision making. Our data say public comments matter.
• Baldwin, E., McLaughlin, D. M., Jasso, V., Woods, D., Breshears, D. D., López-Hoffman, L., Soto, J. R., Swann, A., & Lien, A. (2023). Diverse stakeholders and their interests matter to the U.S. Forest Service: a network of action situations analysis of how stakeholders affect forest plan outcomes. Sustainability Science, 18(Issue 1). doi:10.1007/s11625-022-01173-4
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  Since the 1980s, the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) has transformed from an agency predominantly focused on timber production to one focused on recreation and ecosystem management. This shift is particularly remarkable because it occurred without major substantive national forest policy changes. During this period, many national forests changed their forest planning processes in ways that provided greater opportunity for public input into forest plans, and in 2012 the USFS issued new planning rules that institutionalized these practices. In this study, we ask: how has the planning process changed over time, and how have these changes shaped forest plan outcomes? To answer these questions, we conduct a comparative case study of two national forests—the Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit and the Inyo National Forest—that produced forest plans in the 1980s and again in the 2010s. We use the Network of Action Situations (NAS) approach to compare planning processes over time and across forests. We find that in addition to the changes mandated by the 2012 rules, both forests developed a series of forums to engage the public in plan development and review, and that increased stakeholder engagement has helped shape forest priorities. These findings suggest that greater involvement by regional stakeholders could pressure the USFS to adopt more regional approaches for addressing challenges like climate change and wildfire risk.
• Feng, X., Swann, A. L., Breshears, D. D., Baldwin, E., Cheng, H., Derbridge, J. J., Fei, C., Lien, A. M., López-Hoffman, L., McCarl, B., McLaughlin, D. M., & Soto, J. R. (2023). Distance decay and directional diffusion of ecoclimate teleconnections driven by regional-scale tree die-off. Environmental Research Letters, 18(Issue 11). doi:10.1088/1748-9326/acff0d
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  Climate change is triggering regional-scale alterations in vegetation including land cover change such as forest die-off. At sufficient magnitudes, land cover change from forest die-off in one region can change not only local climate but also vegetation including agriculture elsewhere via changes in larger scale climate patterns, termed an ‘ecoclimate teleconnection’. Ecoclimate teleconnections can therefore have impacts on vegetative growth in distant regions, but the degrees to which the impact decays with distance or directionally diffuses relative to the initial perturbation are general properties that have not been evaluated. We used the Community Earth system model to study this, examining the implications of tree die-off in 14 major US forested regions. For each case we evaluated the ecological impact across North America as a function of distance and direction from the location of regional tree die-off. We found that the effects on gross primary productivity (GPP) generally decayed linearly with distance, with notable exceptions. Distance from the region of tree die-off alone explained up to ∼30% of the variance in many regions. We also found that the GPP impact was not uniform across directions and that including an additional term to account for direction to regional land cover change from tree die-off was statistically significant for nearly all regions and explained up to ∼40% of the variance in many regions, comparable in magnitude to the influence of El Nino on GPP in the Western US. Our results provide novel insights into the generality of distance decay and directional diffusion of ecoclimate teleconnections, and suggest that it may be hard to identify expected impacts of tree die-off without case-specific simulations. Such patterns of distance decay, directional diffusion, and their exceptions are relevant for cross-regional policy that links forests and other agriculture (e.g. US Department of Agriculture).
• Gornish, E., Franklin, K., Li, M., Baldwin, E., Lien, A., & Hovanes, K. (2023). Relationships between local-scale topography and vegetation and invasive C4 perennial bunchgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) size and reproduction . Invasive Plant Science and Management, 38-46.
• Gornish, E., Franklin, K., Li, Y., Baldwin, E., Lien, A., & Hovanes, K. (2022). Effects of local scale topography and density on invasive C4 perennial bunchgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) size and reproduction.. Invasive Plant Science and Management, 15.
• Hovanes, K. A., Lien, A. M., Baldwin, E., Li, Y. M., Franklin, K., & Gornish, E. S. (2023). Relationship between local-scale topography and vegetation on the invasive C 4 perennial bunchgrass buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) size and reproduction. Invasive Plant Science and Management, 16(Issue 1). doi:10.1017/inp.2023.9
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  Buffelgrass [Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link] is an invasive C4 perennial bunchgrass that is a threat to biodiversity in aridlands in the Americas and Australia. Topography influences P. ciliare occurrence at large spatial scales, but further investigation into the relationship between local-scale topography and P. ciliare growth and reproduction would be beneficial. Further, density-dependent effects on P. ciliare growth and reproduction have been demonstrated in greenhouse experiments, but the extent to which density dependence influences P. ciliare in natural populations warrants further investigation. Here we present a study on the relationships between local-scale topography (aspect and slope gradient) and vegetation characteristics (shrub cover, P. ciliare cover, and P. ciliare density) and their interactions on individual P. ciliare plant size and reproduction. We measured slope gradient, aspect, shrub cover, P. ciliare cover, P. ciliare density, and the total number of live culms and reproductive culms of 10 P. ciliare plants in 33 4 by 4 m plots located in 11 transects at the Desert Laboratory at Tumamoc Hill, Tucson, AZ, USA. We modeled the relationships at the local scale of (1) P. ciliare cover and density with aspect and slope gradient and (2) P. ciliare size and reproduction with abiotic (slope gradient and aspect) and biotic (P. ciliare cover and density and native shrub and cacti cover) characteristics. Aspect and slope gradient were poor predictors of P. ciliare cover and density in already invaded sites at the scale of our plots. However, aspect had a significant relationship with P. ciliare plant size and reproduction. Pennisetum ciliare plants on south-facing aspects were larger and produced more reproductive culms than plants on other aspects. Further, we found no relationship between P. ciliare density and P. ciliare plant size and reproduction. Shrub cover was positively correlated with P. ciliare reproduction. South-facing aspects are likely most vulnerable to fast spread and infilling by new P. ciliare introductions.
• Lien, A. M., Banki, O., Barik, S. K., Buckeridge, J. S., Christidis, L., Cigliano, M. M., Conix, S., Costello, M. J., Hobern, D., Kirk, P. M., Kroh, A., Montgomery, N., Nikolaeva, S., Orrell, T. M., Pyle, R. L., Raz, L., Thiele, K., Thomson, S. A., van Dijk, P. P., , Wambiji, N., et al. (2023). Widespread support for a global species list with a formal governance system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 120(Issue 45). doi:10.1073/pnas.2306899120
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  Taxonomicdataareascientificcommon.Unlikenomenclature, which has strong governance institutions, there are currently no generally accepted governance institutions for the compilation of taxonomic data into an accepted global list. This gap results in challenges for conservation, ecological research, policymaking, international trade, and other areas of scientific and societal importance. Consensus on a global list and its management requires effective governance and standards, including agreed mechanisms for choosing among competing taxonomies and partial lists. However, governance frameworks are currently lacking, and a call for governance in 2017 generated critical responses. Any governance system to which compliance is voluntary requires a high level of legitimacy and credibility among those by and for whom it is created. Legitimacy and credibility, in turn, require adequate and credible consultation. Here, we report on the results of a global survey of taxonomists, scientists from other disciplines, and users of taxonomy designed to assess views and test ideas for a new system of taxonomic list governance. We found a surprisingly high degree of agreement on the need for a global list of accepted species and their names, and consistent views on what such a list should provide to users and how it should be governed. The survey suggests that consensus on a mechanism to create, manage, and govern a single widely accepted list of all the world’s species is achievable. This finding was unexpected given past controversies about the merits of list governance.
• Chester, C. C., Derbridge, J. J., Diffendorfer, J. E., Gonzalez‐Duarte, C., Lien, A. M., López‐Hoffman, L., Mattsson, B. J., Medellín, R. A., Semmens, D. J., Sundberg, J., & Thogmartin, W. E. (2022). Using ecosystem services to identify inequitable outcomes in migratory species conservation. Conservation Letters, 15(6). doi:10.1111/conl.12920
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  Abstract Biodiversity conservation efforts have been criticized for generating inequitable socio‐economic outcomes. These equity challenges are largely analyzed as place‐based problems affecting local communities directly impacted by conservation programs. The conservation of migratory species extends this problem geographically since people in one place may benefit while those in another bear the costs of conservation. The spatial subsidies approach offers an effective tool for analyzing such relationships between places connected by migratory species. Designed to quantify ecosystem services provided and received in specific locations across a migratory species’ range—and the disparities between them—the spatial subsidies approach highlights three axes of inequity: between indigenous and settler colonial societies, between urban and rural populations, and between the Global North and Global South. Recognizing these relationships is critical to achieving two mutually reinforcing policy goals: avoiding inequitable conservation outcomes in efforts to conserve migratory species, and ensuring effective long‐term conservation of migratory species. In demonstrating how the spatial subsidies approach enables the identification and quantification of inequities involving three migratory species (northern pintail ducks, monarch butterflies, and Mexican free‐tailed bats), we argue that a spatial subsidies approach could apply to migratory species conservation efforts worldwide under the context of “payments for ecosystem services.”
• Chester, C., Lien, A., Sundberg, J., & Lopez Hoffman, L. (2020). Migratory species, spatial subsidies, and redressing inequitable outcomes in transboundary conservation. Conservation Letters.
• Chester, C., Lien, A., Sundberg, J., Diffendorfer, J., Gonzalez, C., Mattson, B., Medellin, R., Semmens, D., Thogmartin, W., & Lopez Hoffman, L. (2021). Migratory species, spatial subsidies, and redressing inequitable outcomes in transboundary conservation. Conservation Letters.
• Derbridge, J. J., Diffendorfer, J. E., Haefele, M. A., Huang, T., Lien, A., López‐Hoffman, L., Semmens, D. J., & Thogmartin, W. E. (2022). Multi‐species, multi‐country analysis reveals North Americans are willing to pay for transborder migratory species conservation. People and Nature, 4(2), 549-562. doi:10.1002/pan3.10307
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  Abstract Migratory species often provide ecosystem service benefits to people in one country while receiving habitat support in other countries. The multinational cooperation that could help ensure continued provisioning of these benefits by migration may be informed by understanding the economic values people in different countries place on the benefits they derive from migratory wildlife. We conducted contingent valuation surveys to estimate the willingness of 3733 respondents from Canada, the United States and México to invest in conservation for two disparate migratory species, the northern pintail duck Anas acuta and the Mexican free‐tailed bat Tadarida brasiliensis mexicana . With zero‐inflated mixed‐effects negative binomial regression (explaining 87% of the variation in willingness to pay for conservation), we found that respondents from each nation, after controlling for both household income and per capita national Gross Domestic Product, were willing to invest in conservation in other countries. This willingness to pay for conservation, even when respondents knew that funds would be used to support benefits accruing primarily in other countries, demonstrates the potential for support of multinational conservation policies and programmes that direct resources to locations where the most critical habitat is located, rather than where the funding is generated. These findings could be used to support the development or expansion of new and existing international conservation programmes for migratory species. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
• Emerson, K., Baldwin, E., Scott, T., Pidot, J. R., Lien, A., Currim, F. A., Bethard, S. J., Ram, S., Miller, M. L., & Lopez Hoffman, L. (2021). NEPA performance: conceptualizing multi-dimensional policy objectives. Environmental Impacts Assessment Review.
• Lopez Hoffman, L., Lopez Hoffman, L., Miller, M. L., Miller, M. L., Ram, S., Ram, S., Bethard, S. J., Bethard, S. J., Currim, F., Currim, F., Lien, A., Lien, A., Pidot, J. R., Pidot, J. R., Scott, T. A., Scott, T. A., Baldwin, E., Baldwin, E., Emerson, K., & Emerson, K. (2020). NEPA performance: A framework for assessing EIAs. Environmental Impact Assessment Review.
• Lopez Hoffman, L., Miller, M. L., Ram, S., Bethard, S. J., Currim, F., Lien, A., Pidot, J. R., Scott, T., Baldwin, E., & Emerson, K. (2022). Toward NEPA Performance: A framework for assessing EIAs. Environmental Impacts Assessment Review.
• Pillet, M., Baldwin, E., Ernst, K., Maitner, B. S., Newman, E. A., Lien, A., Breshears, D. D., Enquist, B. J., Feng, X., Park, D. S., Boyle, B., Gallagher, R. V., Burger, J. R., Merow, C., Li, Y., Huynh, K. M., Foden, W., Hannah, L., Jørgensen, P. M., , Kraft, N. J., et al. (2022). A review of the heterogeneous landscape of biodiversity databases: Opportunities and challenges for a synthesized biodiversity knowledge base. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 31(7), 1242-1260. doi:10.1111/geb.13497
• Soto, J. R., Lopez Hoffman, L., Breshears, D. D., Lien, A., & Baldwin, E. (2021). Diverse stakeholders and their interests matter to the U.S. Forest Service: A Network of Action Situations analysis of how stakeholders affect forest plan outcomes. . Sustainability Science.
• Conix, S., Garnett, S. T., Thiele, K. R., Christidis, L., Dijk, P. P., Bánki, O. S., Barik, S. K., Buckeridge, J. S., Costello, M. J., Hobern, D., Kirk, P. M., Lien, A., Nikolaeva, S., Pyle, R. L., Thomson, S. A., Zhang, Z., & Zachos, F. E. (2021). Towards a global list of accepted species III. Independence and stakeholder inclusion. Organisms Diversity & Evolution.
• Feng, X., Merow, C., Liu, Z., Park, D. S., Roehrdanz, P. R., Maitner, B., Newman, E. A., Boyle, B. L., Lien, A., Burger, J. R., Pires, M. M., Brando, P. M., Bush, M. B., McMichael, C. N., Neves, D. M., Nikolopoulos, E. I., Saleska, S. R., Hannah, L., Breshears, D. D., , Evans, T. P., et al. (2021). How deregulation, drought and increasing fire impact Amazonian biodiversity. Nature, 597(7877), 516-521.
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  Biodiversity contributes to the ecological and climatic stability of the Amazon Basin, but is increasingly threatened by deforestation and fire. Here we quantify these impacts over the past two decades using remote-sensing estimates of fire and deforestation and comprehensive range estimates of 11,514 plant species and 3,079 vertebrate species in the Amazon. Deforestation has led to large amounts of habitat loss, and fires further exacerbate this already substantial impact on Amazonian biodiversity. Since 2001, 103,079-189,755 km of Amazon rainforest has been impacted by fires, potentially impacting the ranges of 77.3-85.2% of species that are listed as threatened in this region. The impacts of fire on the ranges of species in Amazonia could be as high as 64%, and greater impacts are typically associated with species that have restricted ranges. We find close associations between forest policy, fire-impacted forest area and their potential impacts on biodiversity. In Brazil, forest policies that were initiated in the mid-2000s corresponded to reduced rates of burning. However, relaxed enforcement of these policies in 2019 has seemingly begun to reverse this trend: approximately 4,253-10,343 km of forest has been impacted by fire, leading to some of the most severe potential impacts on biodiversity since 2009. These results highlight the critical role of policy enforcement in the preservation of biodiversity in the Amazon.
• Johnson, M. K., Rowe, M. J., Lien, A., & López-Hoffman, L. (2021). Enhancing integration of Indigenous agricultural knowledge into USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service cost-share initiatives. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 00179.
• Johnson, M., Rowe, M. J., Lien, A., & Lopez Hoffman, L. (2020). Examining compatibility and conflicts in the integration of Indigenous Agricultural Knowledge into Natural Resource Conservation Service cost-share incentives.. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.
• Lien, A. M., Baldwin, E., & Franklin, K. (2021). Collective Action and Invasive Species Governance in Southern Arizona. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 74, 151--164.
• Lien, A. M., Conix, S., Zachos, F. E., Christidis, L., Dijk, P. P., Bánki, O. S., Barik, S. K., Buckeridge, J. S., Costello, M. J., Hobern, D., Montgomery, N., Nikolaeva, S., Pyle, R. L., Thiele, K., Thomson, S. A., Zhang, Z., & Garnett, S. T. (2021). Towards a global list of accepted species IV: Overcoming fragmentation in the governance of taxonomic lists. Organisms Diversity & Evolution.
• Lien, A. M., Dew, T., Ruyle, G. B., Sherman, N. R., Perozzo, N., Miller, M., & López-Hoffman, L. (2021). Trust is Essential to the Implementation of Adaptive Management on Public Lands. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 77, 46--56.
• Lopez Hoffman, L., Lien, A., Rowe, M. J., & Johnson, M. (2020). Examining compatibility and conflicts in the integration of Indigenous Agricultural Knowledge into Natural Resource Conservation Service cost-share incentives.. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.
• Lopez Hoffman, L., Miller, M. L., Perozzo, N., Robbins-Sherman, N., Ruyle, G. B., Dew, T., & Lien, A. (2021). Trust plays an essential role in implementation of adaptive management on public lands.. Rangeland Ecology and Management.
• Pyle, R. L., Barik, S. K., Christidis, L., Conix, S., Costello, M. J., Dijk, P. P., Garnett, S. T., Hobern, D., Kirk, P. M., Lien, A. M., Orrell, T. M., Remsen, D., Thomson, S. A., Wambiji, N., Zachos, F. E., Zhang, Z., & Thiele, K. R. (2021). Towards a global list of accepted species V. The devil is in the detail. Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 21(4), 657--675.
• Pyle, R. L., Barik, S. K., Christidis, L., Conix, S., Costello, M. J., van Dijk, P. P., Garnett, S. T., Hobern, D., Kirk, P. M., Lien, A. M., Orrell, T. M., Remsen, D., Thomson, S. A., Wambiji, N., Zachos, F. E., Zhang, Z. Q., & Thiele, K. R. (2021). Towards a global list of accepted species V. The devil is in the detail. Organisms Diversity and Evolution, 21(Issue 4). doi:10.1007/s13127-021-00504-0
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  A consensus among biologists has been growing in recent years for the development of a global list of accepted species (and other taxa). To date, much discussion has focused on visions for how such a list would benefit many scientific and societal disciplines. Less emphasis has been placed on understanding the many technical challenges of compiling and maintaining such a list. Challenges include details of implementation such as defining what each entry on the list represents, the scope (taxonomic breadth), granularity (only species, all taxonomic ranks, unnamed operational taxonomic units), and level of confidence in the status of individual list entries. The specific properties and minimum information requirements of list items need to be defined, and a process for ensuring accuracy, consistency, and noting uncertainties, needs to be adopted. Perhaps the greatest technical challenge is in developing the procedures by which the global list is created, updated, and maintained. Considerations of how to incorporate obscure and newly described taxa, the extent and specific implementation of a review process, and mechanisms for arbitrating disputes or alternative taxonomic viewpoints will need to be addressed through an open and transparent process with broad engagement from multiple communities. Details concerning how the global list can be accessed, how it will be maintained, and the way in which the list and its contents are properly cited need to be determined. Many of these issues have been considered and sometimes solved by the Catalogue of Life, which should serve as the core foundation for the actual implementation of any global list of species.
• Thiele, K. R., Conix, S., Pyle, R. L., Barik, S. K., Christidis, L., Costello, M. J., Dijk, P. P., Kirk, P., Lien, A., Thomson, S. A., Zachos, F. E., Zhang, Z., & Garnett, S. T. (2021). Towards a global list of accepted species I. Why taxonomists sometimes disagree, and why this matters. Organisms Diversity & Evolution.
• Wilder, B. T., Jarnevich, C. S., Baldwin, E., Black, J. S., Franklin, K. A., Grissom, P., Hovanes, K. A., Olsson, A., Malusa, J., Kibria, A. S., Li, Y. M., Lien, A. M., Ponce, A., Rowe, J. A., Soto, J. R., Stahl, M. R., Young, N. E., & Betancourt, J. L. (2021). Grassification and Fast-Evolving Fire Connectivity and Risk in the Sonoran Desert, United States. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9, 655561.
• Epstein, G., Morrison, T., Lien, A., Gurney, G., Cole, D., Delaroche, M., Tomas, S., Ban, N., & Cox, M. (2020). Historical legacies and the diagnosis of complex social-ecological systems. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability.
• Garnett, S., Christidis, L., Conix, S., Costello, M., Zachos, F., Banki, O., Bao, Y., Barik, S., Buckeridge, J., Hobern, D., Lien, A., Montgomery, N., Nikoleava, S., Pyle, R., Thomson, S., van Dyck, P. P., Whalen, A., Zhang, Z., & Thiele, K. (2020). Principles for creating a single authoritative list of the world’s taxa. PLOS Biology.
• Lien, A. (2020). The Institutional Grammar Tool in Policy Analysis and Applications to Resilience Research. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2020.02.004
• Huang, T., Bagstad, K. J., Diffendorfer, J. E., Dubovsky, J. A., Haefele, M. A., Lien, A. M., Loomis, J. B., Lopez-hoffman, L., Mattsson, B. J., Merideth, R. W., Semmens, D. J., Thogmartin, W. E., & Wiederholt, R. (2019). Multi-country Willingness to Pay for Transborder Migratory Species Conservation: A Case Study of Northern Pintails. Ecological Economics, 157(Issue), 321-331. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.11.024
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  Abstract Using contingent valuation, we estimated willingness to pay (WTP) in Canada, Mexico, and the United States to protect habitat for Northern Pintails (hereafter pintails), a migratory waterfowl species that provides benefits to and requires habitat in the three countries. Our study contributes to research on spatial subsidies by measuring the value of migratory species habitat. While WTP to protect pintail habitat is highest in the household's own country, there also is substantial WTP to protect pintail habitat in the other two countries. Canadian households' annual WTP is US$12 (all dollar values are in 2016 US dollars) to stabilize the pintail population in Canada, US$4 in Mexico, and US$5 in the U.S. Mexican households would pay US$8 in Mexico, US$5 in the U.S., and US$5 in Canada. U.S. households would pay US$28 in the U.S., US$18 in Canada, and US$16 in Mexico. WTP is statistically significantly higher in all three countries to increase the pintail population. WTP as a percentage of household income is statistically significantly higher for respondents in Mexico. WTP is logically related to explanatory variables such as respondent income, interest in hunting waterfowl, and financial support of wildlife conservation organizations. This study has important implications for conducting economic analyses of habitat issues of transboundary migratory species' conservation and to more effectively and equitably achieve conservation goals.
• Lien, A., Ulibarri, C., Vanasco, W., Bonar, S., Ruyle, G. B., & Lopez Hoffman, L. (2019). Opportunities and barriers for endangered species conservation using payments for ecosystem services. Biological Conservation. doi:doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.017
• Bagstad, K. J., Diffendorfer, J. E., Dubovsky, J. A., Haefele, M., Humburg, D. D., Lien, A. M., Loomis, J. B., Lopez-hoffman, L., Mattsson, B. J., Merideth, R., Semmens, D. J., & Thogmartin, W. E. (2018). Do economic values and expenditures for viewing waterfowl in the U.S. differ among species. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 23(6), 587-596. doi:10.1080/10871209.2018.1496371
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  ABSTRACTMany economic studies value birdwatching in general and often do not account for potential differences in viewers’ benefits from observing different species. But, how different are economic values of viewing various bird species? To answer that question, we surveyed Ducks Unlimited (DU) members using an online questionnaire to estimate trip expenditures and consumer surplus per trip for viewing pintail ducks, waterfowl in general, and other species of waterfowl. Expenditures per trip were USD $231, $199, and $182, respectively. Consumer surpluses per trip, estimated using the contingent valuation method, were $28, $32, and $29, respectively. Neither expenditures nor consumer surplus were statistically different among species for DU members who are adept at species differentiation. Our results suggest that it may be reasonable to use a general economic value for waterfowl viewing when formulating management alternatives for a variety of waterfowl.
• Haefele, M., Loomis, J., Semmens, D., Dubovsky, J., Wiederholt, R., Thogmartin, W., Huang, T., Lien, A., McCracken, G., Merideth, R., & Lopez Hoffman, L. (2018). Willingness to pay for conservation of transborder migratory species: A case study of the Mexican free-tailed bat in the United States and Mexico. Environmental Management.
• Johnson, M. K., Sherman, N. R., Lopez-hoffman, L., & Lien, A. M. (2018). Barriers to PES programs in Indigenous communities: A lesson in land tenure insecurity from the Hopi Indian reservation. Ecosystem services, 32, 62-69. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.05.009
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  Abstract There has been significant study of barriers to implementation of payment for ecosystem services in Indigenous communities in less developed countries. These barriers include land tenure insecurity and lack of access to capital. However, there is no similar research in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Our research fills this gap. We hypothesize that mismatches between the traditional land tenure regimes and institutional arrangements of Indigenous communities on one hand, and government sponsors of PES programs on the other hand, result in the lack of success of these programs. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a qualitative study of the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) on the Hopi reservation in the United States. We answer two questions: (1) What barriers prevent Hopi ranchers and farmers from participating in incentive-based programs? (2) What institutional changes are necessary to permit Hopi farmer and rancher participation in EQIP? We analyzed primary documents and conducted key informant interviews. We conclude that land tenure is at the forefront of problems associated with administering PES programs in Indigenous communities. Without new approaches addressing the land tenure regimes in Indigenous communities, PES will continue to struggle on American Indian reservations and around the world.
• Lien, A., Ruyle, G., & López-Hoffman, L. (2018). Q Methodology: A method for understanding complex viewpoints in communities served by extension. Journal of Extension, 56(2).
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  This article introduces Q methodology, an idea-sorting activity that can help Extension improve outreach and education on new and contentious issues. Q methodology is a helpful tool when Extension professionals are confronted with controversial or complex resource management challenges. Through the analysis of a simple cardsorting exercise, researchers can determine quantitatively and qualitatively how different issues combine to result in (a) an individual's viewpoint on an issue and (b) groupings of different viewpoints within a community. We describe the basic approach to implementing Q methodology and suggest circumstances in which it can help facilitate Extension outreach and education.
• Lien, A. M., Lopez-hoffman, L., Ruyle, G. B., Svancara, C., & Vanasco, W. (2017). The Land Ethic of Ranchers: A Core Value Despite Divergent Views of Government. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 70(6), 787-793. doi:10.1016/j.rama.2017.06.004
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  In the western United States, the management and use of public lands for livestock grazing is a frequent source of conflict among environmentalists, federal agencies, and ranchers. Since at least the early 1980s, the rhetoric of the “sagebrush rebellion” has reinforced a public perception that ranchers are both antigovernment and anticonservation. Sustainable management of public lands used for livestock grazing depends on both federal agency personnel, who enforce regulations, and ranchers, who use the land and implement management plans on a day-to-day basis. As a result, the attitudes of ranchers toward conservation can have a significant impact on the overall ecological health of public rangelands. We conducted a study of ranchers in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico using Q Methodology to understand their views and motivations about ranching, conservation, and the government. Our results show three complex viewpoints, which we term radical center ranchers (20% of variance), innovative conservationists (19% of variance), and traditional ranchers (12% of variance). A commitment to conservation and corresponding lack of anticonservation sentiment is held across these viewpoints. Mistrust of government coexists with conservation values for two groups. This information is useful for finding common ground between ranchers and government officials, conservationists, and extension agents on range management and conservation goals.
• Bonar, S. A., Lien, A. M., Lopez-hoffman, L., Ruyle, G. B., Svancara, C. M., & Vanasco, W. T. (2015). Jaguar Critical Habitat Designation Causes Concern for Southwestern Ranchers. Rangelands, 37(4), 144-151. doi:10.1016/j.rala.2015.05.003
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  On the Ground The designation of jaguar critical habitat in April 2014 in southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico created concern for livestock ranchers in the region. We interviewed ranchers to understand their concerns with the jaguar critical habitat designation and their attitudes toward jaguars, wildlife conservation, and resource management in general. Ranchers we interviewed were concerned about direct impacts of designated critical habitat on ranching, as well as possible alternative agendas of critical habitat advocates and issues specific to the borderlands region. The ranchers were less concerned about the presence of jaguars but were more concerned about possible limiting effects of the Endangered Species Act (ESA), distrust of government entities, and litigious environmental groups. To maximize effectiveness, government agencies should work to foster trust in the ranching community, be cognizant of sensitive issues specific to the region that may challenge endangered species conservation...
• Lien, A. M., Lopez-hoffman, L., Neeley, J. L., & Ruyle, G. B. (2015). The Effects of Federal Policies on Rangeland Ecosystem Services in the Southwestern United States. Rangelands, 37(4), 152-157. doi:10.1016/j.rala.2015.05.002
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  On the Ground Rangelands provide a wide array of ecosystem services — the direct benefits people receive from nature. There is increasing interest by policymakers and conservationists in managing for these ecosystem services. Because of complex land tenure arrangements in the Intermountain West, it is important to understand the impacts of federal resource management laws on ecosystem services flowing from public and private lands. All major federal land management laws are supportive of managing for ecosystem services. We review the implications of FLPMA, NFMA, NEPA, ESA, and CWA on ecosystem services on public and private lands.

Proceedings Publications

• Lien, A., Noelle, S. M., Audoin, F., & Dalke, A. (2025).

  Digital virtual fence user guide for rangeland management

  . In XII International Rangeland Congress.
• Al-ghezi, R., Bethard, S., Laparra, E., Lien, A. M., Lopez-hoffman, L., Wang, S., & Zhao, Y. (2019). Inferring missing metadata from environmental policy texts. In Proceedings of the 3rd Joint SIGHUM Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities and Literature, 46-51.
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  The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) provides a trove of data on how environmental policy decisions have been made in the United States over the last 50 years. Unfortunately, there is no central database for this information and it is too voluminous to assess manually. We describe our efforts to enable systematic research over US environmental policy by extracting and organizing metadata from the text of NEPA documents. Our contributions include collecting more than 40,000 NEPA-related documents, and evaluating rule-based baselines that establish the difficulty of three important tasks: identifying lead agencies, aligning document versions, and detecting reused text.
• Huang, T., Soto, J. R., Baldwin, E., Lien, A. M., Ferguson, D. B., Enquist, B. J., Swann, A. L., Soto, J. R., Park, D. S., Nunez-regueiro, M. M., Merideth, R., Lopez-hoffman, L., Lien, A. M., Huang, T., Ferguson, D. B., Feng, X., Ernst, K. C., Enquist, B. J., Dang, T., , Breshears, D. D., et al. (2018). Crops in a Changing World: Hidden Forest-Agriculture Teleconnections. In Proceedings of the 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology.

Presentations

• Lien, A., Mitchell, R. M., Triepke, F. J., Falk, D. A., & Norton, C. L. (2025, September).

  Early warning of climate and wildfire risk in the southwestern US.

  . 17th Biennial Conference of Science & Management on the Colorado Plateau & Southwest Region.. Flagstaff, AZ: Northern Arizona University.
• Baldwin, E., Gornish, E., Lien, A., Henry, A. D., & Dosamantes, E. (2024). In the weeds: A review and synthesis on invasive species governance. Ostrom WorkshopDosamantes E*, Lien A, Henry A, Gornish ES, Baldwin E..
• Lien, A., Henry, A. D., Gornish, E., Dosamantes, E., & Baldwin, E. (2024). How do you govern a “common bad”? Preliminary design principles for managing invasive species. Ostrom Workshop.
• Baldwin, E., Henry, A. D., Lien, A., & Jia, J. (2021, June). Environmental contingency and network effectiveness. Public Management Research Conference.
• Lien, A. (2021, October). Governance approaches for regional light pollution: an introduction to three models of governance. United Nations Workshop on Dark & Quiet Skies. Online.
• Lien, A., Baldwin, E., & Franklin, K. (2021, February). Collective action and invasive species governance in southern Arizona. Society of Range Management Annual Conference. Online: Society for Range Management.
• Lien, A., Boustead, A., Baldwin, E., Joshi, N., McCann, L., & Evans, T. (2021, November). Design of a national database of state and local COVID-19 policies using the institutional grammar. Institutional Grammar Research Institute Seminar. Online: Syracuse University.
• Lien, A., Breshears, D. D., Baldwin, E., Lopez Hoffman, L., Jasso, V., Woods, D., Woods, D., Jasso, V., Lopez Hoffman, L., Baldwin, E., Breshears, D. D., & Lien, A. (2021, may). Networks of action situations: an empirical application to forest planning. International Associations for the Study of the Commons, Polycentricity Virtual Conference. Online: International Association for the Study of the Commons.
• Lien, A., Conix, S., Zachos, F., Christidis, L., van Dijk, P. P., Barik, S., Buckerridge, J., Costello, M., Hobern, D., Montgomery, N., Nikolaeva, S., Pyle, R., Thiele, K., Thomson, S., Zhang, Z., & Garnett, S. (2021, November). Governance principles for a single authoritative list of life on Earth. National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine Board on Interantional Scientific Organizations. Online: National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine.
• Lien, A., Hutchinson, B. S., & Howery, L. D. (2021, March). Rangelands Gateway: Public Lands and NEPA. Arizona Cooperative Extension Virtual Range Livestock Workshop. Online: Arizona Cooperative Extension.
• Lien, A., Ram, S., Miller, M. L., Bethard, S. J., Emerson, K., & Lopez Hoffman, L. (2021). NEPAccess: Bringing NEPA Into the 21st Century Through the Power of Data Science. James E. Rogers College of Law Environmental Breakfast Club.
• Lien, A., Ram, S., Miller, M. L., Bethard, S. J., Emerson, K., & Lopez Hoffman, L. (2021). NEPAccess: Bringing NEPA Into the 21st Century Through the Power of Data Science. University of Arizona Center for Outreach & Collaboration, Washington DC Inaugural Event.
• Rowitt, J., Joshi, N., McCann, L., Zimmer, A., Baldwin, E., Boustead, A., Lien, A., & Evans, T. (2021, October). Rural vs. urban differences in COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions. American Public Health Association Annual Meeting. Online: American Public Health Association.
• Lien, A., & Baldwin, E. (2020, February). Cooperation and collective action for buffelgrass mitigation in southern Arizona. Society of Range Management Annual Conference. Denver, CO: Society of Range Management.
• Ernst, K. C., Ernst, K. C., Enquist, B. J., Enquist, B. J., Ferguson, D. B., Ferguson, D. B., Merideth, R., Merideth, R., Park, D. T., Park, D. T., Dang, T., Dang, T., Nuñez-Regueiro, M. M., Nuñez-Regueiro, M. M., Baldwin, E., Baldwin, E., Soto, J. R., Soto, J. R., Breshears, D. D., , Breshears, D. D., et al. (2018, June). Crops in a Changing World: Hidden Forest-Agriculture Teleconnections. 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä, Finland: European Congress of Conservation Biology.
• Lien, A., Johnson, M., & Lopez Hoffman, L. (2017, March). Barriers Associated with the Environmental Quality Incentives Program: Case Study on the Hopi Indian Reservation. Farm Bill 2018: Policy, Politics, and Potential. Washington DC.
• Lien, A., Merideth, R., Ruyle, G. B., & Lopez Hoffman, L. (2017, November). Impacts of adapative management on southwestern rangelands. National Institute for Food and Agriculture Project Directors Meeting. Tampa, FL.
• Lien, A., Ruyle, G. B., Robbins-Sherman, N., Libby, K., & Lopez Hoffman, L. (2017, January). Bringing Dark Data into the Light: Mining US Forest Service Records for Trends in Management and Ecological Change. Society of Range Management Annual Meeting. St. George, UT.
• Lien, A., Ruyle, G. B., Robbins-Sherman, N., Libby, K., & Lopez Hoffman, L. (2017, January). Impacts of Adaptive Management on Southwestern Rangelands. Arizona Section of the Society of Range Management Winter Meeting. Tucson, AZ.
• Lien, A., Ruyle, G. B., Robbins-Sherman, N., Libby, K., & Lopez Hoffman, L. (2017, Januray). Measuring Ecosystem Services Provided by Adaptive Management on Southwestern Rangelands. Society of Range Management Annual Meeting. St. George, UT.

Poster Presentations

• Lien, A., Noelle, S. M., Mayer, B., Blum, B. C., Blouin, C., Audoin, F., & Dalke, A. (2025).

  Digital Virtual Fence User Guide for Rangeland Management

  . Rangelands Partnership Annual Meeting. Kerrville, Texas.
• Lien, A., Noelle, S. M., Mayer, B., Blum, B. C., Blouin, C., Audoin, F., & Dalke, A. (2025).

  Digital Virtual Fence User Guide for Rangeland Management

  . XII International Rangelands Congress. Adelaide, Australia.
• Lien, A., Jones, S. A., Mitchell, R. M., & Goolsby, D. (2024). Predicting Perils: Unraveling buffelgrass and stinknet invasions on the Santa Rita Experimental Range using Random Forest Models.. RISE Symposium.
• Schlau, J., Schlau, J., Lien, A., Dosamontes, E., Mcreynolds, K. H., Mcreynolds, K. H., Conley, J., Hall, A. L., Hall, A. L., Grace, J. L., Hutchinson, B. S., Grace, J. L., Brischke, A. S., Howery, L. D., Brischke, A. S., Pfander, J. L., Ruyle, G. B., Pfander, J. L., Noelle, S. M., , Noelle, S. M., et al. (2020, February). Exploring public lands grazing: redesigning the Global Rangelands website to effectively reach multiple audiences. Society of Range Management Annual Conference. Denver, CO: Society of Range Management.
• Lopez Hoffman, L., Soto, J. R., Nuñez-Regueiro, M. M., Laguë, M. M., Baldwin, E., Derbridge, J. J., Breshears, D. D., Swann, A. L., Huang, T., Lien, A., & Feng, X. (2018, August). How does forest die-off affect agriculture thousands of miles away? Revealing the hidden teleconnected network of NEON domains. Ecological Society of America 2018. New Orleans, LA: Ecological Society of America.

Case Studies

• Lien, A., Blum, B. C., Quintero, J., Antaya, A., Mayer, B., Dalke, A., Audoin, F., & Duval, D. F. (2025.

  Economics of Virtual Fencing Technology in Arizona

  (p. 32).

Others

• Archer, S. R., Fehmi, J. S., Gornish, E., Howery, L. D., Lien, A., Lopez Hoffman, L., Mcclaran, M. P., Ruyle, G. B., Smith, S. E., & Soto, J. R. (2021, May). Annual Report, Ecology, Management and Restoration of Rangelands. USDA NIFA REEPort.
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  Hatch Project Annual Report ARZT-1361610-H12-223, 11 pp.
• Lien, A. (2021, February). New perspectives to inform responses to invasive plant species on rangelands. Society of Range Management Annual Conference.
• Lien, A., Manwaring, B., Chrismer, M., & Bonini, A. (2021, October). NEPA Next 50: Reflections on the National Environmental Policy Act Federal Agency Dialogue on Engagement and Consultation.
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  Workshop organizing committee and presenter.
• Soto, J. R., Smith, S. E., Ruyle, G. B., Mcclaran, M. P., Lopez Hoffman, L., Lien, A., Howery, L. D., Gornish, E., Fehmi, J. S., & Archer, S. R. (2021, May). Annual Report, Ecology, Management and Restoration of Rangelands. USDA NIFA Hatch Project ARZT-1361610-H12-223, 11 pp..
• Soto, J. R., Smith, S. E., Ruyle, G. B., Mcclaran, M. P., Lopez Hoffman, L., Lien, A., Howery, L. D., Gornish, E., Fehmi, J. S., & Archer, S. R. (2021, May). Annual Report, Ecology, Management and Restoration of Rangelands. USDA NIFA Report.
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  Hatch Project Annual Report ARZT-1361610-H12-223, 11 pp.