Julia Marie Fisher

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Journals/Publications

• Essay, P., Mosier, J. M., Nayebi, A., Fisher, J. M., & Subbian, V. (2023). Predicting Failure of Noninvasive Respiratory Support Using Deep Recurrent Learning. Respiratory Care, 68(4). doi:https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.10382
• Hollister, J., Caban-Martinez, A. J., Ellingson, K. D., Beitel, S., Fowlkes, A. L., Lutrick, K., Tyner, H. L., Naleway, A. L., Yoon, S. K., Gaglani, M., Hunt, D., Meece, J., Mayo Lamberte, J., Schaefer Solle, N., Rose, S., Dunnigan, K., Khan, S. M., Kuntz, J. L., Fisher, J. M., , Coleman, A., et al. (2023). Serum per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance concentrations and longitudinal change in post-infection and post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Environmental research, 239(Pt 1), 117297.
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  Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous throughout the United States. Previous studies have shown PFAS exposure to be associated with a reduced immune response. However, the relationship between serum PFAS and antibody levels following SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination has not been examined. We examined differences in peak immune response and the longitudinal decline of antibodies following SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination by serum PFAS levels in a cohort of essential workers in the United States. We measured serum antibodies using an in-house semi-quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Two cohorts contributed blood samples following SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination. We used linear mixed regression models, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, gender, presence of chronic conditions, location, and occupation, to estimate differences in immune response with respect to serum PFAS levels. Our study populations included 153 unvaccinated participants that contributed 316 blood draws over a 14-month period following infection, and 860 participants and 2451 blood draws over a 12-month period following vaccination. Higher perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) concentrations were associated with a lower peak antibody response after infection (p = 0.009, 0.031, 0.015). Higher PFOS, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), PFHxS, and PFNA concentrations were associated with slower declines in antibodies over time after infection (p = 0.003, 0.014, 0.026, 0.025). PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, and PFNA serum concentrations prior to vaccination were not associated with differences in peak antibody response after vaccination or with differences in decline of antibodies over time after vaccination. These results suggest that elevated PFAS may impede potential immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection by blunting peak antibody levels following infection; the same finding was not observed for immune response to vaccination.
• Nematollahi, A. J., Fisher, J. M., Furlong, M. A., Beamer, P. I., Goodrich, J. M., Graber, J. M., Calafat, A. M., Botelho, J. C., Beitel, S. C., Littau, S. R., Gulotta, J. J., Wallentine, D. D., & Burgess, J. L. (2023). Comparison of Serum PFAS Concentrations in Incumbent and Recruit Firefighters and Longitudinal Assessment in Recruits. Journal of occupational and environmental medicine. doi:DOI: 10.1097/JOM.0000000000003020
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  Firefighters are occupationally exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). This study objective was to compare serum PFAS concentrations in incumbent and recruit firefighters and evaluate temporal trends among recruits.
• Burgess, J. L., Fisher, J. M., Nematollahi, A., Jung, A., Calkins, M., Graber, J. M., Grant, C., Beitel, S. C., Littau, S., Gulotta, J., Wallentine, D., Hughes, J., Popp, C., Calafat, A., Coleman, A. D., Schaefer-Solle, N., Louzado-Feliciano, P., Oduwole, S. O., & Caban-Martinez, A. J. (2022). Serum Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Four Municipal US Fire Departments. American Journal of Industrial Medicine.
• Essay, P., Fisher, J. M., Mosier, J. M., & Subbian, V. (2022). Validation of an Electronic Phenotyping Algorithm for Patients with Acute Respiratory Failure. Critical Care Explorations.
• Fantry, L. E., Bedrick, E. J., Madhivanan, P., Fisher, J. M., Lim, J. R., Sadoway, D., Gupte, R., Nandamuri, P., Joseph, M., Loveland, M. G., & Guido, A. A. (2022). 2092. Update on PrEP Knowledge and Attitudes Among Adults Attending Public Health Clinics in Southern Arizona. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 9(Supplement_2). doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac492.1714
• Adams, M., Fantry, L., Bedrick, E. J., Adams, M., Paz, M., Khachatryan, M., Kaveti, A., Marquez, J., Ellis, K. E., August, J., Malladi, L., Fisher, J. M., & York, L. D. (2021). Antiretroviral Laboratory Monitoring and Implications for HIV Clinical Care in the Era of COVID-19 and Beyond. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses.
• Davidson, A., Musiek, F., Fisher, J. M., & Marrone, N. L. (2021). Investigating the Role of Auditory Processing Abilities in Long-Term Self-Reported Hearing Aid Outcomes Among Adults 60+ Years. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology.
• Mosier, J. M., Fisher, J. M., Hypes, C., Bedrick, E. J., Campbell, E. S., Lutrick, K., & Cairns, C. B. (2021). A Target for Increased Mortality Risk in Critically Ill Patients: The Concept of Perpetuity. Journal of Clinical Medicine.
• Neill, M., Fisher, J. M., Brand, C., Lei, H., Sherman, S. J., Chou, Y., & Kuo, P. H. (2021). Practical Application of DaTQUANT with Optimal Threshold for Diagnostic Accuracy of Dopamine Transporter SPECT. Tomography, 7(4), 980-989.
• Bedrick, e., Ellis, K., fisher, J., York, l., Fantry, L. E., august, j., marquez, j., Malladi, L., Kaveti, A., Khachatryan, M., paz, M., & Adams, M. (2020). 927. Antiretroviral Laboratory Monitoring and Implications for HIV Clinical Care in the Era of COVID-19 and Beyond. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 7(Supplement_1), S497-S497. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1113
• Ellis, K. E., Chan, C., York, L., Fisher, J. M., Zangeneh, T. T., York, L., Nawas, G. T., Ellis, K. E., Connick, E., & Chan, C. (2020). Clinical Outcomes Following the Use of Archived Proviral HIV-1 DNA Genotype to Guide Antiretroviral Therapy Adjustment.. Open forum infectious diseases, 7(1), ofz533. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofz533
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  Evidence regarding the safety of using proviral HIV-1 DNA genotype (DNA GT) to guide antiretroviral therapy (ART) is limited. We hypothesized that HIV RNA would not increase following ART adjustment guided by DNA GT in a university HIV clinic..Data were obtained from electronic medical records of adult persons living with HIV-1 (PWH) who underwent DNA GT testing and changed ART between October 2014 and November 2017. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the effect of ART switch on HIV RNA over time..Eighty-three PWH had DNA GT performed, 66 (80%) switched ART, and 59 had postswitch follow-up. Data were analyzed pre-/postswitch for these 59 PWH (median age, 54 years; 71% LWH ≥10 years; 46% ≥2 previous regimens; 36% recent low-level viremia; 34% unknown medication history). On DNA GT, 58% had ≥1-class ART resistance, 34% ≥2-class, and 10% 3-class. Median follow-up (range) was 337 (34-647) days. There was no change in probability of HIV RNA ≥50 copies/mL over time (P > .05). At baseline, 76% had HIV RNA
• Fisher, J. M., Sprowl, K. M., Bedrick, E. J., Fantry, L. E., Sprowl, K. M., Shende, T. C., Perez-velez, C. M., Guido, A. A., Fisher, J. M., Fantry, L. E., Drake, T. M., Bedrick, E. J., & Adelus, M. L. (2020). PrEP Knowledge and Attitudes Among Adults Attending Public Health Clinics in Southern Arizona.. Journal of community health, 45(2), 400-406. doi:10.1007/s10900-019-00758-y
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  HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is underutilized among Hispanics, women, and low-income individuals. To better understand PrEP barriers in this population, questionnaires were administered to 500 patients attending public health clinics in southern Arizona which provide family planning and sexually transmitted infections care. Sixty-three percent believed that they had no risk of HIV infection. When asked "Before today, did you know that there was a pill that can prevent HIV infection?" 80% of persons answered no. Among women, 88% answered no to this question. As expected, individuals with a higher perceived HIV risk (OR 1.76) or one HIV risk factor (OR 5.85) had a higher probability of knowledge. Among survey participants 87% would take a daily pill, 91% would visit a health-care provider every 3 months, and 92% would have laboratory testing every 3 months. Fifty-four percent would not be afraid or embarrassed if friends or family knew they were taking PrEP. Seventy-two percent would take PrEP despite temporary nausea. Sixty-two percent would pay ≥ $40 every 3 months for PrEP. Lack of knowledge, rather than patient attitudes, is the more important barrier to wider utilization of PrEP among individuals, especially women, attending public health clinics in Southern Arizona. Future efforts need to focus on education and access to PrEP in underserved populations including women and Hispanics.
• Neill, M., Fisher, J. M., Kay, M. D., Zhang, T., Sherman, S. J., Lei, H., Chou, Y. H., & Kuo, P. H. (2020). Multi-parametric optimization of dopamine transporter SPECT software quantification for diagnosis of parkinsonian syndromes.. The Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 61, 1557-1557.
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  1557 Objectives: Evaluate diagnostic accuracy of the parameters generated by a commercial quantification software for dopamine transporter (DaT) SPECT. Methods: Diagnosis of a Parkinsonian syndrome (PS) was determined by a neurologist after at least two years of clinical follow-up and knowing result of DaT scan. Iodine-123 ioflupane DaT SPECT scans were quantified using DaTQUANT (GE Healthcare), which quantifies and compares regions of interest in the striatum, reporting Specific Binding Ratio (SBR) and Z-score for right and left sides. The ROI corresponding to the most abnormal side and therefore lowest quantification value (Z-score) was selected. We then fit a series of logistic regression models to predict PS status using the multiple variables provided by the quantification software. Both single- and multi-predictor models were explored where one predictor was fixed as the best predictor from the single-predictor models, using a maximum of two additional predictors. Prediction accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were evaluated using leave-one-out cross validation. One-sided 95% confidence intervals for accuracy were constructed as bootstrap case cross-validation percentile intervals with bias reduction (1). Results: A total of 129 DaTscans were included with 79 patients diagnosed with PS. Three single variables demonstrated the highest accuracy, 0.90, including whole putamen, anterior putamen, and posterior putamen. Using the same threshold, the anterior and posterior putamen also demonstrated the highest single parameter specificity of 0.88 while maintaining a sensitivity of 0.91. The entire putamen demonstrated a higher sensitivity, 0.94, but a lower specificity of 0.84. The threshold Z-scores were -1.9 for the posterior putamen, -1.4 for the anterior putamen, and -1.3 for the whole putamen. Based on our results and prior publications, the posterior putamen was selected for the construction of multi-parametric models (2-4). Six multi-parametric models produced the highest accuracy, 0.91. Three of these models demonstrated a higher sensitivity, 0.92, with a specificity of 0.88. Two models demonstrated a higher specificity, 0.94, but a lower sensitivity 0.89. The last model had sensitivity and specificity values of 0.91 and 0.90, respectively. The most sensitive model with the best accuracy as well as the narrowest confidence interval utilized the caudate, posterior putamen, and putamen asymmetry. The most specific model with the best accuracy as well as narrowest confidence interval utilized the posterior putamen, putamen asymmetry, and caudate asymmetry. The multi-parametric model with the highest overall sensitivity utilized the posterior putamen, caudate asymmetry, and the putamen to caudate ratio with accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.89, 0.96, and 0.78, respectively. CONCLUSION:The most accurate single variable predictors for a Parkinsonian syndrome are the anterior, posterior, and whole putamen with an accuracy of 0.90. A model incorporating the posterior putamen, caudate, and putamen asymmetry increases the accuracy to 0.91 with sensitivity of 0.92 and specificity of 0.88. A model incorporating the posterior putamen, putamen asymmetry, and caudate asymmetry attained the same accuracy (0.91) with higher specificity (0.94) but lower sensitivity (0.89). The multiparametric model with the highest sensitivity (0.96) included the posterior putamen, caudate asymmetry, and putamen to caudate ratio, but this significantly lowered the specificity (0.78).
• Roznowski, A. P., Fisher, J. M., & Fane, B. A. (2020). Mutagenic Analysis of a DNA Translocating Tube's Interior Surface. Viruses, 12(6).
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  Bacteriophage ϕX174 uses a decamer of DNA piloting proteins to penetrate its host. These proteins oligomerize into a cell wall-spanning tube, wide enough for genome passage. While the inner surface of the tube is primarily lined with inward-facing amino acid side chains containing amide and guanidinium groups, there is a 28 Å-long section near the tube's C-terminus that does not exhibit this motif. The majority of the inward-facing residues in this region are conserved across the three ϕX174-like clades, suggesting that they play an important role during genome delivery. To test this hypothesis, and explore the general function of the tube's inner surface, non-glutamine residues within this region were mutated to glutamine, while existing glutamine residues were changed to serine. Four of the resulting mutants had temperature-dependent phenotypes. Virion assembly, host attachment, and virion eclipse, defined as the cell's ability to inactivate the virus, were not affected. Genome delivery, however, was inhibited. The results support a model in which a balance of forces governs genome delivery: potential energy provided by the densely packaged viral genome and/or an osmotic gradient move the genome into the cell, while the tube's inward facing glutamine residues exert a frictional force, or drag, that controls genome release.
• Ellis, K. E., Nawas, G. T., Chan, C., York, L., Fisher, J., Connick, E., & Zangeneh, T. T. (2019). Clinical Outcomes Following the Use of Archived Proviral HIV-1 DNA Genotype to Guide Antiretroviral Therapy Adjustment. Open forum infectious diseases, 7(1), ofz533.
  More info

  Evidence regarding the safety of using proviral HIV-1 DNA genotype (DNA GT) to guide antiretroviral therapy (ART) is limited. We hypothesized that HIV RNA would not increase following ART adjustment guided by DNA GT in a university HIV clinic.
• Gerald, J. K., Fisher, J. M., Brown, M. A., Clemens, C. J., Moore, M. A., Carvajal, S. C., Bryson, D., Stefan, N., Billheimer, D., & Gerald, L. B. (2019). School-supervised use of a once-daily inhaled corticosteroid regimen: A cluster randomized trial. The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology, 143(2), 755-764.
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  School-supervised use of a once-daily inhaled corticosteroid regimen (supervised therapy) can improve medication adherence and asthma control.
• Shende, T. C., Fisher, J. M., Perez-Velez, C. M., Guido, A. A., Sprowl, K. M., Drake, T. M., Adelus, M. L., Bedrick, E. J., & Fantry, L. E. (2019). PrEP Knowledge and Attitudes Among Adults Attending Public Health Clinics in Southern Arizona. Journal of community health.
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  HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is underutilized among Hispanics, women, and low-income individuals. To better understand PrEP barriers in this population, questionnaires were administered to 500 patients attending public health clinics in southern Arizona which provide family planning and sexually transmitted infections care. Sixty-three percent believed that they had no risk of HIV infection. When asked "Before today, did you know that there was a pill that can prevent HIV infection?" 80% of persons answered no. Among women, 88% answered no to this question. As expected, individuals with a higher perceived HIV risk (OR 1.76) or one HIV risk factor (OR 5.85) had a higher probability of knowledge. Among survey participants 87% would take a daily pill, 91% would visit a health-care provider every 3 months, and 92% would have laboratory testing every 3 months. Fifty-four percent would not be afraid or embarrassed if friends or family knew they were taking PrEP. Seventy-two percent would take PrEP despite temporary nausea. Sixty-two percent would pay ≥ $40 every 3 months for PrEP. Lack of knowledge, rather than patient attitudes, is the more important barrier to wider utilization of PrEP among individuals, especially women, attending public health clinics in Southern Arizona. Future efforts need to focus on education and access to PrEP in underserved populations including women and Hispanics.
• Fisher, J. M., Dick, F. K., Levy, D. F., & Wilson, S. M. (2018). Neural representation of vowel formants in tonotopic auditory cortex. NeuroImage, 178, 574-582.
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  Speech sounds are encoded by distributed patterns of activity in bilateral superior temporal cortex. However, it is unclear whether speech sounds are topographically represented in cortex, or which acoustic or phonetic dimensions might be spatially mapped. Here, using functional MRI, we investigated the potential spatial representation of vowels, which are largely distinguished from one another by the frequencies of their first and second formants, i.e. peaks in their frequency spectra. This allowed us to generate clear hypotheses about the representation of specific vowels in tonotopic regions of auditory cortex. We scanned participants as they listened to multiple natural tokens of the vowels [ɑ] and [i], which we selected because their first and second formants overlap minimally. Formant-based regions of interest were defined for each vowel based on spectral analysis of the vowel stimuli and independently acquired tonotopic maps for each participant. We found that perception of [ɑ] and [i] yielded differential activation of tonotopic regions corresponding to formants of [ɑ] and [i], such that each vowel was associated with increased signal in tonotopic regions corresponding to its own formants. This pattern was observed in Heschl's gyrus and the superior temporal gyrus, in both hemispheres, and for both the first and second formants. Using linear discriminant analysis of mean signal change in formant-based regions of interest, the identity of untrained vowels was predicted with ∼73% accuracy. Our findings show that cortical encoding of vowels is scaffolded on tonotopy, a fundamental organizing principle of auditory cortex that is not language-specific.
• Majeed, A., Beatty, N., Iftikhar, A., Mushtaq, A., Fisher, J., Gaynor, P., Kim, J. C., Marquez, J. L., Mora, F. E., Georgescu, A., & Zangeneh, T. (2018). A 20-year experience with nocardiosis in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients in the Southwestern United States: A single-center study. Transplant infectious disease : an official journal of the Transplantation Society, 20(4), e12904.
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  Nocardiosis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection. Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at higher risk (incidence 0.04%-3.5%) of developing nocardiosis. Rate of nocardiosis in the Southwestern US may be high due to environmental factors.
• Georgescu, A., Schaff, S., Smith, S., Fisher, J. M., Klotz, S. A., Guido, A., Georgescu, A., Florita, C., & Egurrola, C. (2017). PrEP Uptake and Emergent HIV infections in Southern Arizona: Is There A Disconnect?. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 4(suppl_1), S438-S439. doi:10.1093/ofid/ofx163.1111
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  Abstract Background Despite expansion of antiretroviral therapy in recent years and growing evidence for PrEP (pre exposure prophylaxis) efficacy, HIV incidence has continued to rise while PrEP uptake has remained low, particularly in populations at risk. Our goal is to compare these populations and further identify discrepancies in populations at risk in Southern Arizona. Methods We retroactively reviewed health records for patients evaluated at Banner University Medical Center Tucson outpatient clinics between January 2014 and September 2016, either with a new HIV diagnosis or prescribed tenofovir/emtricitabine for PrEP. Results We identified 147 patients with new HIV diagnoses and 65 patients evaluated for PrEp. 63% of the newly diagnosed HIV were of Hispanic, African American or American Indian descend (46%, 14% and 3% respectively) while the majority of PrEP patients were White (58%) with a statistically significant difference between the groups (P = 0.006). There was no significant difference between the age groups [28 (19%) of the HIV and 13 (20%) of the PrEP were 18–24] or gender (88% of people accessing HIV care were men, vs. 91% men seen for PrEP). Insurance information at the time of presentation was available for 145 HIV and 64 PrEP patients with statistically significant differences between the groups. 31(21%) newly diagnosed HIV had no insurance and 71 (49%) had a Medicaid plan while 45 (70%) of PrEP patients has a private insurance plan (P < 0.001). None of the people accessing PrEP reported iv drug use as a risk factor compared with 16 (11%) of the newly diagnosed (P = 0.003). Retention in care at 3 months was similar (76% of HIV and 75% of PrEP). The predominant risk categories were MSM with multiple partners and/or condomless anal sex for both groups. Conclusion To our knowledge this is the first study evaluating HIV and PrEP health care disparities in a border region of the Southwestern US, which is home to a large Hispanic minority population. Our findings suggest that low income minority populations, such as Hispanic, African American and American Indian in this region continue to have a higher risk for HIV acquisition and highlights the ongoing need to expand research on how these populations perceive their risk for HIV and navigate complex systems, such as health insurance, when seeking clinical services for PreP. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
• Hallmark, B., Fisher, J. M., Avery, R., Billheimer, D., Runyan, R. B., Konhilas, J. P., Schipper, D., Rao, P., Pilikian, T., Marsh, K. M., Konhilas, J. P., Khalpey, Z., Johnson, K., Hallmark, B., Fisher, J. M., Duncker, D. J., & Avery, R. (2017). Abstract 14670: Human Amniotic Patch Placement During Cardiac Surgery Reduces Post-Operative Atrial Fibrillation. Circulation.
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  Introduction: Atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery occurs in approximately one third of patients and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Inflammation and oxidative stress may...
• Marsh, K. M., Schipper, D., Ferng, A. S., Johnson, K., Fisher, J., Knapp, S., Dicken, D., & Khalpey, Z. (2017). Metabolic Impact of Rapamycin (Sirolimus) and B-Estradiol Using Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts as a Model for Lymphangioleiomyomatosis. Lung, 195(4), 425-430.
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  Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare, progressive cystic lung disease that predominantly affects women of childbearing age. Exogenous rapamycin (sirolimus) has been shown to improve clinical outcomes and was recently approved to treat LAM, whereas estrogen (E) is implicated in disease progression. No consistent metabolic model currently exists for LAM, therefore wild-type mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF +/+) and TSC2 knockout cells (MEF -/-) were used in this study as a model for LAM.

Presentations

• Fisher, J. M. (2023, June). PHIRE-Side Chat:  Statistics with Julia Fisher. Presentation to Vignesh Subbian and Kacey Ernst's PHIRE Scholars. University of Arizona.
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  This was a presentation on sampling distributions, the central limit theorem, and my academic path to Drs. Vignesh Subbian and Kacey Ernst's PHIRE scholars.
• Fisher, J. M. (2022, November). Conducting Your Own Research. MD/PhD Student Colloquium. University of Arizona.
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  This was a requested talk for the MD/PhD students' colloquium.
• Fisher, J. M. (2022, October). Conducting Your Own Research. Colloquium for Fellows in the Division of Infectious Disease. University of Arizona.
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  This is a requested talk by the people who run the colloquium for the Division of Infectious Diseases.
• Fisher, J. M. (2022, October). Simultaneously Understanding Individual Connection and Neural Network Differences Between Groups: Simulation Pipeline and Algorithm Development. Statistics in Imaging Virtual Working Group. Virtual: Statistics in Imaging Section of the American Statistical Association.
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  This was a volunteered talk at the virtual working group for the Statistics in Imaging section of the American Statistical Association --- a monthly virtual gathering to support continued learning, idea sharing, presentation of both in-progress and completed work, and networking.
• Fisher, J. M. (2022, Spring). Simultaneously Understanding Individual Connection and Neural Network Differences Between Groups: Simulation Pipeline and Algortihm Development. Women in Data Science Tucson. Tucson, AZ (Virtual).
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  This was an invited session talk at WiDS 2022.

Poster Presentations

• Fisher, J. M., Rubio, A., Dolby, A., Ugonna, C. P., Bedrick, E. J., & Chen, N. (2023, May). Threshold-Free Identification of Group-Difference Networks in Neural Connectivity Data. Statistical Methods in Imaging. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Statistics in Imaging Section of the American Statistical Association.
• Bedrossian, R. A., Fisher, J. M., Weltzer, R., Briggs, R., Ressel, A. C., Khachatryan, M., Matthews, J. C., Thai, B. Q., Tung, J., Grandner, M., Patterson, F., & Connick, E. (2022, February). Poor Sleep is Linked to CVD Risk in PLWH in a Southwestern US Clinic. Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2022. Virtual.
• Lim, J., Fisher, J. M., Sadoway, D., Gupte, R., Nandemi, P., Joseph, M., Loveland, M., Guido, A., Madhivanan, P. P., Bedrick, E. J., & Fantry, L. E. (2022, Fall semester). Update on PrEP Knowledge and Attitudes Among Adults Attending Public Health Clinics in Southern Arizona. ID Week. Washington, DC: Infectious Disease Society of America.
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  Study of PrEP knowledge