Lorraine M Martin Plank

Interests

Teaching

Advanced practice clinical courses, health policy, population health, OSCE and simulation, gerontological health and prescribing.

Research

Health Promotion in older adults, chronic health care, cultural health beliefs and practices, palliative care and end of life, health policy issues, polypharmacy and deprescribing, interprofessional education and practice.

Courses

Scholarly Contributions

Books

• Kennedy-Malone, L., Martin Plank, L. M., & Duffy, E. G. (2019). Advanced practice nursing in the care of older adults. (2nd ed).. Philadelphia, PA: F. A. Davis Company..
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  Updated and expanded version; textbook for FNP and AGPCNP students and graduates on APN caring for older adults.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2019). Advanced Practice Nursing in the Care of Older Adults (2nd ed). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.

Journals/Publications

• Spear, R., Martin-Plank, L., & Crist, J. (2024). Preventing delirium in post-acute care. Nurse Practitioner, 49(10). doi:10.1097/01.NPR.0000000000000231
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  Older adults admitted to post-acute care often are frail with multiple comorbidities, making them particularly vulnerable to developing delirium. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to create, implement, and evaluate an NP-led, evidence-based delirium prevention protocol in a skilled nursing facility (SNF). The incidence of new-onset delirium was assessed pre- and postimplementation; following implementation, no patients were diagnosed with new-onset delirium, and nurses and certified nursing assistants reported changes to their practice. Based on project design, the approximately 42,000 NPs in the US with nursing home or long-term-care facility privileges are optimally positioned to lead SNFs in the prevention of new-onset delirium.
• Martin-Plank, L., Davis, M., Williams, D., May, J., Ortiz-Dowling, E., Reyes, Z., Heasley, B., Crist, J., & Núñez, A. (2022). Graphic Novela: Mexican American Families’ Use of Community Services for Older Adults. Clinical Nursing Research, 31(4). doi:10.1177/10547738211057006
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  Knowledge gaps exist about how to help Mexican American (MA) families seek assistance when their capacity to assist older family members is challenged. MA families may resist confronting unpleasant but real situations with the older adult, for example, the need to access long term support services (LTSS), because of cultural and structural barriers. The purpose was to describe stakeholders’ reactions to a culturally focused graphic novela created in partnership with a community advisory council. Qualitative description with content analysis of a focus group’s reactions to the graphic novela was used. Results included positive reactions as well as suggestions for improvement and dissemination. Graphic novelas can be an effective medium for modeling conversations about older adults’ needing additional care, and demonstrating how to identify and access available LTSS or other services. Included is a description of the researchers’ process of partnering with diverse stakeholders, which is essential for creating new solutions.
• Bristol, A. A., Martin Plank, L. M., & Crist, J. D. (2021). Healthcare professionals’ experiences as family caregivers during intra-hospital transitions.. Journal of Gerontological Nursing.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2021). Graphic Novela: Mexican American Families’ use of community services for older adults.. Clinical Nursing Research, 7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/10547738211057006
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  AbstractKnowledge gaps exist about how to help Mexican American (MA) families seek assistance when their capacity to assist older family members is challenged. MA families may resist confronting unpleasant but real situations with the older adult, for example, the need to access long term support services (LTSS), because of cultural and structural barriers. The purpose was to describe stakeholders’ reactions to a culturally focused graphic novela created in partnership with a community advisory council. Qualitative description with content analysis of a focus group’s reactions to the graphic novela was used. Results included positive reactions as well as suggestions for improvement and dissemination. Graphic novelas can be an effective medium for modeling conversations about older adults’ needing additional care, and demonstrating how to identify and access available LTSS or other services. Included is a description of the researchers’ process of partnering with diverse stakeholders, which is essential for creating new solutions.
• Crist, J. D., Phillips, L. R., Heasley, B. J., Shea, K. D., Peterson, R. L., Slebodnik, M. B., Martin Plank, L. M., Williams, D. K., Lacasse, C. L., Wyles, C. L., May, J. L., May, J. L., Wyles, C. L., Lacasse, C. L., Williams, D. K., Martin Plank, L. M., Peterson, R. L., Slebodnik, M. B., Heasley, B. J., , Shea, K. D., et al. (2019). Tipping Point Concept Analysis in the Family Caregiving Context. Nursing Forum, 54(3), 10. doi:DOI: 10.1111/nuf.12373
• Lacasse, C. L., Heasley, B., Liu, J., Martin-plank, L., Martin-plank, L., & Phillips, L. R. (2019). THE SIGNIFICANCE OF IDENTIFYING A TIPPING POINT. Innovation in Aging, 3(Supplement_1), S598-S598. doi:10.1093/geroni/igz038.2222
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  Abstract Defining a Tipping Point as seemingly abrupt, severe, and absolute vividly illustrates the end result of the consequence of not responding to impending events. Failure to detect an impending tipping point can result in unplanned consequences including falls, fractures, emergency care, a change in family caregiving situation, and a cascade of events leading to devastating permanent changes in chosen living arrangements or even death to the aging adult and the family caregiver. Proactive monitoring with a wearable device that can detect subtle changes in daily routines is a valuable tool, which caregiving families can use for decision support in accessing long term support services or planning for change in environment or level of care. Using this definition of tipping points and describing early changes can also be a valuable tool for clinicians when communicating potentially dangerous situations to the older adult and caregivers in the home or senior residential setting.
• Lacasse, C., Martin-plank, L., Crist, J. D., Heasley, B., Liu, J., & Phillips, L. R. (2019). CREATING A PORTAL PLUS. Innovation in Aging, 3(Supplement_1), S598-S598. doi:10.1093/geroni/igz038.2221
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  Patient portals are popular health care tools. Few portals target caregiving families and few use predictive modeling to assist caregiving families make decisions about elder care options. Our goal is to incorporate the algorithms being developed for predicting tipping points in elder care to assist caregiving families visualize changes in older adults’ activity patterns, understand possible implications for continued in-home safety, and access educational information and consultation. While many patients use portals, use is restricted among persons in racial and ethnic minorities, with lower educational levels and poorer health literacy, and with fewer economic resources. The following strategies help us address these issues. Our portal archives data from affordable, wearable technology. Portal access uses similarly technology. Our educational materials use techniques known to be appealing and effective with older individuals in unique groups, e.g., results displays; fotonovelas. Input from community members/users helps maintain sensitivity to cultural appropriateness and health literacy.
• Phillips, L. R., Heasley, B. J., Slebodnik, M. B., Williams, D. K., Wyles, C. L., May, J. L., Lacasse, C. L., Martin Plank, L. M., Peterson, R. L., Shea, K. D., & Crist, J. D. (2019). Tipping Point Concept Analysis in the Family Caregiving Context. Nursing Forum.
• Phillips, L. R., Plank, L. M., Liu, J., Heasley, B., Crist, J. D., Shea, k. D., & Peterson, R. L. (2019). USING HEALTH INFORMATION FROM AFFORDABLE WEARABLE DEVICES FOR PREDICTING IMPENDING TIPPING POINTS. Innovation in Aging, 3(Supplement_1), S598-S598. doi:10.1093/geroni/igz038.2220
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2018). Population Health Solutions for Assessing Cognitive Impairment in Geriatric Patients. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, Volume 33, Issue 6, 1 September 2018, Pages 655–675,, 33(6), 655-675. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acy052
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  Age is a significant risk factor for many medical conditions, including cognitive impairment and dementia, and as the 65-and-over population is projected to double over the next three decades the number of people living with cognitive impairment will substantially increase. Recently, the National Academy of Neuropsychology (NAN) convened an inter-organizational Summit on Population Health Solutions for Assessing Cognitive Impairment in Geriatric Patients, bringing together representatives from a broad range of stakeholders invested in the care of older adults with the goal of providing practitioners and health systems with useful guidelines to consider when developing clinical practice pathways for patients with cognitive impairment.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2018). Population Health Solutions for Assessing Cognitive Impairment in Geriatric Patients.. Clinical Neuropsychology, 32(7), 32(7):1193-1225. doi:doi: 10.1080/13854046.2018.1517503.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2018). Population health solutions for assessing cognitive impairment in geriatric patients. Innovations in Aging, Volume 2(Issue 2). doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igy025
• Kurz, J., Mahoney, K., Martin-Plank, L., & Lidicker, J. (2009). Objective Structured Clinical Examination and Advanced Practice Nursing Students. Journal of Professional Nursing, 25(3). doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2009.01.005
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  Educators, challenged to measure clinical competency impartially in Advanced Health Assessment courses, have used Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) and standardized patients (SP). Faculty-trained laypersons act as patients (SP) for students in a clinical laboratory setting using a standardized, scripted scenario. Students typically are evaluated during the examination and receive instant feedback from the SP. There has been little evidence that supports this as the best way to measure student's clinical competency. This study's purpose was to compare outcomes of graduate nursing students completing a traditional methods Health Assessment course to those students using OSCE and SPs. Problem-based Learning Theory guided the quasi-experimental study that included 37 students divided into research and control groups. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups for the final practical examination grades, clinical preceptor evaluations, satisfaction scores, and self-evaluations of skills at the course's end. Research group's course scores were higher than the control group. There was no difference between group's self-evaluation for their current assessment skills. This intervention had a positive impact on students' outcomes. Educators should incorporate SPs and OSCE to improve clinical competency scores, course satisfaction, and preceptor evaluations. Future studies should include a longitudinal design and qualitative student feedback. © 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Proceedings Publications

• Phillips, L. R., Beverly, H., Zhang, Y., May, J., Lacasse, C. L., Martin Plank, L. M., Liu, J., Jessica, P., Loque, K., Peterson, R., Shea, K. D., & Crist, J. D. (2019, Fall). Sensor Technology: Mexican American Caregiving Families. In Council for the Advancement of Nursing Science.
• Phillips, L. R., Liu, J., Beverly, H., Martin Plank, L. M., Lacasse, C. L., Rachel, P., Crist, J. D., & Shea, K. D. (2019, November). Symposium The Tipping Point Study, Digital Detection and Decision Support for Older Adults and Families. In Gerontological Society of America.

Presentations

• Martin Plank, L. M. (2024, September).

  Building Practice-Ready Nurse Practitioners: A Clinical Expert Model Approach

  
  
  . International Council of Nurses 13th NP/APN Network Conference. Aberdeen, Scotland: INP/APNN Network of ICN.
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  Podium presentation showcasing teaching methodologies to prepare DNP/APN students for clinical practice
• Lacasse, C. L., Perez, L. J., Shea, K. D., Bilbo, L. L., Phillips, L. R., Martin Plank, L. M., Carlisle, H. L., Donovan, S. A., Donovan, S. A., Carlisle, H. L., Martin Plank, L. M., Phillips, L. R., Bilbo, L. L., Shea, K. D., Perez, L. J., & Lacasse, C. L. (2023, April).

  Supporting Healthy Aging in Diverse Populations: A Specialty BSN Education Program

  Cheryl Lacasse, Linda Perez, Kim Shea, Mary O'Connell, Laurel Bilbo, Linda Phillips, Lori Martin Plank, Heather Carlisle, Stephanie Donovan, April 20, 2023

  . Western Institute of Nursing Conference. Tucson, AZ: Western Institute of Nursing.
• Martin Plank, L. M., & Newton, T. (2023, April). Martin-Plank, L, and Newton, T. Leveraging Zoom Technology to Create Video Simulation Experience to Engage NP Students. WIN Symposium Presentation, April 22, 2023. Western Institute of Nursing Conference. Tucson, AZ: Western Institute of Nursing.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2021, April). Mentoring: An Underutilized and Undervalued Tool for Professional and Personal Growth. Liberty GAPNA Spring Conference. Virtual: Liberty Gapna.
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  ppt presentation and discussion of mentoring with audience engagement and participation.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2021, Spring). Certification Application: The Basics for Nurse Practitioner Students. PA Coalition of Nurse Practitioners Virtual Student Conference. (PCNP). Virtual: PCNP.
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  Powerpoint presentation for NP students on how to apply for national certification
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2021, Spring). Malpractice for Nurse Practitioner Students. PA Coalition of Nurse Practitioners Virtual Student Conference.. Virtual: PCNP.
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  Basics of malpractice, how to avoid it, discussion of cases
• Martin Plank, L. M., & Newton, T. (2021, Fall). Disruption and Innovation in Education: Simulation Innovation Approaches. National Hartford Center for Gerontological Nursing Excellence Annual Conference. Virtual: NHCGNE.
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  Small group section on simulation in nursing education with video clips, audience engagement
• Newton, T., & Martin Plank, L. M. (2021, Fall). Thinking Outside the Box: Enhancing NP Student Didactic Learning--An Innovative Multimedia Approach.. Gerontological Advanced Practice Nurses Association Annual Conference. San Diego, CA: GAPNA.
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  Symposium presentation of video recorded simulations from an unfolding case study depicting 3 scenarios with an older adult family, incorporating built in questions for students from multiple advanced practice specialties.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2020, Fall). Advocacy as an Academic and Nurse Practitioner In: Connecting Aging Research to Policy: Insights and Strategies for Early-Career Researchers. Gerontological Society of America Virtual Conference. Virtual: Gerontological Association of America (GSA).
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  Policy Series Streaming Symposia, Gerontological Society of America Virtual Conference.  
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2020, March). Basics of Certification for New Nurse Practitioners. PA Coalition of Nurse Practitioners Student Conference. Virtual: PA Coalition of NPs.
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  Discussion of exam options, applying for certification, etc.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2020, March). Malpractice for Nurse Practitioner Students. Virtual Podium presentation, PA Coalition of Nurse Practitioners Virtual Student Conference. PA Coalition of Nurse Practitioners Virtual Student Conference. Virtual: Pa Coalition of Nurse Practitioners.
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  Discussion and case examples of malpractice cases for NPs and how to avoid malpractice.
• Martin Plank, L. M., Crist, J. D., & Shea, K. D. (2020, Fall). Graphic-Novela Intervention for Mexican American Aging in Place: Pilot.. GAPNA Virtual Conference On Demand Presentation.. Virtual: Gerontological Advanced Practice Nurses Association.
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  Presentation on grant-funded research on graphic-novela for Mexican American caregivers, to persuade them to accept help and to direct them to sources for assistance
• Williams, D. K., & Martin Plank, L. M. (2020, Fall). Graphic Novelas for Older Adults: Culture, Community Partnerships, and Theory.. Transcultural Nursing Society Virtual Conference. Virtual: Transcultural Nursing Society (TCNS).
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  Dr Williams discussed theory and I discussed our graphic novela project, involvement of ENCASA community organization, end product and future plans
• Crist, J. D., Peterson, R. L., LaCasse, C., Shea, K. D., Martin Plank, L. M., & Heasley, B. J. (2019, November). Lawton’s Theory of Person-Environment Fit: Theoretical foundations for detecting caregiving tipping points.. Gerontological Society of America Annual Conference. Austin, TX: Gerontological Society of America.
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  One in a series related to tipping points creating critical problems in older adults. Theoretical background.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2019, March). Certification Application: The Basics for Nurse Practitioner Students. Pennsylvania Coalition of Nurse Practitioners Student Conference. State College, Pa: Pennsylvania Coalition of Nurse Practitioners.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2019, March). Martin-Plank, L. (2019).Malpractice for Nurse Practitioner Students. Podium presentation, PA Coalition of Nurse Practitioners Student Conference, State College, PA.. Pennsylvania Coalition of Nurse Practitioners Student Conference. State College, PA: Pennsylvania Coalition of Nurse Practitioners.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2019, November). Deprescribing: An Antidote to Polypharmacy in the Elderly. American Association of Nurse Practitioners Fall Specialty Conference. Las Vegas, Nevada: American Association of Nurse Practitioners.
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  Presentation on theoretical foundation of deprescribing, safety and process, patient engagement, models for deprescribing specific drugs.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2019, October). Let’s Get SMART Technology to Help Older Adults to Age in Place.. Pennsylvania Coalition of Nurse Practitioners Annual Conference. Pittsburgh, PA: Pennsylvania Coalition of Nurse Practitioners.
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  Presentation about SMART technology to educate nurse practitioners working with older adults in the home.
• Martin Plank, L. M., Heasley, B., LaCasse, C., Phillips, L., & Liu, J. (2019, November). The significance of identifying a tipping point. Gerontological Society of America Annual Conference. Austin, TX: Gerontological Society of America.
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  Initial presentation in a symposium on tipping points causing harm to older adults
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2018, June). Region 3 State of the States. American Association of Nurse Practitioners Annual Conference. Denver, CO: AANP.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2018, March 22). Medicare: Provider Perspective, Value-Based Care. Arizona Wildcat Hartford Center of Nursing Excellence--Geriatric Interest Group presentation. Virtual via Zoom: Arizona Wildcat Hartford Center of Nursing Excellence.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2018, March). Steps to Certification. PA Coalition of Nurse Practitioners Student Conference. The Penn Stater, State College, PA: PA Coalition of Nurse Practitioners.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2018, November 8). Recruiting Older Adults For Research. Arizona Wildcat Hartford Center of Gerontological Excellence--Geriatric Interest Group. Virtual via Zoom: Arizona Wildcat Hartford Center of Gerontological Excellence.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2018, Summer). Deprescribing: An Antidote to Polypharmacy in Older Adults. INP/APNN International Conference (International Nurse Practitioner/Advanced Practice Nurse Network). Rotterdam, Netherlands: The International Nurse Practitioner Network of the International Council of Nurses.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2018, Summer). Using a Cultural Approach to Promote Exercise in Older Adults. INP/APNN International Conference. Rotterdam, Netherlands: International NP Network of ICN.
• Martin Plank, L. M., & Hall-Lipsy, E. A. (2018, Spring). Professional Malpractice: What it is and how to avoid it. PCNP Student Conference. The Penn Stater, State College, PA: PA Coalition of Nurse Practitioners.
• Martin Plank, L. M., Cortesi, C., & Wright, M. (2018, April). New Medicare Regulations: Implications for Elders and Providers. Arizona Gerontological Nurses Association. Pima Community College/Virtual by Zoom: Arizona Gerontological Nurses Association.
• Prettyman, A., Knight, E. P., Allison, T. E., & Martin Plank, L. M. (2018, April). The use of OSCE in Nurse Practitioner Education. NONPF. Indianapois, Indiana: NONPF.
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  This symposium will discuss the role of the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in Nurse Practitioner education as a way to provide simulation based learning, assess student readiness for clinic and practice, measure performance, and test competency levels for NP students across populations and at various points in the curriculum. As a specialized type of clinical simulation experience, the OSCE has been used in medical education for several decades and is more recently being used by nurse practitioner programs. Traditionally NP students are evaluated by clinical preceptors and periodically by clinical faculty in community clinical placement sites. The OSCE provides a standardized, controlled, repeatable environment for faculty to assess student competencies both on ground and virtually. The OSCE is an ideal environment for formative teaching or for summative evaluation of NP students. This symposium showcases exemplars from 5 different NP programs across the country: The University of San Francisco, the University of California, San Francisco, University of Tennessee, University of Alabama, Birmingham, and the University of Arizona. Each school will provide an overview of their OSCE program including the model/design, resources, costs, student and faculty feedback, next steps, and future goals. This symposium will provide an interactive discussion to engage interested faculty and program directors in the use of OSCE simulation for their NP program.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2017, June). State of the States: PA Legislative Agenda. American Association of Nurse Practitioners Annual Conference. Philadelphia Convention Center, Philadelphia, PA: AANP.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2017, March). Certification Application: The Basics for Nurse Practitioner Students.. PA Coalition of Nurse Practitioners Student NP Conference. Penn State Conference Center, State College, PA: Pa Coalition of Nurse Practitioners.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2017, November). Interprofessional Collaboration: NPs on the Cutting Edge. Podium presentation, PA Coalition of Nurse Practitioners Annual Conference, November 3, 2017, Erie, PA.. PA Coalition of Nurse Practitioners Annual Conference. Convention Center, Erie, PA: PA Coalition of Nurse Practitioners.
• Martin Plank, L. M., & Hall-Lipsy, E. A. (2017, March 25). Malpractice Prevention for Nurse Practitioner Students: The Basics. PA Coalition of Nurse Practitioners NP Student Conference. State College, PA: PA Coalition of Nurse Practitioners.

Poster Presentations

• Martin Plank, L. M., Carlisle, H. L., & Perez, L. J. (2023, April). Carlisle, H., Martin-Plank, L., & Perez, L. (2023) Enhancing Nursing Students’ Perceptions of Older Adults - an Unfolding Case Study (poster). Western Institute of Nursing, Tucson, AZ . Western Institute of Nursing. Tucson, AZ: Western Institute of Nursing.
• Newton, T., & Martin Plank, L. M. (2023, June).

  Acquisition of Clinical Decision-Making Skills in Geriatric Patients Through Video Simulation Learning. Poster presentation at the International Association of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Yokohama, Japan, June 13, 2023

  . International Association of Geriatrics and Gerontology (IAGG) Conference. Yokohama, Japan: IAGG.
• Martin Plank, L. M., Battista, M., Caruso, A., & Chappell, L. (2021, Summer). All Politics are Local: Strategies to Engage Advanced Practice Nurses in the Policy Arena. 11th ICN NP/APN Network Conference 2021 Envisioning advanced practice nursing beyond 2021: Wider reach, bigger impact. Virtual: International Council of Nurses and Advanced Practice Nurses of Nova Scotia.
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  e-poster presentation describing my involvement with health policy professionally and including Maria Battista, MA, Esq Director of our state health policy group.
• Shurson, L., Rainbow, J., & Martin Plank, L. M. (2021, Spring). Podcast Style Lectures: Connecting the Academic Understanding of Policy with Lived Experience.. National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties Annual Conference. Virtual: NONPF.
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  Podcast Style Lectures: Connecting the Academic Understanding of Policy with Lived Experience.Poster presentation describing podcasts used for policy course by faculty and student response
• Caruso, A., & Martin Plank, L. M. (2020, Fall). Pennsylvania is Ready for Full Practice Authority. AANP Connect. Virtual: American Association of Nurse Practitioners.
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  Poster created during mentorship of the PA Coalition of Nurse Practitioners President
• Lacasse, C. L., Martin Plank, L. M., & Crist, J. D. (2020, November). Mutual Respect: Communication for Innovative Partnerships in Interdisciplinary Geroscience Research. Leadership Conference. Online: National Hartford Center of Geriatric Nursing Excellence.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2019, May). Rebuilding the Family Dynamic: A Case of Adolescent Courage (Case Study). Irish Association of Advanced Nurse/Midwife Practitioners Conference. Portlaoise, Ireland: Irish Association of Advanced Nurse/Midwife Practitioners.
• Knight, E. P., Prettyman, A., Martin Plank, L. M., & Allison, T. E. (2017, April). The Virtual OSCE. NONPF. Indianapois, Indiana: NONPF.
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  Videoconferencing technology can successfully integrated into the Onsite Clinical Experience (OSCE) process for NP students across multiple specialties
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2018, Summer). Promoting Exercise in Older Adults: Jumping Through Hoops or Slow Dancing. American Association of Nurse Practitioners Annual Conference. Denver, CO: AANP.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2017, November). Passing the Torch: Models for Mentorship.. PA Coalition of Nurse Practitioners Annual Conference. Convention Center, Erie, PA: PA Coalition of Nurse Practitioners.
• Martin Plank, L. M. (2017, November). Pharmacogenomics in the Older Adult: Significance for Practice. Poster presentation, PA Coalition of Nurse Practitioners Annual Conference, November 2-3, 2017, Erie, PA.. PA Coalition of Nurse Practitioners Annual Conference. Convention Center, Erie, PA: PA Coalition of Nurse Practitioners.
• Martin Plank, L. M., Jindrick, J. A., Craten, L. M., & Hall-Lipsy, E. A. (2015, June). Collaborating with Business and Legal Experts to Launch Nurse Practitioner Entrepreneurs. American Association of Nurse Practitioners 2015 National Conference. New Orleans, LA: American Association of Nurse Practitioners.